Mood Disorders. Tara Khanna, David Power, Alexandra Wen, Shania Yang, Kelly Zhan

Transcription

1 Mood Disorders Tara Khanna, David Power, Alexandra Wen, Shania Yang, Kelly Zhan

2 Mood Disorders Generally, mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. They come in 2 forms: Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder

3 Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder: a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms. At least one of these symptoms must be either 1) depressed mood, or 2) loss of interest or pleasure.

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5 Dysthymia Persistent depressive disorder (aka dysthymia) is a milder depressed mood People diagnosed with dysthymia have experienced at least two of the following symptoms for at least two years: Problems regulating appetite Problems regulating sleep Low energy Low self-esteem Difficulty concentrating and making decisions Feelings of hopelessness

6 Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder: a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression, and the overexcited state of mania. Used to be called manic-depressive disorder Mania is a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

7 Bipolar Disorder (cont.) During the manic phase, people are typically over talkative, overactive, and elated. They re more likely to take part in reckless behavior (e.g: reckless spending or unprotected sex). In milder forms, mania can fuel creativity, as with artists, composers, writers, and performers with bipolar disorder. Examples: Virginia Woolf (writer) and Tim Burton (producer)

8 Understanding Mood Disorders Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression People trapped in a depressed mood will be inactive and feel unmotivated. They are sensitive to negative events, expect negative outcomes, and will more often remember negative information. Nearly half of people with depression also exhibit symptoms of another disorder (anxiety, substance use disorder, etc.) Depression is widespread Most major depressive episodes self-terminate Only for about 20% is the depression chronic Recovery is more likely to be permanent the later the first episode strikes, the longer the person stays well, the less stress received, the fewer the previous episodes, and the more social support received

9 Understanding Mood Disorders Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression A long-term study tracked rates of depression 2000 people and found that the risk of depression ranged from 1% in those who had not experienced stressful events in the past month to 24% in those who had experienced 3 in the past month Depression is developing earlier w/ each new generation Highest rates are in developed countries

10 A woman s risk of major depression is almost double a man s The trend begins in adolescence Women are more vulnerable to disorders involving internalized states (i.e. depression, anxiety, inhibited sexual desire) Men tend to be more external (i.e. alcohol use disorder, antisocial conduct, lack of impulse control)

11 Mood disorders run in families The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder increases if you have a parent or sibling who has it If one identical twin is diagnosed with major depressive disorder, the chances are 1 in 2 that the other will have it too

12 Modern Technology Modern technology, such as functional MRIs or PET scans, allows us to physically look inside the brains of people with bipolar disorder and depression.

13 Social Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughts and Negative Moods Interact Learned helplessness - depressed, passive, and withdrawn after experiencing uncontrollable painful events Rumination - compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

14 Social Cognitive Perspective Explanatory style hints to signs of Depression Three key terms to describe bad events: Stable Global Internal

15 Depression and Culture Individualism and the decline of commitment to religion and family have forced young people to take personal responsibility for failure or rejection In non-western cultures, where close-knit relationships and cooperation are the norm, major depression is less common and less tied to self-blame over personal failure.

16 Depression s Cycle Do negative attributions and self-blame cause a depressed mood or does a depressed mood trigger negative thoughts? Genetic-environmental interaction: People genetically predisposed to depression more often experience depressing events. Rejection/hopelessness and depression feed each other

17 Treatments Depression SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) Therapy/Exercise Most major depressive episodes self-terminate Bipolar Disorder Separate set of drugs for mania, depression, and/or maintenance (maintaining a steady mood over time)

18 Suicide Factors that affect suicide rates: National differences Racial differences Gender differences Age differences Day of the week differences Other group differences

19 Suicide (cont.) Environmental barriers help prevent suicide Suicide is often impulsive Social suggestion, such as a TV program on suicide or a highly publicized suicide, is usually followed by a rise in the suicide rate People exposed to family members or co-workers committing suicide are at a higher risk to do it themselves A 2008 study found that About 9% of people have thought seriously about suicide 3% of people actually attempt it 1 in 25 attempts succeeds Most people who did commit suicide discussed it beforehand

20 Suicide Prevention What you can do to help someone at risk for suicide Talk to them, be someone that they can open up to Seek professional help Encourage positive lifestyle changes Continue giving them support even after the immediate crisis has passed

21 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) Using self-harm to send a message or to deal with distress People who do this tend to be less able to tolerate emotional distress and are extremely self-critical By engaging in NSSI, people are often trying to Ask for help and gain attention Distract themselves from intense negative thoughts Relieve guilt by self-punishment Get others to change their negative behavior (mostly bullying or criticism) NSSI does not usually lead to suicide, but it is a risk factor for future suicide attempts

22 Powerpoint Activities -Quiz -Video