Digest of Demographic Statistics

Transcription

1 Digest of Demographic Statistics This summary of the basic demographic statistics for Wakefield District is intended as an introduction and aide for Nova Wakefield District Limited staff and members. Because of the breadth of the topics covered, it will not always cover topics to the degree of detail and disaggregation that many users will require for their particular purposes. It is also likely that users will find that some topics of interest (such as crime or education and skills) are not covered at all. Wherever possible, links are provided to where further information can be found. Assistance on using these sources can be obtained from Nova Wakefield District Limited (telephone or Similarly, if you are interested in topics or data not included here, please discuss this with Nova Wakefield District Limited. Background Wakefield District is a metropolitan district, one of five in the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, the others being Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees and Leeds. (The other metropolitan counties are Tyne and Wear, South Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and West Midlands.) The metropolitan county councils were abolished in the 1980s, and their powers and responsibilities were transferred to the metropolitan districts. So Wakefield Council has responsibility for all local authority services. In this respect, metropolitan districts are almost identical to London boroughs and to unitary authorities such as Derby and York, which are large population centres within non-metropolitan counties. In non-metropolitan counties, such as North Yorkshire, local services and responsibilities are shared between the district council and the county council. Accessing the Data The starting-points for a wide range of facts and figures are: 1. The "Wakefield Observatory" at This provides a huge range of data, mostly accessed interactively so that you can choose what data to have in a table, for what areas, etc. 2. Wakefield Council at Here you can download the "State of the District" report which is both quite comprehensive in its range of information covered, but also provides some description and discussion in the text. Through either of the above sources, you can access Ward Profiles, Area Profiles and Priority Neighbourhood Profiles. 3. There is also a large amount of data on the Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA) website at 1

2 The JSNA is a statutory requirement for every local authority to produce, and focusses primarily on health and health needs, but also incorporates community, public health, care, etc. The JSNA includes a lot of demographic information and information about public perceptions. 4. The Office for National Statistics (ONS). This is the single largest source of official data on all demographic aspects and many other topics, but its website is thought by many to be quite difficult to use. 5. Much easier to use is the Neighbourhood Statistics website It is part of the ONS but is relatively simple to get data from, and allows you to extract neighbourhood, ward and district profiles, as well as specifying particular datasets. 6. Perhaps the easiest of all is This has data on the census, population estimates, labour statistics, businesses, etc. 2

3 1. Population The latest official figures for Wakefield District give a population in 2012 of 328,000. In population terms, Wakefield is the 20 th largest local authority in England and Wales, but the second smallest in West Yorkshire (after Calderdale). The table below shows ten-yearly population growth over the last three decades. Wakefield Change over ten years , , % , % , % Source: ONS, Mid-Year Population Estimates The table shows that after very slow growth in the 1980s and 1990s, the population of the district has grown substantially in the last decade or so. Despite this, Wakefield's population has grown more slowly than both the West Yorkshire and national rates, as the chart below shows Source: ONS, Population Estimates Unit Wakefield Population Change, Indexed to 1981 = 100 Wakefield West Yorks England Wakefield City and its surrounding areas comprise less than half of this population, the rest being accounted for by the towns of Castleford, Normanton, Pontefract, Knottingley and Featherstone, together with the villages in the south east of the district. 3

4 Projected Population Change Official projections of population based on 2011 figures suggest a continuing sharp rise in population, nationally and locally, close to the rate over the last decade or so. However, overall projections are simply based on the continuation of recent trends, rather than on assessments of how things will change over coming years. Of greater interest are the projected rates of growth of different age-groups. Although the exact numbers cannot be relied on from population projections, the trends in different age-groups are almost certain to occur. The table below shows Wakefield's projected growth in numbers for different agegroups, and compares the percentage rate of growth with England. What is most noticeable from the table is that the population of broadly economically active age, i.e.16-64, is projected to grow fairly slowly. By contrast, the child population (under 16) is projected to grow much more rapidly, by about 10% by 2021 in Wakefield, and even faster nationally. Projected Population Change, Change Change Wakefield England Wakefield England Number % % Number % % All ages 11, % +4.5% +24, % +8.6% , % +5.7% +5, % +12.6% , % +1.8% +4, % +3.7% , % +16.7% +6, % +20.3% 75+ 2, % +10.1% +7, % +27.2% Source: ONS, Interim 2011-based Subnational Population Projections However, the most dramatic changes are projected in the older population. The number of people in Wakefield aged 65 and over is projected to increase by about 8,000 between 2011 and 2016, a rise of about 14%. By 2021, the population in this age-group is projected to have risen by almost 14,000 compared to Looking only at the 75+ age-group for which a range of medical, care and other services become increasingly important the increase in numbers over the ten-year period is projected to be almost 8,000, a rise of nearly one-third. Similar changes are projected regionally and nationally, although slightly lower. 4

5 Ethnicity The table below shows the make-up of Wakefield's population by broad ethnic group. Ethnic Group, 2011 Wakefield England White Mixed/multiple ethnic groups Asian/Asian British Black/African/Caribbean/Black British Other ethnic group Source: ONS, 2011 Census Wakefield has a very small ethnic population compared to the national average, only 4.6% whilst the England overall figure is 14.6%. Within West Yorkshire, Wakefield has the smallest proportion: Calderdale's ethnic minority population exceeds 10% whilst Bradford's is about one-third. Leeds and Kirklees lie between these figures. "White-British" is by far the largest single ethnic group in Wakefield (92.8% of the total). The next largest is "Other White" (7,416 people, 2.3%), Pakistani (4,896, 1.5%), and African (1,955, 0.6%). Religion Figures from the 2011 census show that Wakefield has a higher than national average proportion of residents defining themselves as Christian, and a correspondingly lower figure defining their religion as Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Sikh or Other. As the table below shows, about one quarter said they had no religion, and a small minority declined to say. Religion of Wakefield Residents, 2011 Religion Wakefield England Number % % Christian 216, Muslim 6, Buddhist Hindu Jewish Sikh Other religion No religion 79, Religion not stated 20, Source: ONS, 2011 Census 5

6 2. Households Total Households The table below shows the total number of households in Wakefield District, and the ten-yearly change since The figures show the continuing rapid growth in numbers of households which, broadly speaking, translates into numbers of dwellings, putting pressure on housing land and house prices and rental rates. Growth in Numbers of Households Total Households Change over previous ten years , , % , % Source: ONS This growth results from two quite separate trends, population growth and the fall in average household size. For many years, the fall in household size was more important, with more people living in one-person households and families having fewer children. In recent years, this has changed, with population growth having a greater impact. Projections of Growth in Numbers of Households Government regularly provides official projections of household numbers, which are used by councils to help plan for housing. Latest projections for Wakefield are shown below. Household Projections up to Change Total households 141, , % With "head of household" aged ,000 24, % One-person household 42,000 47, % With lone-parent family 11,000 15, % Average household size (persons) % Figures are "mid-year", rounded to nearest 000. See for more information. These figures indicate an 8% growth in the number of households over the ten-year period up to 2021, which includes growth of 26% in the number of households whose "head of household" is aged 75 or over, and a 12% rise in the number of one-person households. The number of households containing a lone-parent family is projected to grow very rapidly over the period. 6

7 As mentioned above, this growth in household numbers has a big impact in terms of the need for new housing, and possibly also local house prices and rentals. In addition, the type of households projected to grow fastest will also affect the sort of housing that needs to be built and local pressures on prices and rental levels. Household Composition The table below shows the types of household in Wakefield at the time of the last census. Composition of Households in Wakefield and England, 2011 Wakefield England Number % % All households 140,414 One person aged , Other one person households 23, adults with dependent children 29, Lone parent with dependent children 10, Households with 2+, all aged 65 or over 12, adults, with no dependent children 46, Source: ONS, Census of Population, The table shows that in 2011 approximately 30% of all households had only one person. Households containing only people aged 65+ totalled over 30,000 and accounted for 22% of all households. Households with two or more adults and no dependent children accounted for one-third of all households, whilst households with one or more dependent children made up 29% of the total, lone parents with dependent children being 7.6% of all households. These figures are demonstrated in the chart below. 35 Household Composition, 2011 Wakefield and England Wakefield England One person aged 65+ Other one person households 2+ adults with dependent children Lone parent with dependent children Households with 2+, all aged 65 or over 2+ people, no dependent children 7

8 Tenure The 2011 census showed the following figures for housing tenure in Wakefield, with comparisons with England. Household Tenure, 2011 Tenure Type Wakefield England Number % % Owned: Owned outright 40, Owned: Owned with a mortgage or loan 48, Social rented 33, Private rented 16, Other (i) 1, Source: ONS, 2011 Census (i) "Other" includes "Shared Ownership" and "Living Rent-Free" % of all Household Tenure in 2011: Wakefield compared to England Owned outright Source: ONS, 2011 Census Owned with a mortgage/loan Wakefield England Social rented Private rented Other Wakefield has owner-occupation rates broadly comparable to the England average, although somewhat higher proportion has a mortgage. Wakefield has significantly higher rates of social renting (a category which includes housing associations such as Wakefield and District Housing as well as direct Council provision). The privately-rented sector is correspondingly lower, about two-thirds of the national rate. Nevertheless, it has risen sharply in Wakefield over the last decade, from about 7% in 2001, reflecting national trends. 8

9 Homelessness The number of households being accepted as "homeless and in priority need" was around 200 in 2012/13, and had risen substantially over the previous two years (although the rate of homelessness remains below regional and national averages). Over the last ten years, increasing numbers of young people have been living with their parents, reflecting the unavailability or unaffordability of suitable accommodation. For more information, see the State of the District report at "Bedroom Tax" It is anticipated that the bedroom tax will create increasing homelessness pressures. More than 5,000 social housing tenants have had their housing benefit reduced as a result of the bedroom tax, affecting more than 9,000 people. Source: Wakefield MDC, April

10 3. Employment and Economic Activity in Wakefield Employment in Wakefield The latest figures (for 2012) show that 135,100 people were employed in Wakefield District, that is, people working within Wakefield District (as distinct from Wakefield residents in work). This represents a fall of 3,400, or 2.5%, compared with 2009 (excluding the self-employed), compared with a national rise of 0.3%. The table and chart below show the share of the ten largest sectors in Wakefield District in terms of employment, and comparison with the England average. Sector of Employment, Wakefield and England, 2012 Wakefield England Sector % % Manufacturing Construction Retail Wholesale Transport and storage (inc postal) Professional, scientific and technical Business administration and support services Public administration and defence Education Health Source: Business Register and Employment Survey, In Wakefield, employment is highest in the health and manufacturing sectors, which together account for over one-quarter of jobs in the district. Employment in manufacturing and in transport and storage are significantly above the national average. Financial services, information and communications, and professional, scientific and technical are far less important sources of employment in Wakefield than nationally % Sector of Employment, Wakefield and England, Wakefield England 10

11 Business Size Wakefield's economy appears to be more reliant on large companies than the national average, as the table below shows. Number of Employees in Enterprises of Different Sizes, 2012 Size of Business Wakefield England Number % % Total 135,108 Micro (0 to 9) 12, Small (10 to 49) 16, Medium-sized (50 to 249) 20, Large (250+) 86, Source: Business Register and Employment Survey, Public sector employment has traditionally accounted for a higher proportion of total employment in Wakefield than is the case nationally. In 2012, the proportion was 23.6%, compared to 18.6% for England as a whole. However, this figure had fallen more than 1% in the three years since 2009, and the indications from public spending plans are that the public sector share of employment will continue to fall. Patterns of Economic Activity The term "Economically Active" means people who are employed, self-employed or available for work but unemployed. (Clearly, people looking after the home, children, ill or aged relatives, etc., make a huge economic contribution, but this terminology has been used for a long time.) The table below shows that in 2011 Wakefield had slightly lower economic activity rates than the national average, and significantly lower rates of self-employment and full-time students. It also had higher unemployment, and substantially more of its unemployed population was under 25. Economic Activity in 2011 Economic Activity Wakefield England Number % % All residents aged 16 to ,997 Economically active 164, In employment 148, Employee: Part-time 35, Employee: Full-time 95, Self-employed 16, Unemployed 11, Full-time student 5, Economically inactive 76, Unemployed aged 16 to 24, as % of total unemployment 3, Source: ONS, 2011 Census 11

12 Data from a continuous sample survey by the ONS shows the trend in employment in terms of full-time, part-time and self-employment over recent years. Changing Patterns of Employment in Wakefield, Number % Number % Female Total 71,700 72,500 Full-time 41, , Part-time 27, , Self-employed 3, , Male Total 92,100 90,400 Full-time 76, , Part-time 5, , Self-employed 9, , Source: Annual Population Survey/Labour Force Survey The figures above, though based on a sample survey, show a very clear trend in employment patterns that appears to be reflected nationally. Total female employment has risen slightly, principally as a result of a rise in self-employment. Female employment now accounts for 44.5% of the total, and 37% of full-time employment. Male employment totals have fallen, but this hides the most dramatic developments, which are a 7% fall in full-time employment, partly offset by a rise in self-employment from under 10,000 to 13,000. National studies have drawn attention to the very mixed nature of self-employment, indicating that in many cases it does not approach full-time employment or provide an income equivalent to formal employment. This is particularly so when there is no eligibility for benefits and is likely to be a key component in the rise in numbers of people who are defined as "in employment" yet on very low income. 12

13 Earnings The consequences of these trends for household incomes and levels of poverty are compounded by the continuing very large pay gaps according to sex and whether the employment is full-time or part-time. Latest national data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) shows that: Male part-time workers got an average (median) basic hourly rate of 58% of their full-time counterparts. Female full-time workers got an average (median) basic hourly rate of 89% of their male full-time counterparts. The table below compares the 2013 figures for median earnings for Wakefield residents, with the England average. Gross Earnings and Pay Rates (Median), 2013 Wakefield Residents Wakefield England Gross Weekly Pay All Male Full-time Male Part-time Female Full-time Female Part-time Gross Hourly Pay All Male Full-time Male Part-time Female Full-time Female Part-time Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Although the sample size for Wakefield means that the figures are not precise, a clear picture emerges from the table of pay rates far below the national average: Overall gross pay between 11% (weekly) and 14% (hourly rates) below the national average. Male and female full-time gross hourly rates both 17% below the national average. Part-time rates show a more ambiguous picture, with hourly rates actually above the national average (although this could be a statistical blip owing to the smaller sample size for part-time workers). 13

14 4. Unemployment, Deprivation and Low Income The table below shows the number of people registered unemployed and claiming benefit. Claimant Count, Wakefield and England; Proportion of Economically Active Population Date Wakefield England Number % % May , May , May , May , Source: ONS, Claimant Count The table shows the huge rise in claimant numbers following the banking crash of Both in Wakefield and nationally, the figures have come down very substantially over the last year. However, in Wakefield they remain 41% higher than in As a proportion of the economically active population, Wakefield was close to the national average before the crash but is now significantly higher, an indication that the crash has hit this area much harder than some parts of the country. The claimant count is useful because it provides data for very small areas. However, it is a very limited and flawed way of measuring unemployment. It only records those who are unemployed and claiming benefit. Clearly, there are a number of reasons why people may be out of work and seeking work, but not eligible for benefits. As a result, the claimant count inevitably understates the level of unemployment by a large margin. Because of this, for a number of years the "headline" unemployment figures are now based on a very large rolling survey, called the Annual Population Survey. Data from this is taken for a full year. The figures are shown below. Survey-based Unemployment Count, Wakefield and England; Proportions of Economically Active Population aged Period Wakefield England Number % % Jan 2007-Dec , Jan 2010-Dec , Jan 2012-Dec , Jan 2013-Dec , Source: NOMIS, Local Authority Labour Market Profiles 14

15 The pattern reflects that of the claimant count, with the huge rise following the banking crash, followed by a fall over the last year or so. According to this data-set, more than 1 in 10 of the economically active population in Wakefield is currently out of work but seeking work, a rate two-thirds higher than before the crash. While the rate as a proportion of the economically active population was only slightly above the national rate in 2007, it is now far higher. The biggest difference between this survey and the claimant count is in the absolute numbers unemployed: according to the Annual Population Survey, almost 16,000 people in Wakefield were unemployed in In December 2013, the total claimant count was less than half of this, at 6,918. Geographical Concentrations of Unemployment The table on the following page shows Wakefield District's electoral wards, and shows claimant count figures and census unemployment data. The second column shows the claimant count totals for each ward in May Although it does not show claimant count rates, the raw figures still give a picture of where claimant numbers are concentrated: The highest number of claimants is in Wakefield East ward, followed by Wakefield West, Wakefield North and Airedale and Ferry Fryston. The fewest claimants are in Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton, followed by Crofton, Ryhill and Walton, Wakefield Rural, Wrenthorpe and Outwood West, Ossett, and Stanley and Outwood East. The four wards with the highest number of claimants average 533 claimants per ward, whilst the six lowest average 176 claimants. In the third and fourth column is the unemployment data from the 2011 census, with the number unemployed and the rate of unemployment (as a % of the economically active population in that ward). The numbers unemployed are much higher in the census figures. There are two main factors explaining this. First, the census unemployment is self-defined, so a person does not need to be eligible for or receiving, unemployment-related benefits in order to count as unemployed. Secondly, unemployment figures have fallen substantially since Note: The claimant count, annual population survey-based unemployment rates, and the census figures are all used to measure unemployment in some form. This is not the same as worklessness, which includes people not in work but unable to work due to illness or disability. 15

16 Wakefield Wards: Claimant Count, May 2014 and Census 2011 Unemployment Ward May 2014 Census 2011 Claimant Count Number Unemployed Rate (% of economically active) Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton Airedale and Ferry Fryston Altofts and Whitwood Castleford Central and Glasshoughton Crofton, Ryhill and Walton Featherstone Hemsworth Horbury and South Ossett Knottingley Normanton Ossett Pontefract North Pontefract South South Elmsall and South Kirkby Stanley and Outwood East Wakefield East Wakefield North Wakefield Rural Wakefield South Wakefield West Wrenthorpe and Outwood West Source: DWP, Claimant Count; ONS, 2011 Census In terms of the distribution among wards, there are a number of similarities: Wakefield East has the highest number of claimants and had the highest unemployment rate according to the census; Wakefield West was second highest on one count and third highest on the other. Airedale and Ferry Fryston and Knottingley are both in the top five on both counts. At the other end of the scale, Wakefield Rural and Ackworth, North Elmsall and Upton are in the lowest three wards on both counts. Stanley and Outwood East, and Crofton, Ryhill and Walton are both in the lowest six on both counts. However, there are also significant differences in the ranking. These may be the result partly of demographic differences between wards (for instance affecting levels of economic activity and benefit eligibility), and perhaps also changes that have occurred since

17 Deprivation and Low Income Until relatively recently, a national set of deprivation indicators was calculated and updated every three years by the Department for Communities and Local Government. However, there have been no updates since The Indices were based on a set of geographical areas called Lower Level Super Output Areas (LSOAs). These are aggregations of Census Output Areas, and have an average (mean) population of about 1,500 residents (and a minimum of 1,000). Super Output Areas were created as a fixed geographical area, not affected by the changes made to electoral wards, so as to provide a robust basis for measuring changes over time. There are 210 LSOAs in Wakefield District. Although calculated at LSOA level, the Indices of Deprivation are also manipulated to give a number of summary indicators at district level. Wakefield's position on these is shown below. The table below shows that on these different measures of deprivation at district level, Wakefield is in all cases in the most deprived 25%. In terms of Employment Scale and Income Scale, Wakefield appears relatively more deprived, but this is because these two measures are affected by the size of the district's population (and Wakefield is far above the average population for a district). National Indices of Deprivation Ranking of Wakefield (1 = Worst Nationally, 326 = Best Nationally) Local Employment Average Average Extent Income Scale Concentration Scale Score Rank Source: DCLG, Indices of Deprivation, 2010 (See the notes at the end of this document for description of the calculation of these indicators.) The chart on the following page shows the district indicators for West Yorkshire, but excludes the Scale of Employment and Income Deprivation measures, since these are greatly influenced by the population size of the district. The chart illustrates that Bradford has the highest deprivation on all measures, and Calderdale the lowest. Kirklees and Leeds have greater concentrations of deprivation and more severe deprivation. However, the fact that they appear as less deprived in terms of the overall average scores indicates that their levels of deprivation sit alongside significantly greater concentrations of prosperity. Thus, Wakefield's overall (average) prosperity is lower than Leeds and Kirklees, but it does not suffer from the same levels of the highest deprivation. One interpretation of this is that the extremes of poverty and prosperity are less pronounced in Wakefield than in Leeds and Kirklees. 17

18 Worst % nationally Indices of Deprivation Comparative Deprivation across W. Yorks Districts Local Concentration Extent Average Score Average Rank Wakefield Bradford Calderdale Kirklees Leeds Source: DCLG, Indices of Deprivation, 2010 At small area level, the Indices of Deprivation produce an Index of Multiple Deprivation. This is the basic measure on which are based the four measures shown in the chart. The Index of Multiple Deprivation is calculated from the results from a number of "domains" of deprivation, each of which in turn is calculated from several different indicators. The domains are: Barriers to Housing and Services. This is mainly about physical access and proximity to services. Crime and Disorder Education, Skills and Training Employment. This measures the number and percentage of people in "employment deprivation". Health and Disability Income. This measures the number and percentage of people in "employment deprivation". Living Environment For each domain of deprivation, there is a deprivation score and a ranking (out of the LSOAs nationally). The chart on the following page shows the percentage of Wakefield's 209 LSOAs that fall within the most deprived 5% nationally and the most deprived 10% nationally. (For more explanation, see the notes at the end of this document.) 18

19 25 % Extent and Type of Deprivation in Wakefield, % of Wakefield Small Areas Within Most Deprived 5% Nationally 15 % of Wakefield Small Areas Within Most Deprived 10% Nationally Multiple Deprivation Barriers to Housing & Services Crime and Disorder Education, Skills & Training Employment Health & Disability Income Living Environment Source: DCLG, Indices of Deprivation,

20 The chart on the preceding page shows the following: Within the Education, Skills & Training domain, 23% of Wakefield's small areas (LSOAs) lie within the most deprived 10% nationally, and 13% within the most deprived 5% nationally. (Clearly, the "averages" are 10% and 5% respectively, so these figures are far above average.) For the Employment domain, the comparative figures are 21% and 9%. In the Health & Disability domain, 18% are in the most deprived 10% nationally, and 7% in the most deprived 5%. The Crime & Disorder domain has 13% of small areas in the most deprived 10% nationally. Three domains have fewer than average small areas within the worst 10% and 5% nationally, in other words below average deprivation. These are: Income. 15 LSOAs are in the worst 10% nationally, but this is only 7% of the district's LSOAs. Five are in the worst 5%, but this is only 2.4%. This seems to confirm and reflect the pattern of the overall deprivation figures for Wakefield, i.e. quite high deprivation on a national and regional scale, but without the large and intense concentrations manifested in some districts. The "Living Environment" domain. Only five LSOAs are within the national worst 10% and none within the national worst 5%. This domain is based on indicators relating to housing, central heating, air pollution and road accidents. The relatively high proportion of social housing almost certainly means that Wakefield has low deprivation in terms of housing and central heating, whilst air pollution is unlikely to be a big issue compared with districts with larger urban areas. Wakefield has no LSOAs in the worst 10% or 5% in the "Barriers to Housing & Services" domain. This domain uses indicators on overcrowding, housing affordability, homelessness and distance to various services (GP, post office, primary school, supermarket). On most of the latter, Wakefield is relatively well provided, whilst over-crowding is relatively low and affordability high compared to many parts of the country. The map on the following page taken from the Wakefield JSNA shows the relative deprivation of areas within Wakefield District, plotted against the towns, the Seven Areas, and the areas designated by the Council as Priority Neighbourhoods. 20

21 21

22 In the map, shadings represent the national ranking of all the LSOAs in Wakefield (but areas that are unpopulated or have no significant settlements are left unshaded). Six different shadings are used, one each for areas within the worst 10% and worst 10-20% nationally, and one each for each subsequent 20%. The map demonstrates very well how the more deprived areas are spread across the district, with Wakefield, Castleford, and the smaller towns and pit villages in the north east and south east of the district accounting for almost all of the areas in the worst 20% nationally. The map also shows how areas of high deprivation exist right beside areas that are counted among the most prosperous 20% or 40% nationally: Most of the rural areas do not exhibit high levels of deprivation, but this does not apply to all areas. Most but not all of the most deprived 10% lie within Priority Neighbourhood areas depicted by the blue lines and listed in the top left corner. However, there are many areas within the most deprived 10-20% that are not within such areas, such as within Normanton, Pontefract and parts of Castleford. On a cautionary note, it is worth bearing in mind that geographical depictions of deprivation such as this have limitations and can present a misleading picture. There are certain to be many households and individuals in poverty or facing other aspects of deprivation, but who live in prosperous areas; and conversely, even the most deprived areas will have many households with members in work, not on very low income, not suffering from poor health etc. So using this sort of analysis for allocation of resources and services can be a useful starter but is likely to be flawed. 22

23 Health There is a huge amount of data on health now publicly available. The table below and on the following page shows only a tiny range of indicators of the population's health, but many of these are widely seen as good headline indicators of a population's general health. Figures shown in red are significantly worse than the national rates. Health and Health-related Indicators Indicator Wakefield Y&H (W. Yorks) England Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR), All Ages ( ) SMR, Aged under 75 ( ) Female All Age-All Cause Mortality, Standardised, per 100,000 ( ) Male All Age-All Cause Mortality, Standardised, per 100,000 ( ) % of population defining itself as in Bad/Very Bad Health (2011 Census) Male Life Expectancy at Birth ( ) Female Life Expectancy at Birth ( ) Infant deaths <1 year per 1,000 live births ( ) Est'd deaths attributable to smoking per 100,000 pop'n aged 35+ ( ) Under-18 conceptions, crude rate per 1,000 females aged ( ) (WY) 100* (WY) 100* Alcohol-related hospital admissions, all ages agestandardised, per 100,000 ( ) 820 na 637 * All figures are indexed to the all-england figure, which is taken to be 100. Sources: Wakefield MDC, "Joint Strategic Needs Assessment"; Public Health England, "Health Profiles" 23

24 Indicator Wakefield Y&H (W. Yorks) England Emergency admissions for self-harm, standardised rate per 100,000 ( ) Smoking in Pregnancy per 100 ( ) Obesity among Adults aged 16+ (%) ( ) Obesity among Children aged 10/11 (%) ( ) Incidence of Diabetes aged 17+ (%) ( ) Sources: Wakefield MDC, "Joint Strategic Needs Assessment"; Public Health England, "Health Profiles" Broadly speaking, the health of people in Wakefield is worse than the national average, and so are peoples' own perceptions of their health (as shown in the census figures in the table). The Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) which is widely used as a means of comparing two areas or groups of the population shows Wakefield District to have much higher "premature" mortality than the national average, and also higher than the West Yorkshire average. All Age All Causes Mortality for Men and Women are significantly higher than national and regional rates. Premature death rates from cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular disease are all high, as are rates of diabetes and of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Although continuing to increase, both male and female life expectancy at birth are lower than the regional figures and the national figures; infant mortality is around the regional average but above the national one. In general, the headline indicators that are either about "health behaviours" or usually linked, such as smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity, are higher than the national and regional rates, although alcohol-related hospital admissions are lower. Where measured for children, these are also high in Wakefield. However, the differences between Wakefield District and the national averages are relatively small compared with differences within Wakefield. A huge range of data on health and health determinants for electoral wards and the seven "Local Areas" can be found on these sites: Public Health Observatory Profiles eld&spear 24

25 Local Area Profiles Ward Profiles by Public Health England These show a huge range in the health of people across Wakefield District, most strongly illustrated by the fact that life expectancy is 9.1 years lower for men and 7.7 years lower for women in the most deprived areas of Wakefield than in the least deprived areas. The wards and areas where health indicators are worst are strongly associated with levels of deprivation and social exclusion. 25

26 Local Concentration Appendix Notes on Deprivation Indicators Population weighted average of the ranks of a local authority district's most deprived LSOAs that contain exactly 10% of the district's population. This measure defines 'hot spots' of deprivation by reference to a percentage of the local authority district's population. This involves taking the mean of the population weighted rank of a district's most deprived LSOAs that capture exactly 10% of the district's population. For the purpose of calculation, LSOAs are ranked such that the most deprived LSOA is given the rank of Extent Proportion of a local authority district's population living in the most deprived LSOAs in the country. In this measure, 100% of the people living in the 10% most deprived LSOAs in England are captured in the numerator, plus a proportion of the population of those LSOAs in the next two deciles on a sliding scale that is 95% of the population of the LSOA at the 11th percentile, and 5% of the population of the LSOA at the 29th percentile. This measure only includes local authority districts containing LSOAs which fall within the most deprived 30% of LSOAs in England. Therefore some districts do not have an overall score for this measure and they are given a joint rank. Scale (two measures) Income Scale is the number of people who are income deprived; Employment Scale is the number of people who are employment deprived. Average of LSOA Scores Population weighted average of the combined scores for the LSOAs in a local authority district. This measure is calculated by averaging the LSOA scores in each local authority district after they have been population weighted. This measure retains the fact that more deprived LSOAs may have more 'extreme' scores, which is not revealed to the same extent if the ranks are used. Average of LSOA Ranks Population weighted average of the combined ranks for the LSOAs in a local authority district. This measure is calculated by averaging all of the LSOA ranks in each local authority district. For the purpose of calculation, LSOAs are ranked such that the most deprived LSOA is given the rank of The LSOA ranks are population weighted within a local authority district to take account of the fact that LSOA size can vary. 26