Subject Index. Carbon monoxide (CO) disease effects on levels 197, 198 measurement in exhaled air 197 sources in exhaled air 197

Transcription

1 Subject Index Airway resistance airflow interruption measurement in preschoolers, see Forced oscillation technique; Interrupter technique plethysmography, see Plethysmography; Whole-body plethysmography Alveolar gas exchange factors affecting 157 lung diffusing capacity, see Lung diffusing capacity measurement membrane conductance 158, 159 modeling 158 AMP challenge, bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment 133, 134 Asthma, see also Bronchial hyperresponsiveness exhaled breath condensate analysis 194, 195 exhaled nitric oxide measurement Child Asthma Research and Education Network 176 control assessment diagnostic value 172, 173, 176 disease severity 173 latent airway inflammation 173, 174 NIOX monitoring 170 preschool disease detection 174 wheezy infants 174 lung volume measurements 112, 113 preschooler pulmonary function testing in wheezing clinical utility 211 lung mechanics evaluation 211 outcome measures 209 rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique 209, 210 rationale 209 school-age children pathophysiology airway inflammation 205, 206 airway remodeling 208 bronchial hyperresponsiveness 205 reversible airway obstruction 205 pulmonary function testing outcome measures 206 parameters 208 peak flow measurements 207, 208 rationale 206, 207 spirometry 208 Bone marrow transplantation, see Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) AMP challenge 133, 134 bronchopulmonary dysplasia survivors 257 causes 125, 126 chronic lung disease of infancy survivors 257 cold air hyperventilation challenge 130, 131 cystic fibrosis 219, 220 exercise testing equipment 129 principles 129 protocols 130 histamine challenge test 128, 129 hypertonic saline challenge 131, 132 infancy 211 mannitol dry powder challenge 132, 133 methacholine challenge test equipment 127 five-breath dosimeter protocol 128 principles 127 two-minute tidal breathing protocol 128 prospects in challenge testing 134 spirometry 101 ultrasonically nebulized distilled water challenge 132 Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), lung transplantation complications indications 225 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) lung function evolution from infancy to adolescence 256, 257 pathophysiology 256 pulmonary sequelae adult survivor trends 258, 259 bronchial hyperresponsiveness 257 gas exchange 257, 258 risk profile 257 Carbon monoxide (CO) disease effects on levels 197, 198 measurement in exhaled air 197 sources in exhaled air

2 Chronic lung disease of infancy (CLD) lung function evolution from infancy to adolescence 256, 257 pathophysiology 256 pulmonary sequelae adult survivor trends 258, 259 bronchial hyperresponsiveness 257 gas exchange 257, 258 risk profile 257 Cold air hyperventilation challenge, bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment 130, 131 Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) clinical features 259 pulmonary sequelae 259 Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) pulmonary sequelae 260 Cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchial hyperresponsiveness 219, 220 exhaled breath condensate analysis 195, 196 gene mutations 218 infant pulmonary function testing 86, 87, 217 lung transplantation and monitoring 220 lung volume measurements 113, 217 monitoring with pulmonary function tests pathophysiology and lung function effects Cytokines, exhaled breath condensate analysis 193 Electrical impedance tomography (EIT), intensive care unit 278 Electromyography (EMG) expiratory muscle strength assessment 144, 145 inspiratory muscle strength assessment 143 Equation of lung motion 21 Esophageal manometry, dynamic respiratory mechanics measurement in infants balloon or catheter placement 28, 29 data analysis 29 equipment 27, 28 infant preparation 27 prospects 84 technique 29 Exercise testing bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment equipment 129 principles 129 protocols 130 lung transplant recipients 230 tidal flow volume 17 Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) clinical prospects 198, 199 collection 191, 192 contents 190 findings asthma 194, 195 cystic fibrosis 195, 196 primary ciliary dyskinesia 196, 197 markers and assays cytokines 193 hydrogen peroxide isoprostane 192 leukotrienes 193 reactive nitrogen species 192, 193 ph measurement 193, 194 Exhaled nitric oxide, see Nitric oxide Expiratory muscle strength, see Respiratory muscle function Expiratory volume clamping, passive respiratory mechanics measurement in infants 27 FEV 1 asthma 204, 205, 208 cystic fibrosis pediatric spirometry interpretation and reporting 99, 100 Forced oscillation technique (FOT) asthma evaluation in preschoolers 211 child preparation 72 clinical applications airway reactivity 73, 74 baseline airway obstruction 73 data analysis and reporting 72, 73 equipment 71, 72 impedance data collection 72 intensive care unit 277 low-frequency technique 83 overview 70, 71 quality control 72 reference data 73 technical aspects 71 Forced vital capacity (FVC) intensive care unit measurement 272, 273 pediatric spirometry interpretation and reporting 99 Functional residual capacity (FRC) definition 104 intensive care unit measurements helium dilution 274 nitrogen washout overview 273, 274 reference values 276, 277 sulfur hexafluoride washout 276 measurement in infants, see Gas dilution ; Whole-body plethysmography physiology in infants 54, 55 variability of measurements 112 Gas dilution clinical applications in infants 63, 64 gas trapping 62, 111, 112 helium dilution closed-circuit helium dilution 55 multiple-breath helium dilution 109, 110 single-breath helium dilution 110 indications asthma 112, 113 congenital disorders 114 cystic fibrosis 113 restrictive lung disease 114 indices of ventilation inhomogeneity 58 62, 111, 112 inert marker gases 55 intensive care unit measurements helium dilution 274 nitrogen washout overview 273, 274 reference values 276, 277 sulfur hexafluoride washout 276 lung volume measurements 64 mass conservation principle 109 normative data for functional residual capacity and ventilation inhomogeneity 63 prospects 84 washout methods bias flow nitrogen washout 56 breath-by-breath washout multiple-breath nitrogen washout 110, 111 single-breath nitrogen washout 111 sulfur hexafluoride washout 111 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), pulmonary complications Helium dilution, see Gas dilution Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) indications 247, 248 matching 248 phases following transplantation early phase 249 late phase 249 neutropenic phase 249 pulmonary complications 248, 249 pulmonary function testing in recipients obstructive disease 252, 253 outcomes in children 250, Subject Index

3 pediatric aspects 25 rationale 249, 250 restrictive disease 251, 252 Histamine challenge test, bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment 128, 129 Hydrogen peroxide, exhaled breath condensate analysis 192 Hypertonic saline challenge, bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment 131, 132 Infants airway responsiveness 211 forced expiratory flow-volume measurements, see Rapid thoracoabdominal compression functional residual capacity measurement, see Gas dilution ; Wholebody plethysmography neonatal lung disease and sequelae novel approaches for respiratory function assessment pulmonary function testing applications clinical research studies epidemiological research future management of respiratory disease intensive care management 82, 83 natural history of disease 81 respiratory mechanics clinical applications of measurements 30, 31 compliance assessment from neartotal lung capacity 27 disease evaluation 30 dynamic respiratory mechanics 22, 23, 27 equation of lung motion 21 esophageal manometry expiratory volume clamping 27 indices 20, 21 occlusion for measurement passive respiratory mechanics 22 reference data 29, 30 weighted spirometry 27 respiratory physiology central control of breathing 3, 4 chest wall 4, 5 development 3 lung parenchyma 6 respiratory muscles 5, 6 upper and lower airways 4 tidal flow volume, see Tidal flow volume Inspiratory muscle strength, see Respiratory muscle function; Work of breathing Intensive care unit (ICU), pulmonary function testing electrical impedance tomography 278 forced expiration forced oscillation technique 277 functional residual capacity helium dilution 274 nitrogen washout overview 273, 274 reference values 276, 277 sulfur hexafluoride washout 276 graphics analysis and dynamic measurements infants 82, 83 intubated patients 267, pressure-volume curve analysis dynamic measurements static measurements 271 purposes 267, 268 respiratory inductance plethysmography 278 respiratory mechanics 268 static measurements 270, 271 Interrupter technique asthma evaluation in preschoolers 211 child preparation 68 clinical applications airway responsiveness assessment 70 baseline airway obstruction 69, 70 data analysis and reporting 68, 69 data collection 68 principles 67, 68 quality control 68 reference data 69 reproducibility 69 technical aspects 68 8-Isoprostane, exhaled breath condensate analysis 192 Leukotrienes, exhaled breath condensate analysis 193 Lissajous loop analysis, thoracoabdominal asynchrony 148, 149 Lung diffusing capacity measurement case presentations indications chronic interstitial lung disease 162 congenital disease follow-up 162 neuromuscular disease 162, 242 pulmonary bleeding disorders 162 pulmonary toxicity monitoring 162 interpretation normal values multiple-breath methods 161 single-breath method 160, 161 obstructive lung disease 161 pulmonary bleeding 162 restrictive lung disease 161, 162 comparison of methods 160 multiple-breath methods 160 single-breath method 159, 160 Lung transplantation candidate evaluation 226 complications bronchiolitis obliterans infection 227, 228 rejection 228 surgical and airway complications 227 contraindications 225, 226 cystic fibrosis and pulmonary function monitoring 220 donor evaluation 226, 227 historical perspective 224 indications 224, 225 lung growth in recipients 230 pulmonary function testing in recipients 230 types 225 Lung volumes, see Functional residual capacity; Residual volume; Total lung capacity Mannitol dry powder challenge, bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment 132, 133 Maximal expiratory flow-volume curve (MEFC), pediatric spirometry interpretation and reporting 100 Maximal inspiratory flow-volume curve, pediatric spirometry interpretation and reporting 100 Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) histopathology 260 pulmonary sequelae 260, 262 MEF 50, pediatric spirometry interpretation and reporting 99, 100 Membrane conductance (T LCO ) alveolar gas exchange 158, 159 lung diffusing capacity measurement Methacholine challenge test equipment 127 five-breath dosimeter protocol 128 principles 127 two-minute tidal breathing protocol 128 Muscular dystrophy, see Neuromuscular disorders Myasthenia gravis, see Neuromuscular disorders 236 Myotonic dystrophy, see Neuromuscular disorders 235 Subject Index 285

4 Nasal nitric oxide, see Nitric oxide Neuromuscular disorders (NMD) anesthesia and surgery planning 243 clinical features congenital muscular dystrophies 236 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 234 myasthenia gravis 236 myopathies 236 myotonic dystrophy 235 spinal muscular atrophy 234, 235 spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 235 evaluation guidelines for periodic testing history and physical examination 238 pulmonary function testing respiratory muscle function testing 145, lung diffusing capacity measurement 162, 242 sleep-disordered breathing 242, 243 NIOX, exhaled nitric oxide measurement 170 Nitric oxide (NO) exhalation measurement advantages 177, 178 asthma Child Asthma Research and Education Network 176 control assessment diagnostic value 172, 173, 176 latent airway inflammation 173, 174 NIOX monitoring 170 preschool disease detection 174 severity 173 wheezy infants 174 clinical use prospects 166, 167, 178 collection single breath on-line 167, 168 tidal breathing diurnal variation 171 epidemiological studies air pollution 176 tobacco exposure studies 176 equipment 167 factors affecting in children 171 feasibility 171 limitations 178 mean levels 170 multiple exhalation flow technique 176, 177 reproducibility 170, 171, 177 standardization 170 nasal nitric oxide diagnostic utility 186, 187 factors affecting levels 185, 186 functions 182 measurement analyzer 183 humming and sinus ventilation assessment 185 standard technique terminology and units 182, 183 normal values in children 186 origins 182 synthesis 181, 182 Obstructive airway disease (OAD) hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients 252, 253 lung diffusing capacity 161 tidal flow volume measurements diagnostic utility 15 intervention monitoring Occlusion, passive respiratory mechanics measurement in infants equipment 23, 24 infant preparation 23 modifications 26, 27 multiple occlusion technique data analysis 26 methodology 25, 26 single occlusion technique data analysis 25 methodology 24 Peak cough flow (PCF), neuromuscular disorder evaluation 242 ph, exhaled breath condensate analysis 193, 194 Phase angle, see Work of breathing Phrenic nerve conduction, inspiratory muscle strength assessment 141 Plethysmography, see also Respiratory inductive plethysmography calibration 106 data analysis 107 equipment barometric plethysmograph 105 volume displacement plethysmograph 105, 106 indications asthma 112, 113 congenital disorders 114 cystic fibrosis 113 restrictive lung disease 114 infants, see Whole-body plethysmography interpretation airway resistance 108 thoracic gas volume 107, 108 measurement airway resistance 106, 107 thoracic gas volume 106, 107 principles airway resistance 104, 105 thoracic gas volume 104 prospects 114, 115 relationship between thoracic gas volume and airway resistance 109 time constant measurements 106 variability of measurements 112 Pneumotachography, tidal flow volume measurement in infants and children 11, 12 Preschool children lung function testing forced oscillation technique interrupter technique overview 66, 67 prospects 74 Pressure-rate product, see Work of breathing Pressure-time product, see Work of breathing Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) exhaled breath condensate analysis 196, 197 nasal nitric oxide measurement 187 Rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) asthma evaluation 209, 210 infant preparation 35 physiological background 34, 35 raised volume RTC technique applications 41 data analysis and interpretation 40, 41 limitations 41 multiple inflation technique equipment 39 procedure 39, 40 overview 38 pumping technique equipment 38 procedure 39 tidal volume RTC technique applications 37 equipment 35, 36 historical perspective 35 interpretation 36, 37 limitations 37 procedure 36 Reactive nitrogen species, exhaled breath condensate analysis 192, 193 Reference equations, ventilatory function testing in school-age children checklist for selection 123 importance 118, 119 independent variables 286 Subject Index

5 age 119, 120 ethnicity 120 height 119, 120 sex 120 limitations 119, 123 measurement protocols 123 normal reference populations 119 percent of predicted, limitations 121 statistical issues heteroscedasticity 120, 121 homoscedasticity 120, 121 secular trends 121 Z score advantages 122 Residual volume (RV) asthma 208 definition 104 Respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) intensive care unit 278 tidal flow volume measurement in infants and children 12, 13 Respiratory mechanics, infants clinical applications of measurements 30, 31 compliance assessment from near-total lung capacity 27 disease evaluation 30 dynamic respiratory mechanics 22, 23, 27 equation of lung motion 21 esophageal manometry expiratory volume clamping 27 indices 20, 21 intensive care unit evaluation 268 occlusion for measurement passive respiratory mechanics 22 reference data 29, 30 weighted spirometry 27 Respiratory muscle function expiratory muscle strength evaluation clinical assessment 144 invasive tests 144, 145 neuromuscular disorders 241 noninvasive tests 144 indications for pediatric testing lung disease 145, 146 neuromuscular disease 145 respiratory failure 145 infant physiology 138, 139 inspiratory muscle strength evaluation clinical assessment 139 endurance testing 144 inspiratory mouth pressure 140, 141 invasive tests crying Pdi 142 overview 141, 142 sniff Pdi and Poes 142 spontaneous breathing 142 twitch pressure 142, 143 neuromuscular disorders 240, 241 phrenic nerve conduction 143 radiography 139 stiff nasal inspiratory pressure 141 surface electromyography 143 vital capacity 139, 140 weakness in disease 138 Respiratory system development 3 infant physiology central control of breathing 3, 4 chest wall 4, 5 lung parenchyma 6 respiratory muscles 5, 6 upper and lower airways 4 RIP, see Respiratory inductive plethysmography RTC, see Rapid thoracoabdominal compression RV, see Residual volume SDB, see Sleep-disordered breathing Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), neuromuscular disorders 242, 243 SNIP, see Stiff nasal inspiratory pressure Spinal muscular atrophy, see Neuromuscular disorders Spirometry, see also Weighted spirometry accuracy, precision, and variability of measurements 95, 96 bronchial reactivity assessment 101 calibration and quality control 96 equipment 95, 96 forced expiratory maneuver interpretation and reporting FEV 1 99, 100 FVC 99 maximal expiratory flow-volume curve 100 maximal inspiratory flow-volume curve 100 MEF 50 99, 100 infection control 96 personnel 96 preschool children 99 registration acceptability and reproducibility criteria 97, 98 maneuvers 97 school children 98, 99 standard conditions 96 Stiff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), inspiratory muscle strength assessment 141, 241, 242 TAA, see Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony TFV, see Tidal flow volume Thoracic gas volume, see Plethysmography Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony (TAA) definition 148 Lissajous loops and phase angle analysis 148, 149 physiology 148 work of breathing measurement 151, 152 Tidal flow volume (TFV) exercise testing 17 measurement in infants and children indices 13 interpretation pneumotachography 11, 12 respiratory inductive plethysmography 12, 13 obstructive airway disease diagnostic utility 15 intervention monitoring relationship with other lung function measurements 14 Tidal volume RTC technique, see Rapid thoracoabdominal compression TLC, see Total lung capacity T LCO, see Membrane conductance Toddlers, see Preschool children lung function testing Total lung capacity (TLC) definition 104 lung diffusing capacity, see Lung diffusing capacity measurement lung growth in transplant recipients 230 Ultrasonically nebulized distilled water challenge, bronchial hyperresponsiveness assessment 132 VC, see Vital capacity Vital capacity (VC), inspiratory muscle strength evaluation 139, 140 Volatile hydrocarbons, exhaled air analysis 198 Weighted spirometry, passive respiratory mechanics measurement in infants 27 Subject Index 287

6 Whole-body plethysmography airway resistance calculation assumptions and limitations 48, 49 clinical applications 49, 50 data collection data quality criteria 48, 49 equipment 46 functional residual capacity calculation 44, 45, 48 historical perspective 45 terminology 45, 46 WOB, see Work of breathing Work of breathing (WOB) calculation and measurement clinical applications infant weaning from mechanical ventilation 153, 154 thoraco-abdominal asynchrony 151, 152 upper airway obstruction 152, 153 comparison of phase angles, pressuretime product, and pressure-rate product in measurement 154 normal values for phase angles and pressure-rate product Subject Index