Defini&on. Any material that is applied with the intent of controlling or mi&ga&ng the effects of a pest popula&on.

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2 Defini&on Any material that is applied with the intent of controlling or mi&ga&ng the effects of a pest popula&on.

3 Pes&cide Types Acaricides, algicides, an&feedants, avicides, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, fungicides, herbicides, insect insect repellents, insec&cides, mammal repellents, ma&ng disrupters, molluscicides, nema&cides, piscicides, plant growth regulators, roden&cides, and synergists

4 Pes&cide Types Acaricides, algicides, an&feedants, avicides, bactericides, bird repellents, chemosterilants, fungicides, herbicides, insect insect repellents, insec&cides, mammal repellents, ma&ng disrupters, molluscicides, nema&cides, piscicides, plant growth regulators, roden&cides, and synergists

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6 Considera&ons 1. They are among the most beneficial compound u&lized in the world; protect crops and human health 2. They serve as one of the most potent sources of environmental pollutants

7 Chronic and Acute Toxicity Chronic: Any harmful effects that occur from repeated small doses over a period of &me are called chronic effects. The chronic toxicity of a pes&cide is determined by observing symptoms of test animals, long term exposure to the ac&ve ingredient. Acute: refers to the chemical's ability to cause injury to a person or animal from a single exposure, generally of short dura&on.

8 Lethal Dose 50 (LD 50 ) The median lethal dose of a toxic substance is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested popula&on. Measured in mg/kg. LD 50 figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity

9 LD 50 s (mg/kg) Compound Exposure Route LD 50 (mg/kg) Table salt rat, oral 3,000 rat, oral 9,000 DDT rat, oral 116 Malathion rat, oral > 10,000 Aldicarb (Temik ) rat, oral 0.9

10 Dependence on pes&cides highly regional

11 North Dakota Wheat

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13 cotton

14 Pes&cide Use in Arizona

15 tse tse

16 Genera&ons of Pes&cides Those prior to WWII were naturally occurring, broad spectrum compounds organic and inorganic sources

17 Naturally occurring Organics Found in nature, contain carbon

18 Nico&ne Extracts

19 Rotenone A naturally occurring product from Lonchocarpus grown in South America and Australia.

20 Rotenone LD and 1,500 mg per kilogram. One factor in this wide varia=on may be the differences in the plant extracts used

21 Piscicide

22 Snakehead Fish Northern snakehead fish, Channa striata

23 Pyrethrum Non persistent and minimally effec&ve Low mammalian toxicity (LD 50 = 1,500 mg/kg) Chrysanthemum sp.

24 Naturally occurring inorganics Found in nature, but do not contain carbon

25 Brimstone (sulfur)

26 Arsenicals Lead arsenate LD 50 = 30 mg/kg

27 Paris Green and London Purple

28 Original Synthe&cs Chlorinated hydrocarbons Organophorous compounds Carbamates Do not occur in nature, are manufactured

29 DDT

30 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Persistent Low acute toxicity Possible chronic effects Broad spectrum

31 DDT and mates dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane LD mg/kg

32 DDT in Arizona Oh, the farmers and the cowmen should be friends one likes to push a plow, chase a cow Oklahoma 1943

33 Exis&ng Uses Mosquito control Plague control

34 Mirex Kills all ants and the best invasive species...

35 Chlordane 200 to 700 mg/kg

36 Organophorous Compounds Short residual ac&vity Acutely toxic Also broad spectrum

37 Origina&ng from German dye industry

38 Examples Methyl parathion (LD 50 = 6 to 50 mg/kg) Dimethoate (Cygon ) (LD 50 = 60 to 387 mg/ kg) Orthene (LD 50 = 945 mg/kg)

39 Carbamates e.g., Sevin, Temik Made available in 1956, in part for home garden use. In agriculture as a bait.

40 Agricultural uses for Temik

41 bifenthrin; LD 50 = 2000 mg/kg Pyrethroids

42 LD 50 is 3738 mg/kg Spinosad

43 Diamide Insec&cides Tempo LD 50 =750 mg/kg

44 Juvenile Hormone Mimics, IGRs LD g/kg

45 Chloronico&nyl ADMIRE

46 Tetronic acids Oberon LD 50 of 43 mg/kg

47 Pes&cide: Pro & Cons some!ing in between?

48 Untoward Effects

49 Resistance Whatever the pest there occasionally exist individuals that are resistant to a pes=cide that would normally kill members of that species. If the pes=cide is con=nually applied suscep=ble individuals will be killed, leaving only resistant individuals.

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51 Pes&cide Pollu&on Over 98% of sprayed insec&cides and 95% of herbicides reach a des&na&on other than their target species, including non target species, air, water, bo@om sediments, and food. Pes&cides are one of the major causes of water pollu&on, and some pes&cides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamina&on.

52 Bhopal, India Worst Known Example

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54 Persistence

55 Biomagnifica&on Peregrine falcon

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57 SHORT-TERM TOXICITY CHRONIC TOXICITY

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59 Control of vector borne pathogens The World Health Organization estimates that each year million cases of malaria occur worldwide and more than two million people die of malaria. Yellow Fever West Nile Virus Lyme Disease Typhus Plague Encephalitis Dengue Fever Sleeping Sickness Chagas Disease

60 Food Produc&on

61 Toxic Waste or Tomatoes!