Illustrations and References

Transcription

1 SKELETAL SYSTEM 1

2 Illustrations and References Gray s Anatomy of the Human Body at Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology, by L.L. Langley, 3 rd edition, McGrawHill Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Gerald Tortora and Bryan Derrickson, Wiley, 12 th Edition Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Gerald Tortora and Bryan Derrickson, Wiley, 11 th Edition 2

3 Functions Support gives the body its shape and allows the body to maintain an erect posture Protection protects the brain, spinal cord and thoracic structures Leverage muscles attach to some bones and function as levers to produce movement Storage store calcium and phosphorous Blood Cell Production contain bone marrow where hematopoietic cells are found 3

4 Bones Bones appear to be solid structures however, bone tissue is actually porous. The pores are filled with bone cells and blood vessels that supply the cells with nutrients. 4 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 12 th Edition

5 Types of Bones Long Bones Greater length than width Divided into diaphysis in the middle and two epiphyes at the ends Slightly curved to help distribute weight and stress along the length of the bone 5 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 12 th Edition

6 Types of Bones Short Bones cube-shaped Flat Bones Thin and flat in shape Irregular Bones Complex shapes 6 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 12 th Edition

7 Types of Bones Sesamoid Bones Usually small bones with the exception of the patella in the knee joint which is larger than other sesamoid bones Found in tendons that may be subjected to compression and tension 7 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 12 th Edition

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9 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton The 206 bones of the adult human skeleton are divided into 2 groups, the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton 9 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11 th Edition

10 Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton contains 80 bones that form the axis or center of the human body. Cranial bones (8) Facial bones (14) Hyoid (1) Bones of ears (6 [ 3 each side]) Vertebral column (26) Sterum (1) Ribs (24) 10 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11 th Edition

11 Appendicular Skeleton The appendicular skeleton contains 126 bones that for the upper and lower extremities Clavicle (2) scapula (2) humerus (2) ulna (2) radius (2) carpals (16) metacarpals (10) upper phalanges (28) Pelvic bone (2) femur (2) fibula (2) Tibia (2) patella (2) tarsus (2) Metatarsus (10) lower phalanges (28) 11

12 Joints Are points of contact between bones or between cartilage and bones Are surrounded by a fibrous joint capsule and held together by ligaments Are classified by their degree of motion Immovable Slightly movable Freely movable 12

13 Synovial Joints Are classified by the type of movement possible: Hinge joint (elbow) has one concave and one convex articulating surface and movement can take place in only one direction Pivot joint (elbow that allows you to turn your hand over ) moves only in the vertical plane Gliding joint (wrist) has essentially flattened articular surfaces allowing for sliding movement in all directions Ball and socket joint (hip/shoulder) has extensive movement in almost any direction or plane 13

14 Synovial Joints The shoulders, elbows, hips and knees are examples of synovial joints Synovial joints contain bursae which are sac-like structures that are filled with synovial fluid which provides a cushion. Bursae are found between skin and bones, tendons and bones, muscles and bones and ligaments and bones 14 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11 th Edition

15 Henry Gray ( ). Anatomy of the Human Body Wrist 15

16 Wrist The movements consist of rotation of the lower end of the radius around an axis which passes through the center of the head of the ulna. When the radius rotates forward, pronation of the forearm and hand is the result; and when rotated backward, supination. 16

17 Henry Gray ( ). Anatomy of the Human Body hip 17

18 Henry Gray ( ). Anatomy of the Human Body Elbow 18

19 Henry Gray ( ). Anatomy of the Human Body Shoulder 19

20 Henry Gray ( ). Anatomy of the Human Body Knee 20

21 Fibrous Joints Have little or no movement Lack a joint cavity Are tightly joined by fibrous tissue Example: the articulation between the proximal tibia and fibula (the bones are alittle further apart than a suture but are still tightly joined by fibrous tissue 21

22 Intervertebral Disks The central portion of the intervertebral disk is formed by a gelantinous substance, the nucleus pulposis. If this disk is displaced or damaged, the nucleus pulposis may herniate and protrude into the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen. The disk may press upon the spinal nerve, causing pain or paralysis in the area of the nerve s distribution. 22

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24 Appendicular Skeleton The extremities attach to the axial skeleton by the pectorial girdle (formed by the clavical and scapula at the shoulder) and the pelvic girdle (consisting of the innominate bones of the hips) 24 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11 th Edition

25 Upper Extremity Scapula shoulder blade; is the site of the attchment ofsuperficial muscles of the back and certain muscles of the shoulder and arm Clavicle collarbone;extends from the sterum to the acromion and is the only bony attachment between the trunk and the upper extremity 25

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28 Lower Extremity The pelvic girdle is formed by the two innominate bones which attach the lower extremity to the axial skeleton at the sacroiliac articulation. This is a strong and stable joint that transmits the weight of the torso to the lower extremity. 28

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32 Congratulations! You have completed the first unit on the review of the Skeletal System. You may review this unit as many times as you wish. When you are ready, go to the quiz marked Skeletal System Quiz 1 under the Quiz tab in D2L. You must earn a 70% or better on each quiz to successfully complete the unit. You have 3 attempts to earn a 70% or better. When you have completed both quizzes for the Skeletal System with a 70% or better you will be issued a certificate of completion and be awarded 2 CEs. 32