Evolution of Peak Capacity in Fluid-based Separation Techniques

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1 Evolution of Peak Capacity in Fluid-based Separation Techniques

2 P Fluid-based SOLID LIQUID SUPER- CRITICAL FLUID 73.8 bar GAS 31.1 C T

3 P Fluid-based + CE FLUID SOLID 73.8 bar GAS 31.1 C T

4 21 st Century Triangle Throughput N in < 3 min Productivity N in < 10 min Resolution > N Robust

5 21 st Century Triangle Throughput Productivity Resolution Applicable in a GLP-GMP Environment

7 Fundamentals - Resolution - Plate Number - Peak Capacity - Giddings Statements - Importance of Mass Spectrometry -

8 Resolution R s = N 0.5 a - 1 k 2 4 a 1 + k 2 t R = L/u (k + 1) = Nd/u (k + 1) N = L/xd p X = porous particles X = core shell particles

9 Re-evaluating Resolution: The Master Equation of Separation Science - Kinetic Plots

10 Time Log (H/u0) Fundamentals Van Deemter Plots - DP equation- Kinetic Plots (30 C) ,000 25, , , , , Log (N) µm, 400 bar 1.8 µm, 400 bar 1.8 µm, 1200 bar Efficiency

11 Log (H/u0) Fundamentals Kinetic Plots (30 and 80 C) D m and h DP 1200 bar 1.8 µm , , Log (N) C 80 C

12 Peak Capacity n c ~ f con x N 0.5 f con < 2 t first t last

13 Peak Capacity n c ~ f con x N 0.5 f con < 2 n c = 1 + t g w n c = 1 + t l t f w n c 1 + N 4Rs t l t f 1 t first t last

14 High Resolution 1D-LC K. Sandra et al. Journal of Separation Science, 30 (2007) 241 Human serum tryptic digest (depleted for the 6 most abundant proteins) Peak capacity: Time (min)

RPLC Retention Time (min) RPLC Retention Time (min) RPLC

$s (3072 fractions) - MALDI target spotting (3072 spots)$

15 RPLC Retention Time (min) RPLC Retention Time (min) RPLC Retention Time (min) Reproducibility/Profiling - 3 samples treated in parallel - 3 m x 2.1 mm RPLC separation 60 C - Fraction collection every 15 s (3072 fractions) - MALDI target spotting (3072 spots) - MALDI-MS analysis Run 2 Int Std Int Std Int Std Int Std m/z Run 1 Run 3 m/z m/z

16 High Resolution: Peptide map

17 , Reversed-phase HPLC: Peptide map

18 Giddings Statements using the statistical theory of peak overlap J.M. Davis, J.C. Giddings, Anal. Chem. 55 (1983) 418 in order to resolve 98% of the components, the peak capacity must exceed the number of components by a factor of 100. J.C. Giddings, J. Chromatogr. A 703 (1995) peptides peak capacity should be 100 x 100 = or N ca plates!!! yes but nowadays overruled by the selectivity of mass spectrometers

19 Dynamic MRM of 300 Pesticides 2 Transitions Each 2.1 mm x 100 mm C18 Eclipse PLUS 1.8 µm September, 2009

20 Insight into the skin ceramides Profiling and Characterizing Skin Ceramides Using RPLC-QTOF-MS R. t Kindt, L. Jorge, E. Dumont, P. Couturon, F. David, P. Sandra, K. Sandra Anal. Chem. 84 (2012) 403

21 Tackling the lipidome by LC-MS Chromatographic conditions: - C18 (2.1 mm ID x 100 mm L x 1.7 µm POROUS) - A: 20 mm NH 4 -formate ph 5 and B: MeOH - Flow rate: 0.5 ml/min - Column temperature: 80 C - Polaratherm Mass spectrometric conditions: - Q-TOF - Jetstream ESI source (pos/neg) - Extended dynamic range mode (10 5 ) - Resolution: 10,000 (m/z 1000) - Mass accuracy: < 2ppm

Mass (Da) Data handling Construction of a skin ceramide map (feature plots) 1300 Ester-linked 10 7 1100

22 Mass (Da) Data handling Construction of a skin ceramide map (feature plots) 1300 Ester-linked Non-ester linked Retention time (min) 1172 features 70 (100% frequency, n=3) 10 3

mass Insight into the skin ceramides 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 CER[NDS] Identified species CER[ADS] CER[EODS] CER[NS] CER[AS] CER[OS] CER[EOS] CER[NP] CER[AP] CER[OP] CER[EOP] CER[NH]

23 mass Insight into the skin ceramides CER[NDS] Identified species CER[ADS] CER[EODS] CER[NS] CER[AS] CER[OS] CER[EOS] CER[NP] CER[AP] CER[OP] CER[EOP] CER[NH] CER[AH] CER[OH] CER[EOH] CER[NT] Skeletal isomerism CER [N(29) P(16)] CER [N(28) P(17)] CER [N(27) P(18)] CER [N(26) P(19)] CER [N(25) P(20)] CER [N(24) P(21)] CER [N(23) P(22)] CER [N(22) P(23)] unique lipid spots (100% frequency, n=3) retention time (min) 1680 identified

24 Multidimensional separations PAPER AND TLC R f R 1 R M. S. Shraiber. J. Chromatogr. 73, (1972) R. E. Liesegang. Naturwissenschaften 31, 348 (1943) R. Consden, A. H. Gordon, and A. J. P. Martin. Biochem. J. 38, (1944)

25 Multidimensional Chromatography combination of different chromatographic separation mechanisms inject the effluent or a part of the effluent of one column to a second column, ideally with high orthogonality increase total separation power improve peak capacity of separation Different modes: Off-line or sequential Heart-cutting 2D-LC Comprehensive 2D-LC (LC-LC) (LCxLC)

26 Coupling RPLC-HILIC! Diagram of experimental set-up Gradient pump x ml/min RPLC 2 mm I.D. Isocratic pump 10 x x ml/min acetonitrile HILIC mm I.D. ELSD UV

27 Serial coupling of reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography to broaden the elution window for the analysis of genotoxic impurities J. Chromatogr. A 1208 (2008) 90

28 Off-line and sequential techniques First Column Second Column Two highly efficient columns are used Fraction collection or multiple injections: time-consuming Complete development in the second dimension

Shotgun Multidimensional approach Sample preparation Fraction collection SCX Direct spotting RPLC 40 µg Top 6 depleted human serum tryptic digest 160 MALDI-MS Scatter Plot RPLC 4.

29 Shotgun Multidimensional approach Sample preparation Fraction collection SCX Direct spotting RPLC 40 µg Top 6 depleted human serum tryptic digest 160 MALDI-MS Scatter Plot RPLC 4... mau WVL:214 nm min SCX m/z RPLC (15 cm x 75 µm ID x 3 µm d p Pepmap C18) m/z # min Peak capacity:

30 Heart-cutting LC (LC-LC) First Column Second Column Two highly efficient columns are used A selected fraction is transferred to the second column Enrichment of selected fraction can be done by multiple injections

31 Comprehensive LC or LC LC First Column Second Column A highly efficient and a less efficient fast column are combined Complete on-line development in the second dimension High peak capacity

32 2 nd Dimension Peak capacity first column n C1 1 st Dimension Peak capacity second column n C2

33 2 nd Dimension Peak capacity first column n C1 1 st Dimension Peak capacity second column n C2

34 -?

35 On the use of ionic liquid capillary columns for analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in low-boiling petrochemical products by one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography J. Chromatogr. A 1301 (2013) 225 Ján Krupčík, Roman Gorovenko, Ivan Špánik, Ingrid Bočková, Pat Sandra, Daniel W. Armstrong

$fraction collection 1 minute for analysis and$

36 LC LC Loop Interface Most widely used interface 1 minute fraction collection 1 minute for analysis and regeneration

37 LC LC HILIC x IP-RP di- to decaoligonucleotides JCA 1255 (2012) 237

38 Loop Interface with Parallel Second Dimension Columns

39 Loop Interface with Parallel Second Dimension Columns For higher peak capacity in second dimension: Extension with extra tools: binary pump, second 2nd dimension column, detector, and 2-position/10-port switching valve

40 Loop Interface with Parallel Second Dimension Columns NPLC Column Thermo Betasil Diol 2 x Zorbax SB C18 RPLC Dimensions 250 x 1 mm; 5 µm 50 x 4.6 mm; 3.5 µm Mobile phase (A) n-hexane (B) Ethylacetate Gradient 0-40 min: 10% B; 50 min: 12% B; 60 min: 14% B; 80 min: 50% B; 90 min: 66% B Flow rate 30 µl/min (A) Water (B) Acetonitrile min: 0% B; 0.25 min: 45% B; 1.1 min: 80% B; 1.3 min: 90% B; min: 100% B; min: 0% B 4 ml/min Loop volumes 30 µl Detection Hz

41 Comparison interfaces Lemon oil extract 0.7 min n p = 437 n p = min RP RP min NP n p = 437 n p = min NP min 1.6 min Loop Interface Loop Interface with Parallel Second Dimension Columns

42 BSA Tryptic digest High Efficiency 1 st dimension Coupling of 4 Halo columns at 45 C at ph 1.8 AU 0.3% B/min n p = 420 AU 0.1% B/min n p =

43 Dimension 2 1 st dimension: 4 x HALO C18, 150 x 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm at 45 C mobile phase at ph 1.8 and 100 µl/min 2 nd dimension 2 parallel Zorbax 300 Extend C18, 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm mobile phase at ph 10 and 4 ml/min Loop volume: 50 µl BSA Tryptic Digest Contour plot 150 mm x 0.8 min x 35 = ! Dimension 1 min

44 SFC RPLC interface Low viscosity of SFs High efficient first dimension by coupling columns in series

45 min RPLC LC 18:0 17:0 20:1 FAMEs Fish Oil :2 16:0 18: :0 18:2 20:3 22: :0 16:1 16:2 18:3 20:4 22:5 22: :1 16:3 18:4 20: :4 0.2 Silver ion SFC Silver ion SFC min

48 New 2D-LC-valve Single valve with fully symmetric flow-paths and symmetric fill/flush-out behavior Allows co- and countercurrent flush-out of loops

50 Application Notes Agilent Technologies Determination of Taxanes in Taxus sp. Profiling of Citrus Oils and Determination of Furocoumarins in Citrus Oils Analysis of mab Digests with the Agilent 1290 Infinity 2D-LC Solution

51 LC LC Taxanes Taxol (Paclitaxel): Excellent antitumor activity (breast and lung cancer) 1971: first isolated from Taxus brevifolia Content is low > synthesis? Too difficult thus not commercially interesting Semi-synthesis from more abundant precursors 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III Baccatin-III Cephalomannine (Taxol B) Complex matrix

52 Peak Name 1 10-Deacetylbaccatin-III 2 Taxol side chain methylester 3 Baccatin III 4 7-Xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol B 5 Taxinine M 6 7-Xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol 7 7-Xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol C 8 10-Deacetyltaxol 9 7-Xylosyltaxol 10 Cephalomannine (Taxol B) 11 7-epi-10-Deacetyltaxol 12 Paclitaxel (Taxol) 13 Taxol C 14 7-Epitaxol UV spectrum MS spectrum APCI neg (formate adduct) Spectra of spot 12 (Taxol)

53 Sample 2 D Time (s) DAD, 228 nm MS, negative, TIC 1 MS, negative, EIC D Time (min)

54 Application Notes Agilent Technologies Determination of Taxanes in Taxus sp. Profiling of Citrus Oils and Determination of Furocoumarins in Citrus Oils Analysis of mab Digests with the Agilent 1290 Infinity 2D-LC Solution

55 UV at 330 nm! 2 D RPLC 20 s 1 D RPLC 40 min

56 Application Notes Agilent Technologies Determination of Taxanes in Taxus sp. Profiling of Citrus Oils and Determination of Furocoumarins in Citrus Oils Analysis of mab Digests with the Agilent 1290 Infinity 2D-LC Solution

58 Heavy Chain A(1-449) Light Chain B(1-214) Tryptic peptides Herceptin EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS GFNIKDTYIHWVRQAPGKGLEW-- Hc Lc --NYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPG 62 identity peptides Modifications Incomplete and aspecific cleavages... > 100 peptides

59 SCX x RPLC - Herceptin 2 D, RPLC, 30 s T62 T15 T10 T45 T58 T33 T11 T5 T57 T21 T56 T34 T1 T41 T22 T29 T54 T50 T31 T14 T2 T59 (glycosylated) T27 T32 T30 T25 T42 T8 T16 T26 T6 T7 T13 T19 T18 T9-T10 T3 T46 T8-T9 T40 T43 T23 T55 T38 T24 T47 T20 1 D, SCX, 40 min

60 HILIC x RPLC - Herceptin 2 D, RPLC, 27 s T62 T30 T32 T26 T11 T15 T25 T13 T2 T46 T58 T56 T22 T23 T29 T59 T34 T10 T7 T33 T57 T21 T43 T1 T54 T31 T18 T50 T45 T14 T3 T35 T42 T40 1 D, RPLC, 55 min (13-68 min)

61 RPLC x RPLC - Herceptin T42 T57 T58 T10 2 D, RPLC, 24 s T1 T50 T41 T14 T31 T8 T59 T45 T27 (glycosylated) T62 T29 T2 T21 T43 T1 T34 T25 T54 T15 T23 T30 T22 T18 T3 T13 T26 T33 T7 T32 T40 T11 T46 T38 T47 T16 T24 T49 T51 T19 T6 T20 1 D, RPLC, 40 min

RPLC x RPLC - Method RPLC x RPLC 1 D Bonus-RP, 150x2.1 mm, 3.5 µm @ 25 C, 80 µl/min A=10 mm NH4-bicarbonate ph 8.2 B=MeOH/ACN 50/50 2 D (RPLC) Eclipse Plus C18, 50x4.6 mm, 3.5 µm @ 55 C, 3.

62 RPLC x RPLC - Method RPLC x RPLC 1 D Bonus-RP, 150x2.1 mm, C, 80 µl/min A=10 mm NH4-bicarbonate ph 8.2 B=MeOH/ACN 50/50 2 D (RPLC) Eclipse Plus C18, 50x4.6 mm, C, 3.5 ml/min DAD: A=0.1% phosphoric acid in water, B=ACN, Shifted gradient mode MS: A=0.1% formic acid in water, B=ACN, Shifted gradient mode Modulation 40 µl loops Detection DAD 214 nm MS: ESI positive, 8 spectra/s MS/MS: ESI positive, Data Dependent MS/MS, 8 spectra/s

63 Modifications (ph Stress) DAD originator, not stressed T3 DAD originator, ph stress T3 ph T3

x10 3 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 MS/MS, Deamidation T3 611.64093 y 16 3+ 745.88418 y 13 2+ 852.93705 y 15 2+ 916.

56375 853.42804 611.97078 y 16 3+ 917.45770 y 16 2+ y 15 2+ m/z 664,6649 [M+3H]3+ 1.5 1 0.5 0 554.29787 658.66287 746.

64 x MS/MS, Deamidation T y y y y m/z 664,3369 [M+3H] x y y y y y m/z 664,6649 [M+3H] y y Counts vs. Mass-to-Charge (m/z)

65 Repeatability LC x LC peptide map Injection 1 Injection 2 Injection 3 Injection 4 Injection 5 T11 T46 T3 T26 T57 T13 T50 T42 Peak Volume RSD (%) 2 D RT RSD (%) Peptide LC x LC LC x LC T T T T T T T T

66 LC-CE J.S. Mellors, J.M. Ramsey et al. Anal. Chem. 85 (2013) 4100

67 I Love 2D-LC Thanks to: Koen Sandra Gerd Vanhoenacker Frank David Isabelle François Agilent Technologies... You for your attention

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