Risk Assessment Issues: Asbestos p. 100 Review of Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effects in Workers Exposed to MMMFs p. 103

Transcription

1 Preface Contributors Introduction and Background p. 1 Characterization of Chemical Contaminants p. 2 Human Exposures and Dosimetry p. 7 Chemical Exposures and Dose-to-Target Tissues p. 7 Concentration of Toxic Chemicals in Human Microenvironments p. 8 p. xiii p. xv Inhalation Exposures and Respiratory Tract Effects p. 11 Ingestion Exposures and GI Tract Effects p. 18 Skin Exposure and Dermal Effects p. 19 Absorption through Membranes and Systemic Circulation p. 20 Accumulation in Target Tissues and Dosimetric Models p. 21 Indirect Measures of Past Exposures p. 21 Characterization of Health p. 23 Exposure-Response Relationships p. 24 References p. 27 Ambient Particulate Matter p. 31 Sources and Pathways for Human Exposure p. 32 Ambient Air PM Concentrations p. 36 Extent of Population Exposures to Ambient Air PM p. 38 Nature of the Evidence for Human Health Effects of Ambient Air PM p. 41 Epidemiological Evidence for Human Health Effects of Ambient Air PM p. 41 Discussion and Current Knowledge on the Health Effects of PM p. 57 Standards and Exposure Guidelines p. 59 References p. 60 Asbestos and Other Mineral and Vitreous Fibers p. 65 Important Special Properties of Fibers p. 65 Exposures to Fibers p. 68 Fiber Deposition in the Respiratory Tract p. 71 Fiber Retention, Dissolution, and Translocation p. 73 Properties of Mineral and Vitreous Fibers Relevant to Disease p. 81 Asbestos-Related Diseases p. 81 Review of Biological Effects of Size-Classified Fibers in Animals and Humans p. 83 Critical Fiber Parameters Affecting Disease Pathogenesis p. 86 Exposure-Response for Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma: Human Experience p. 95 Risk Assessment Issues: Asbestos p. 100 Review of Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effects in Workers Exposed to MMMFs p. 103 Risk Assessment Issues: Man-made Mineral Fibers p. 106 Key Factors Affecting Fiber Uptake and Toxicity: Recapitulation and Synthesis p. 108 Acronyms p. 109

2 References p. 110 Benzene p. 121 Benzene Exposure p. 122 Uptake p. 124 Metabolism and Disposition p. 124 Mechanisms of Toxicity p. 131 Risk Assessment p. 138 References p. 141 Carbon Monoxide p. 151 CO Exposure and Dosimetry p. 151 Mechanisms of CO Toxicity p. 152 Populations at Risk of Health Effects due to CO Exposure p. 153 Regulatory Background p. 154 Health Effects of CO p. 155 Summary and Conclusions p. 165 References p. 166 Chromium p. 173 Essentiality p. 173 Environmental Sources and Standards p. 174 Exposure Scenarios p. 176 Uptake and Distribution p. 178 Toxicological Effects p. 179 Immunotoxicity p. 180 Carcinogenicity and Teratogenic Effects p. 182 Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity p. 183 References p. 185 Diesel Exhaust p. 193 Historical Overview p. 193 Exposures to Diesel Exhaust p. 194 Health Effects p. 199 Current Issues and Research Needs p. 230 References p. 232 Dioxins and Dioxin-like Chemicals p. 243 Sources p. 243 Toxicological Effects and Mechanism of Action p. 249 Mechanism of Action p. 252 References p. 258 Drinking Water Disinfection p. 267 Chemical Methods of Disinfection p. 268 Chemical Nature and Occurrence of Disinfectant By-products p. 269 Associations of Human Disease with Drinking Water Disinfection p. 276

3 Toxicology of Disinfectants p. 279 Summary and Conclusions p. 298 References p. 303 Environmental Tobacco Smoke p. 319 Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) p. 320 Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking in Children p. 331 Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking in Adults p. 345 Respiratory Symptoms and Illnesses in Adults p. 359 Summary p. 363 References p. 363 Food Constituents, Additives, and Contaminants p. 377 Food-Related Health Risks p. 377 Legal and Regulatory Framework p. 380 Toxicity Test Requirements and Safety Criteria p. 381 Substances Intentionally Added to Food p. 387 Food Contaminants of Industrial Origin p. 395 Constituents and Contaminants of Natural Origin p. 397 Summary and Conclusions p. 404 Acronyms p. 405 References p. 405 Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes p. 409 Background p. 409 Single-Exposure Health Effects p. 417 Effects of Multiple Exposures p. 426 References p. 434 Indoor Bioaerosol Contaminants p. 449 Sources p. 449 Biological Factors p. 450 Exposure p. 453 Morbidity Effects p. 457 Hazard Assessment p. 461 Controls p. 468 Summary and Conclusions p. 470 References p. 471 Lead and Compounds p. 481 Physical/Chemical Properties and Behavior of Lead and Its Compounds p. 482 Lead in the Environment and Human Exposure p. 484 Absorption p. 486 Distribution p. 491 Kinetics p. 493 Health Effects p. 500

4 Biomarkers p. 502 Some Chemical/Molecular Considerations in Lead Neurotoxicity p. 506 Treatment of Lead Toxicity p. 509 Conclusions p. 511 References p. 513 Human-made Ionizing Radiation and Radioactivity: Sources, Levels, and Effects p. 523 Source Documents p. 523 Special Units p. 524 Sources of Human-made Radioactivity and Radiation p. 525 Nuclear Fuel Cycle p. 526 Nuclear Weapons Complex p. 537 Local, Tropospheric, and Global Fallout p. 542 Medical Exposures p. 544 Industrial Uses (Other Than Nuclear Fuel) p. 546 Consumer Products p. 548 Exposures to Diffuse, Enhanced Sources of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) and Radiation Overview of Potential Health Impacts of Natural and Human-made Sources of Radioactivity p. 548 p. 549 References p. 556 Mercury p. 563 Chemistry p. 563 Sources p. 563 Environmental Exposures p. 565 Occupational Exposures p. 567 Kinetics and Metabolism p. 566 Health Effects p. 570 References p. 573 Microwaves and Electromagnetic Fields p. 577 Background p. 578 Philosophical Approaches p. 579 Standards Development p. 581 Current OELs and EELs for RF Radiation p. 582 Lowest Frequencies p. 585 U.S. Government Activities p. 586 Alternatives to OELs: Do They Exist? p. 586 Epidemiological Studies p. 586 Protective Measures p. 587 Engineering/Installation/Design Controls p. 587 Range Controls p. 588 Conclusions p. 589 Glossary p. 590

5 References p. 590 Nitrogen Oxides p. 595 Sources of NOx p. 595 Nitrogen Dioxide p. 596 Nitric Oxide p. 612 Nitric/Nitrous Acid p. 614 Inorganic Nitrates p. 615 Mixtures of Nitrogen Oxides p. 616 Summary and Conclusions p. 621 References p. 623 Noise: Its Effects and Control p. 639 Human Auditory System p. 639 Measurement of Sound p. 642 Direct Physical Effects p. 643 General Effects of Noise p. 645 Control of Noise p. 649 Summary p. 652 References p. 653 Ozone p. 655 Background p. 661 Effects of Single Exposures to Ozone p. 668 Effects of Multiple-Day and Ambient Episode Exposures p. 698 Summary and Conclusions p. 707 References p. 710 Pesticides p. 725 Evolving Patterns of Pesticide Use p. 726 Exposure p. 726 Epidemiology of Acute Pesticide Poisoning p. 728 Toxicity of Pesticides p. 729 Fumigants and Nematocides p. 733 Other Pesticides p. 734 Inert Ingredients p. 734 Pesticides and Endocrine/Reproductive Toxicity p. 735 Conclusion: Issues for the Future p. 736 References p. 738 Radon and Daughters p. 741 Effects of Radon Exposure p. 741 Units of Radon Exposure p. 742 Outdoor Radon p. 743 Indoor Radon p. 745 Underground Mine Radon Epidemiology p. 751

6 Environmental Epidemiology p. 752 Lung Dosimetry p. 754 Lung Cancer Models for Humans p. 757 NIH Model p. 760 Childhood Exposure p. 764 Animal Studies p. 764 Smoking and Radon p. 765 Summary p. 766 References p. 766 Sulfur Oxides: Acidic Aerosols and SO[subscript 2] p. 771 Sources and Exposures p. 772 Health Effects p. 776 References p. 803 Trace Elements: Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Nickel p. 811 Aluminum p. 811 Arsenic p. 817 Cadmium p. 824 Nickel p. 829 References p. 837 Ultraviolet Radiation p. 851 Radiation Emissions p. 851 Pathways to Human Exposure p. 853 Biological Mechanisms Leading to Health Effects p. 854 Populations at Special Risk p. 865 Applicable Standards and Exposure Guidelines p. 867 Risk Assessment and Education Policy p. 877 Summary p. 882 References p. 883 Volatile Organic Compounds and the Sick Building Syndrome p. 889 Toxic Effects p. 889 Prevalence of Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds p. 889 Health and Volatile Organic Compounds p. 892 Prevalence of the Sick Building Syndrome p. 894 Dose-Response for Health Effects Caused by Low-Level VOC Exposure p. 896 Guidelines for Volatile Organic Compounds in Nonindustrial Indoor Environments p. 898 References p. 901 Perspectives on Individual and Community Risks p. 905 Nature of Risk p. 905 Identification and Quantification of Risks p. 906 Risk Communication p. 911 Risk Reduction p. 914

7 References p. 918 Reducing Risks: An Environmental Engineering Perspective p. 921 Historical Perspective p. 921 Pollution Control Process p. 923 Environmental Risk Assessment and Management p. 923 Applications and Use p. 929 Conclusions p. 922 References p. 943 Clinical Perspective on Respiratory Toxicology p. 945 Concepts of Exposure p. 946 Tools for Studying Animals p. 947 Tools for Studying Populations p. 955 Limitations of Clinical and Epidemiological Assessments of the Effects of Inhaled Agents p. 960 Advice and Counseling of Patients p. 961 Summary p. 963 References p. 964 Industrial Perspectives: Translating the Knowledge Base into Corporate Policies, Programs, and Practices for Health Protection p. 969 Life Cycle of a Chemical p. 969 Knowledge Base for the Identification of Hazard Control Strategies p. 970 Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health Programs p. 972 Product Stewardship p. 975 Responsible Care p. 978 Concluding Perspective p. 980 Index p. 981 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.