Introduction: Occurrence of cardiovascular disease.

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1 A review on cardio-protective role of palatable Carica papaya Linn. Sidra Wajid University of Karachi Correspondent author: Abstract Papaya is the fruit of the plant Carica. Papaya L. (Caricaceae) used in various part of the world. It is also used for lowering the elevated blood cholesterol level. This review describes anti-hyperlipidemic effect of C. papaya. Many studies claimed that effect of feeding papaya fruits on blood lipid profile cause liver and cardiac enzymes towards normal. Similarly regular intake of Carica papaya also affects the final body weights. Introduction: Occurrence of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was thought to be 10% of all deaths worldwide, after the beginning of the 20 th century (Murray, 1997). It is estimated that CVD will be the principal cause of death and disability worldwide by 2020; primarily it will increase in low and middle income countries. Similarly ischemic heart disease is also increasing the mortality rate in the developing nations. However hyperlipidemia may also lead to obesity. Obesity and its complications are rising so rapidly in many countries of the world, that WHO has recognized that there is unusual outbreak of obesity and worldwide more than one billion adults are overweight among which at least 30 million are obese. Up to 130 million people throughout the Asia Pacific region will suffer from obesity by the year 2010 (Zahid; 2003; W.H.O, 2002). The total mortality due to cardiovascular disease in Pakistan during 2002 estimated by WHO was 1, 54,338 (Samad; 2003; Mackay, 2004). The prevalence of the risk factors are more in obese coronary artery disease (CAD) patients as compared non obese CAD patients (Thomas, 2005). What is hyperlipidemia? Hyperlipidemia is a heterogeneous group of disorder in which plasma concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides are elevated (Beaumont, 1970; Havel 1969). Causes of hyperlipidemia 1. The main causes are lipoprotein lipase deficiency that reduces metabolism of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and any systemic disorder also lead to hyperlipidemia. 2. LDL clearance is also an important factor it may be delayed due to elevated liver cholesteryl-ester and lowered hepatic LDL receptor levels (Rudel, 1986). 3. Sometime it is hereditary and Highcholesterol diet is also regarded as an 40

2 important factor in the development of cardiac diseases. 4. Furthermore, free radicles after smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, genetic alterations, and elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations, infectious micro-organisms like herpes viruses or Chlamydia pneumonia may cause hyperlipidemia. (Ross, 1973; Idem, 1993 and Ross; 1981). Management of high cholesterol through synthetic drugs. Hundreds of compounds have been discovered that showed significant lowering effect of serum cholesterol and triglyceride, such as bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid, fibric acids etc. Use of lipid lowering drugs has greater risk with development of myopathy, especially due to usage of fibrates. (Marx, 1979; Gaist, 2001). Remedy through herbs. So now a day s researchers are working to evaluate a low side effect drugs from herbal plants in order to overcome the complications. and subtropical regions. In Pakistan, province of Punjab and Sind possess lush green orchards of papaya. Malir area of Karachi and Coastal areas of Sindh province have been growing papaya on commercial scale. It is less in calories about (32 kcal/100g of ripe fruit), makes this a favorite fruit of obese people, rich in vitamins (A and C), and minerals. Papaya has large content of vitamin C, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, calcium, thiamine, iron, niacin, potassium and fiber (Krishna, 2008; Mendows & Herald, 1995). Beside all, papaya shows its antihyperlipidimic activities; Papaya seed extract is used to lower the serum LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, total cholesterol triglycerides and fasting blood glucose, while elevate the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Adeneye, 2009). Treatment by palatable papaya. Papaya is used in folk medicine for the treatment of many disease (Mahmood, 2005). It is a pectin-rich fruit and can be regarded as the primary management of hyperlipidemia (Kumar, 1997). Papaya is probably originated in southern Mexico and Costa Rica; subsequently it was introduced as a plantation crop in Australia, Hawaii, Philippines, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and India and in all tropical Conclusion With the raising interest in nutraceuticals, scientists are looking for the alternative hypolidemic drugs. Results of the current researches regarding papaya provide some scientific information to develop safe and effective dietary supplements that could be useful in the clinical management of patients with hyperlipidemia related disorders. Intake of papaya along with daily diet may 41

3 prevent people from hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. References: Adeneye, A. A and Olagunju, J. A. (2009). Preliminary hypoglyceimic and hypolipidimic activities of the aqueous seed extract of C. papaya Linn. In wistar rats. Biology & Medicine. 1(1) Beaumont, J.L., Carlson, L.A., Cooper, G.R., Fejfar, Z., Fredrickson, D.S and Strasser, T. (1970). Classification of hyperlipidemias and hyper lipoproteinemias, Bull. W. H David Gaist., Rodríguez, L.A.G., Huerta, C., Hallas, J and Søren, H., Sindrup. (2001). Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Risk of Myopathy. A Population-Based Follow-Up Study Epidemiology Havel, R.J. (1969). Pathogenesis, differentiation, and management of hypertriglyceridemia. Adv.Intern. Med Idem. (1993). the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature Internet search, Jean Mendows, Sarasota herald, Tribune, Food Section. (1995). from http,//sarasota.extension.ulf.edu/fcs/fffi ndex.html,http,// alth/index.htmlhttp,// Krishna, K., Paridhavi, M and Patel, J.A. (2008). Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Papaya (C. papaya Linn). Natural Product Radiance. 7 (4) Mackay, J and Mensah, G.A. (2004).The atlas of heart diseases and stroke. London: The Hanway Press. Mahmood, A.A., Sidik, K and Salmah, I. (2005). Wound Healing Activity of C. papaya L. Aqueous Leaf Extract in Rats. International Journal of Moleculer Medicine and Advance Sciences.1 (4) Marx, J. (1979). The good cholesterol carrier. Science Murray, C.J.L., Lopez, A.D. (1997). Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Kumar, P.G., Sudheesh, S., Ushakumari, B., Valsa, A.K., Vijayakumar, S., Sandhya, C and Vijayalakshmi, N.R. (1997). A comparative study on the hypolipidemic activity of eleven different pectins. Journal of food science and technology Ross, R and Glomset, J.A. (1973). Atherosclerosis and the arterial smooth muscle cell: proliferation of smooth muscle is a key event in the genesis of the lesions of atherosclerosis. Science Ross, R. (1981). Atherosclerosis: a problem of the biology of arterial wall cells and their interactions with blood components. Arteriosclerosis Rudel.L.L, J.S.Parks, F.L.Johnson, and J.Babiak. (1986). Low density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Journal of Lipid Research Samad, A. (2003). Coronary artery disease in Pakistan: preventive aspects. Pak J Cardiol

4 Thomas, F., Bean, K., Pannier, B., Oppert, J.M., Guize, L., Benetos, A. (2005). Cardiovascular mortality in overweight subjects. The key role of associated risk factors. Hypertension World Health Organization. (2002). W.H.O launches the first global strategy on traditional and alternative medicine. W.H.O Press release 38. From elease/release 38/en Zahid, A. (2003). General aspects of human obesity. J therapy for the primary prevention of chronic. Pak Med Assoc

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