CHLOROPHYLL WATER. Deodorizes the Body... Cleansing / Scavenging Cancerous Free Radicals... CHLOROPHYLL / CHLOROPHYLLIN RESEARCH SUMMARY

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1 CHLOROPHYLL WATER CHLOROPHYLL / CHLOROPHYLLIN RESEARCH SUMMARY Deodorizes the Body Biological Activities of Chlorophyll Derivatives, N.J. Med Journal; 1988 (???) o Observations in the 1940s and 1950s that topical chlorophyllin had deodorizing effects on foul-smelling wounds led clinicians to administer chlorophyllin orally to patients with colostomies and ileostomies in order to control fecal odor The Control of ileostomy and colostomy odors, Gastroenterology Journal;1960 (Human) o chlorophyllin doses of mg/day were effective in reducing fecal odor in ostomy patients Use of chlorophyllin in the care of geriatric patients, J AM Geriatric Society Journal; 1980(Human) o Oral chlorophyllin ( mg/day) decreased subjective assessments of urinary and fecal odor in incontinent patients Effects of the dietary supplements, activated charcoal and copper chlorophyllin, on urinary excretion of trimethylamine in Japanese trimethylaminuria patients, Life Sciences; 2004, (Human) o Trimethylaminuria is a hereditary disorder characterized by the excretion of trimethylamine, a compound with a fishy or foul odor. A recent study in a small number of Japanese patients with trimethylaminuria found that oral chlorophyllin (60 mg three times daily) for three weeks significantly decreased urinary trimethylamine concentrations Cleansing / Scavenging Cancerous Free Radicals E2F4 and ribonucleotide reductase mediate S-phase arrest in colon cancer cells treated with chlorophyllin, International Journal of Cancer; 2009 (Human) o Human colon cancer cells undergo cell cycle arrest after treatment with chlorophyllin. The mechanism involved inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity. Ribonucleotide reductase plays a pivotal role in DNA synthesis and repair, and is a target of currently used cancer therapeutic agents, such as hydroxyurea. This provides a potential new avenue for

2 chlorophyllin in the clinical setting, sensitizing cancer cells to DNA damaging agents Dietary aflatoxin exposure and chemoprevention of cancer: a clinical review, Journal of Clinical Toxicology; 2003 (???) o Scientists are hopeful that chlorophyllin supplementation will be helpful in decreasing the risk of liver cancer in high-risk populations with unavoidable, dietary aflatoxin exposure. Chemoprevention with chlorophyllin in individuals exposed to dietary aflatoxin, Journal of Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers; 2003 (Human) o Supplementation with chlorophyllin before meals substantially decreased a urinary biomarker of aflatoxin-induced DNA damage in a Chinese population at high risk of liver cancer due to unavoidable, dietary aflatoxin exposure from moldy grains and legumes. Chempreventative properties of chlorophyllin: inhibition of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)- DNA binding in vivo and anti mutagenic activity against AFB1 and two heterocyclic amines in the salmonella mutagenic assay, Journal of Carcinogenesis; 1991 (animal) reduces AFB1-induced DNA damage in the livers of rainbow trout and rats Use of aflatoxin adducts as intermediate endpoints to assess the efficacy of chemopreventative interventions in animals and man, Journal of Mutation Research; 1998, (animal) reduces AFB1-induced DNA damage in the livers of rainbow trout and rats Natural chlorophyll inbhibits aflatoxin B1-induced multi organ carcinogenesis in the rat, Journal of Carcinogenesis; 2007 (Animal) reduces AFB1-induced DNA damage in the livers of rainbow trout and rats Dietary Chlorophyllin is a potent inhibitor of Aflatoxin B1 Hepatocarcionogeneses in Rainbow Trout, Journal of Cancer Research;1995, (Animal) reduces dose-dependently inhibits the development of liver cancer in trout Post-indication chlorophyllin exposure does not modulate aflatoxin-induced foci in the liver and colon of rats, Journal of Carcinogenesis; 2006 (Animal)

3 o One rat study found that chlorophyllin did not protect against aflatoxininduced liver damage when given after tumor initiation A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in shanghai, Peoples Republic of China, Journal of Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers; 1994 (Human) o Because of the long time period between AFB1 exposure and the development of cancer in humans, an intervention trial might require as long as 20 years to determine whether chlorophyllin supplementation can reduce the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in people exposed to high levels of dietary AFB1. However, a biomarker of AFB1-induced DNA damage (AFB1-N 7 -guanine) can be measured in the urine, and high urinary levels of AFB1-N 7 -guanine have been associated with significantly increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma Chlorophyll, Chlorophyllin and Sleenium in Reversing a Cancerous Condition, 2009 (Animal) o Research from the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University suggests that natural compounds of chlorophyll, chlorophyllin, and selenium compounds, which previously have been studied for their ability to preventing a cancerous condition, may be able to play a more significant role in reversing a cancerous condition. Mechanisms of the in vitro antimutagenic action of chlorophyllin against benzo[a]pyrene: studies of enzyme inhibition, molecular complex formation and degradation of the ultimate carcinogen, Journal of Mutagenic Research; 1994 (In Vitro) o inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes may decrease the risk of some types of chemically induced cancers. In vitro studies indicate that chlorophyllin may decrease the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes Non-specific inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities by chlorophyllin in human and rat liver microsomes, Carcinogenesis; 1995 (Human) o results suggest that the antigenotoxic effect of chlorophyllin might be due to inhibition of P450 enzymes involving bioactivation of carcinogens in addition to molecular complex formation between carcinogens and chlorophyllin. Comparison of the apparent Ki for P450 inactivation with previously estimated constants for chlorophyllin-iq complexation suggest that P450 inhibition should be the dominant mechanism of inhibition Effect of dietary constituents with chemopreventative potential on adduct formation of a low dose of the heterocyclic amines PhIP and IQ and phase II hepatic enzymes, Journal of Nutr Cancer; 2003 (???) o We conducted a study to evaluate dietary chemopreventive strategies to reduce genotoxic effects of the carcinogens 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-

4 imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). We conclude that PEITC and chlorophyllin are protective of PhIPinduced genotoxicity after a low exposure dose of carcinogen, possibly through modification of HCA metabolism. Inhibition of Fried Meat-Induced colorectal DNA damage and altered systemic genotoxicity in humans by Crucifera, Chlorophyllin and Yogurt, Public Library Of Science; 2011 (Human) o This is the first demonstration that dietary factors can reduce DNA damage in the target tissue of fried-meat associated carcinogenesis. Effects of Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin on Low-Dose Aflatoxin B1 Pharmacokinetics in Human Volunteers, 2009 (Human) o Initial results provide AFB(1) pharmacokinetic parameters previously unavailable for humans, and suggest that Chla or Chlorophyllin coconsumption may limit the bioavailability of ingested aflatoxin in humans, as they do in animal models. Anti- Inflammatory Chlorophyll Revisited: Anti-inflammatory Activities of Chlorophyll a and inhibition of expression of expression of TNG-a gene by the same, 2012 (Animal) o In view of the folklore use of green leaves to treat inflammation, the antiinflammatory property of chlorophylls and their degradation products were studied. Chlorophyll a and pheophytin a (magnesium-free chlorophyll a) from fresh leaves showed potent anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and formalin-induced paw edema in rats. Antioxidant Chlorophyllin as an effective antioxidant against membrane damage in vitro and ex vitro, 2000 (Animal) o Using rat liver mitochondria as model system and various sources for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) we have examined the membrane-protective properties of CHL both under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. Studies showed that CHL is a highly effective antioxidant, capable of protecting mitochondria against oxidative damage induced by various ROS.

5 The Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Chlorophylls and Pheophytins, 2013 (Human) o Chlorophylls are important antioxidants found in foods. We explored the mechanisms through which the a and b forms of chlorophyll and of pheophytin (the Mg-chelated form of chlorophyll) reduce oxidation. All chlorophylls and pheophytins showed significant dose-dependent activity in the assays, with the pheophytins being the strongest antioxidants. Thus, these chemicals can prevent oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation both by reducing reactive oxygen species, such as DPPH, and by chelation of metal ions, such as Fe(II), which can form reactive oxygen species. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by chlorophyllin: an ESR study, Journal of Free Radical Research; 2001 (in vitro) o The antioxidant effects of chlorophyllin (CHL), a water-soluble analog of the green plant pigment chlorophyll, on different reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In conclusion, CHL has potent antioxidant ability involving scavenging of various physiologically important ROS. Protection of chlorophyllin against oxidative damage by reducing HO-1 and NQO1, Research Center of Occupational Medicine; 2008 (Human) o Green vegetables are thought to have a chemoprotective effect on the basis of epidemiologic evidence. This study investigated whether chlorophyllin (CHL) could induce antioxidant enzymes and confer protection against oxidative damage. his study proved that CHL exerts antioxidant effect by inducing HO-1 and NQO1 expression mediated by PI3K/Akt and Nrf2. One thinks CHL may have promise to be prophylactic pharmaceuticals without adverse effects. Inhibitory effects of chlorophyllin, hemin and tetrakis porphyrin on oxidative DNA damage and mouse skin inflammation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoyphorbol-13- acetate as a possible anti-tumor promoting mechanism, 2003 (Animal) o Chlorophyllin can neutralize several physically relevant oxidants and limited data from animal studies suggest that chlorophyllin supplementation may decrease oxidative damage induced by chemical carcinogens and radiation Promotes Wound Healing Chlorophyll therapy and its relation to pathogenic bacteria, Biological Research; 1964 (???) o The close similarity of the chemical character of the chlorophylls found in the chloroplasts of green plants to that of the hemoglobin in human blood

6 led to the theory that the chlorophylls might be the factors in green plants which give them therapeutic value. Relative delivery efficiency and convenience of spray and ointment formaulations of papain/urea/chlorophyllin enzymatic wound therapies, Journal of Wound Ostomy; 2006 (Human) o The spray formulation of papain/urea/chlorophyllin copper complex resulted in less product use per wound application than did 3 different ointment formulations. Participants expressed a favorable impression of practical benefits of the spray formulation including a reduced risk of wound contamination Controls Hunger & Cravings Supplementation by thylakoids to a high carbohydrate meal decreases feelings of hunger, elevates CCK levels and prevents postprandial hypoglycaemia in overweigh women, Appetite; 2013 (Human) o Thylakoids are chlorophyll-containing membranes in chloroplasts that have been isolated from green leaves. Effects indicate that thylakoids may intensify signals of satiety. This study therefore suggests that the dietary addition of thylakoids could aid efforts to reduce food intake and prevent compensational eating later in the day, which may help to reduce body weight over time.