A. Blood is considered connective tissue. RBC. A. Blood volume and composition 1. Volume varies - average adult has 5 liters

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2 A. Blood is considered connective tissue. RBC A. Blood volume and composition 1. Volume varies - average adult has 5 liters

3 2. 45% cells by volume called hematocrit (HCT) a. red blood cells (RBC) mostly b. white cells (WBC) c. platelets (cell fragments)

4 3. 55% straw colored liquid called plasma a. water b. amino acids c. proteins d. carbohydrates e. lipids f. vitamins g. hormones h. electrolytes i. cellular wastes

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7 Hemocytoblasts (stem cells) can form many cell types. Cell type depends on growth factors called colony stimulating factors

8 -FYI- Stem cells comprise 1/10 % of bone marrow cells attempted to transfer enough cells in a bone marrow transplant

9 B. Characteristics of RBC s 1. Biconcave shape a. shape helps hemoglobin pick up oxygen 2. Colors blood a. oxyhemoglobin - bright red b. deoxyhemoglobin - bluish color 3. Start out with nucleus - then lose

10 C. RBC counts (RBCC)- 1. 4,600,000-6,200,000 cells / mm 3 - males 2. 4,200,000-5,400,000 cells / mm 3 -females D. Destruction of RBC s 1. Aged cells lose flexibility break up 2. Macrophages in liver, spleen phagocytize cells. 3. Recycled - heme -- iron + biliverdin ( which goes into bile) globin - reused in new hemoglobin

11 E. RBC production / control 1. Most Liver Low oxygen concentration produced in red bone marrow kidney erythropoietin Blood stream Increased oxygen carrying capacity Red bone marrow Increased number of RBC s

12 Blood Cells

13 F. Dietary factors affecting RBC production 1. B 12 and folic acid needed for DNA synthesis a. DNA for cell division - ie. New RBC s 2. Too few RBC s causes anemia G. Types of white blood cells (WBC s) -- WBC s or leukocytes - protect against disease--

14 1. Granulocytes - Develop in red bone marrow - 12 life span a. neutrophils - i. Nucleus 2-5 sections ii. Account for about 54-62% of leukocytes

15 b. eosinophils - i. Nucleus normally two lobed ii. Less than 1% circulating leukocytes c. basophils - similar to eosinphils

16 2. Agranulocytes - monocytes from RBM, lymphocytes from RBM and organs of lymphatic system - longer life (weeks to years) a. monocytes - i. Nuclei shape varies: round, kidney, oval lobed ii. 3-9% leukocytes b. lymphocytes - i. Large round nucleus ii % leukocytes

17 H. White blood cell counts (WBCC) 1. 5,000-10,000 cells/ml 2. Changes in response to infection 3. WBCC > 10,000 - leukocytosis indication of acute infection 4. WBCC < 5,000 - leukopenia - accompanies typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS or poliomyelitis

18 5. Differential WBCC (DIFF) looks at specific WBC types counted a. neutrophils - bacterial infection b. eosinophils - parasitic infections, allergic reactions, c. lymphocytes - AIDS

19 I. Functions of WBC s 1. Phagocytosis - a. neutrophils, monocytes are the most active phagocytic leukocytes 2. Antibody producers a. lymphocytes produce antibodies specific for foreign substances

20 3. Blood clotting influencing molecules a. some basophils produce heparin (prevent intravascular blood clots) and histamine (increase blood flow to injured tissues)

21 J. Blood platelets (thrombocytes) 1. Produced by the fragmentation of megakaryocytes 2. Count 130, ,000 / ml 3. Help close up holes in blood vessels and initiate blood clots

22 Clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood - 92% water A. Plasma proteins - 1. Most abundant of solute in plasma 2. 3 types a. albumins i. Synthesized in liver ii. affects osmotic pressure in plasma

23 b. globulins - i. Alpha - Made in liver - transport ii. Beta - lipids and vitamins, clotting iii. Gamma lymphatic tissue produced - type of antibody c. Fibrinogen - made in liver - functions in blood coagulation B. Nutrients and gases 1. Nutrients - to body cells and liver a. amino acids, lipids b. simple sugars

24 c. nucleotides to make new proteins d. lipids i. cholesterol low density lipoproteins (LDL) high density lipoproteins (HDL) 2. Blood gasses a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. nitrogen

25 C. Non-protein nitrogenous substances 1. amino acids 2. urea 3. uric acid D. Plasma electrolytes 1. Sodium (Na) 2. Potassium (K) 3. Calcium (Ca)

26 D. Plasma electrolytes cont. 4. Magnesium (Mg) _ 5. Chloride (Cl ) _ 6. Bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 ) _ 7. Sulfate ions (SO 4 )

27 Stoppage of bleeding A. Blood Vessel Spasm 1. Vasospasm - constricts severed vessel

28 2. Platelets releasing serotonin causes smooth muscles to contract B. Platelet plug formation

29 TISSUE DAMAGE Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug formation Blood clot mechanism Prothrombin Prothrombin activator Ca ++ Fibrinogen Tissue thromboplastin Damaged tissue + feedback Thrombin Other clotting factors Ca ++ Fibrin Blood clot formation

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31 C. Blood coagulation 1. Flowing blood- thrombin moved, clot not formed 2. Small clots dissolved after time

32 3. Thrombus - abnormally forming clot 4. Embolus - when clot carried away in blood

33 A. Antigens and antibodies 1. Agglutination - the clumping of RBC s due to reaction between surface antigens and plasma carried antibodies. B. ABO blood group

34 Blood Type Antigen Antibody A A Anti-B B B Anti-A AB A and B Neither anti- A or anti-b O Neither A or B Both anti-a and anti-b 1. O type blood the universal donors 2. AB blood the universal recipients

35 Blood type Give to Receive from O All O A A, AB O, A B B, AB O, B AB AB All Rh+ Rh+ Rh+, Rh- Rh- Rh+, Rh- Rh-

36 C. Rh blood grouping Rh-positive Rh antigens present Rh-negative Rh antigens absent Anti-Rh antibodies appear after exposure to Rh antigens

37 1. Potential problems with Rh blood grouping

38 A. RBC Disorders 1. Sickle Cell Anemia - a. genetic - mostly African Americans b. block blood vessels c. life span shortened

39 2. Aplastic anemia - injury A failure of the blood-cell forming capacity of the bone marrow that affects all blood-cell types. 3. Spherocytosis - genetic a. RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal, round RBCs

40 4. Pernicious anemia - a. caused by a lack of intrinsic factor - low vitamin B Idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia - a. abnormality of the immune system that destroys red blood cells prematurely. 6. Hypochromatic anemia - a. lack of iron

41 B. WBC disorders - 1. Leukopenia - WBC low 2. Leukocytosis - WBC high 3. Leukemia - WBC cancer - take over body C. Hemophilia 1. A genetic blood clotting disorder effects mainly males 2. Two types. Type A - lack clotting factor VIII Type B - lack clotting factor IX