Hemopoiesis and Blood

Transcription

1 Hemopoiesis and Blood

2 Blood Cells o o o Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Function o Transport nutrients and wastes throughout the bloodstream, fight foreign antigens and blood coagulation. Location o Located in blood vessels throughout the body. Structure o Erythrocytes million per cubic mm Biconcave shape Anucleated o Leukocytes 5-10,000 per cubic mm Granulocytic Specific granules o Provide function of specific white blood cell Azurophilic granules o Lysosomal properties Neutrophils o 60%-70% of population o Destroy bacteria o Multilobed nucleus Eosinophils o < 4% of population o Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes and kill parasitic invaders o Bilobed nucleus o Large, red specific granules Basophils o o < 1% of the population Two or more irregular lobed nucleus Obscured by large specific granules Agranulocytic Lymphocytes o 20%-25% of the population o Spherical nucleus o Few granules in cytoplasm

3 Monocytes o 3%-8% of the population o Kidney shaped nucleus, acentric o Few granules in cytoplasm o Thrombocytes Anucleated Dislike cell fragments Hyalomere Peripheral clear region Granulomere Central darker region Video recording o Blood Microscope images o See above

4 Red Bone Marrow Function o Vascular connective tissue responsible for the production of formed elements. Location o Located in the medullary cavity of long bones and within trabeculae of spongy bone. Maturation Lineage of Formed Elements o Erythropoiesis Myeloid Stem Cell Proerythroblast Large cell Lacy chromatin Nucleoli Basophilic cytoplasm o Due to synthesis of hemoglobin Basophilic erythroblast More basophilic Condensed nucleus Polychromatophilic erythroblast Regions of basophilia and acidophilia Orthochromatophilic erythroblast Uniform acidophilic cytoplasm Reticulocyte Ejection of nucleus 1% of circulating blood cells Erythrocyte Matured reticulocytes See previous study guide topic o Leukopoiesis Granulocytes Myeloblast o Finely dispersed chromatin o Faint nucleoli Promyelocyte o Basophilic cytoplasm o Azurophilic granules Myelocyte o Differentiation starts o Increase in granules Metamyeloctye

5 o Further differentiation o Condensation of nucleus Stab/Band cell o Elongated nucleus Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte o See next study guide topic Lymphoid Stem Cell Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte Lymphocyte o See previous study guide topic o Thrombopoiesis Myeloid Stem Cell Megakaryoblast Large, rare Basophilic cytoplasm Megakaryocyte Larger Cytoplasm is less basophilic Diassociate into thrombocytes Thromobocytes See previous study guide topic Structure of Bone Marrow o Endosteum o Sinusoids Lined with endothelial cells o Islands of hemopoietic cells Blood cells in various stages of maturation o Macrophages

6 Acute Granulocytic Leukemia (Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia) Etiology o Cancer of the bone marrow or blood o Most adult cancer o Abnormal rapid growth of immature (acute) white blood cells Myeloid stem cell Pathological Features o Increased amount (~10x) immature white blood cells in a peripheral smear Immature white bloods cells should not be found in the blood Mostly promyelocytes Hypergranular Multiple nucleoli Fine nuclear chromatin Scant to moderate amount of cytoplasm o Auer rods Red-staining rod like structures Clumps of azurophilic granules o Decreased amounts of other cells (i.e. thrombocytes) Bone marrow is occupied with making myelocytic cells Microscopic images o 40x

7 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Etiology o Cancer of the bone marrow or blood o Abnormal rapid growth of mature lymphocytes Most common are B-Lymphocytes Pathological features o Increased amounts (~10x) of mature lymphocytic cells o Irregular nuclei with clumped chromatin o Smudge cells Crushed nuclei of lymphocytes due to fragility during preparation o Rieder cells Lymphocytic cells with nuclear clefts, indentations, and deep grooves Microscopic images o 10x o 40x

8 Sickle Cell Anemia Etiology o Autosomal recessive disorder o Abnormal hemoglobin molecules within the beta chain Substitution of glutamic acid with valine Causes a structural disorder within the red blood cell Loss of flexibility Dysfunction at capillary beds Pathological features o Increased destruction of sickled red blood cells Anemia o Anisocytosis Unequal sizes of blood cells o Poikilocytosis Abnormally shaped blood cells Microscopic images o 40x

9 erythrocyte

10 neutrophil

11 eosinophil

12 basophil

13 lymphocytes

14 monocyte

15 thrombocytes

16 proerythroblast

17 orthochromatrophic erythroblast

18 promyelocyte

19 myelocyte

20 stab band cell

21 megakaryocyte

22 40x acute granulocytic leukemia

23 10x chronic lymphocytic leukemia

24 40x chronic lymphocytic leukemia

25 40x sickle cell anemia

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