Maha AbuAjamieh. Tamara Wahbeh. Mamoon Ahram
|
|
- Kory Sanders
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 12 Maha AbuAjamieh Tamara Wahbeh Mamoon Ahram -
2 - Go to this sheet s last page for definitions of the words with an asterisk above them (*) - You should memorise the 3-letter abbreviations, of all the amino acids we are going to study, You should know their main characteristics, general structures and names, too. - Refer to the slides for photos. Lipids Lipid component of biological membranes Lipid bilayers are large assemblies of molecules. A cell membrane is made of phospholipids assembled into an orderly formation called a bilayer. Phospholipids are amphipathic, the polar group (phosphate heads/ backbone) extends outward and is in contact with the intracellular/ extracellular aqueous environment (watery fluid). The nonpolar (fatty acid tails) are found in the interior of the membrane, orienting themselves away from the watery fluid inside and outside the cell. Thus the lipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets. - The inner leaflet - The outer leaflet They differ in their phospholipids components, - The outer: phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and glycolipids*. - The inner: phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol*. Fatty acids of phospholipids, 1- Saturated -fully reduced, only single bonds- (the fatty acids in the membrane are packed, which contributes to membrane s rigidity) 2- Unsaturated -there are carbon carbon double bonds in the chain, usually in the cis configuration*, the fatty acids are less packed, this makes the membrane fluidic/ highly viscous) The presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ from one cell to another, for example, the highly packed endothelial (epithelial) cells have high amounts of saturated fatty acids, but rod cells (which are found in the eye) have more unsaturated fatty acids than unsaturated, to let the signalling molecules move quickly and enable us to see.. With heat, ordered bilayers become less ordered; bilayers that are comparatively disordered become even more disordered.
3 Melting (transition) temperature, it is the temperature required to induce a change in the lipid physical state from the ordered phase, where the hydrocarbon chains are fully extended and closely packed, to the disordered liquid phase, where the hydrocarbon chains are randomly oriented and fluid. All lipids have this characteristic temperature at which they undergo a transition (melt) from the solidlike to liquid phase. The transition temperature (the change is relatively fast, refer to the slides to see the sudden, fast change in fluidity that is shown in the MembraneFluidity-Temperature diagram). At lower temperature the membrane is solidlike, as the temperature gets higher, it becomes more fluidic. It depends on the presence of saturated fatty acids, the membranes with greater amounts of saturated fatty acids are the ones with higher transition temperatures. Cholesterol is the characteristic steroid* alcohol of animal tissues, it is distributed equally in both leaflets in animal s cells (not plants or prokaryotes) as a result, animal membranes are less fluid (more rigid) than plant membranes. On the other hand, plants have sterols (that look like cholesterol) and prokaryotes are totally different in this term. What is the effect of cholesterol on the fluidity of the membrane? It has dual effect, it protects the membrane from both very high temperatures and very low temperatures - at very high temperature, the electrons of the atoms will have a high kinetic energy, causing a lot of movement in the fatty acids of the phospholipids, the presence of cholesterol between fatty acids will prevent the membrane from collapsing. - at very low temperature, low kinetic energy, the fatty acids of phospholipids are static, the presence of cholesterol prevents the packing of the fatty acids and reduces the rigidity of the membrane, it keeps it fluidic. How does cholesterol interact with phospholipids? - We should remember that cholesterol is amphipathic, its hydrophilic portion is the hydroxyl group (OH), and the rest (the fused-ring structure) is hydrophobic - Its hydrophilic part (the hydroxyl group) interacts with the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid (the head), and its hydrophobic part interacts with the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid (the tails). Protein component of the membrane Proteins in a biological membrane can be associated with the lipid bilayer in either of two ways as peripheral proteins on the surface of the membrane or as integral proteins within the lipid bilayer. Structures differ in terms of how these proteins are inserted and localised in the membrane, we have different types of membrane proteins: 1. Peripheral proteins (not embedded within the membrane). - Peripheral proteins are associated with the membrane by electrostatic interactions (not covalent), this is why they are not strongly bound to the membrane and can be
4 removed without disrupting the membrane structure by treatment with mild detergent. 2. Lipid-anchored (they are peripheral) they do not interact with phospholipids, but these proteins are covalently attached to lipids embedded within the cell membrane. 3. Integral membrane proteins (the hydrophobic part (non-polar amino acids) is found inside the membrane, the other part is projected outward). o o o Integral proteins are embedded more solidly in the membrane. there are different ways by which these proteins become integral Single trans domain Multiple trans membrane domain, most common is seventransmembrane domain in which the chain loops seven times through the thickness of the cell membrane. Examples on the multiple are: Signalling proteins such as G-protein Some channels (in a circular way) to allow transport of ions (for example). The membrane integral domains (transmembrane domain) are: Single or multiple Can be made of alpha helix or beta -sheet #Note: Some embedded proteins (integral) have no extracellular/ intracellular parts, some have extracellular/ intracellular (exposed to both sides) some have a part that is exposed to one side (either extracellular or intracellular) Functions of proteins Transport - Membranes are impermeable barrier - Proteins can be carriers or channels Signaling - a ligand (such as hormones, cytokines...) binds to a protein receptor, the receptor changes, leading to the movement of the signal inside the cell, so the ligand does not directly move the signal to the inside of the cell, but it induces changes to receptor, which in turn moves the signal to the inside, Catalysis - Enzyme-linked receptors.
5 Amino acids Amino acids are the basic subunits of proteins, There are twenty kinds 20 of amino acids found in proteins, depending on the side chains varying in Size (small/ large) Shape (amino acids of different shapes: ( branched/ chains/ cyclic/ ringed/ double ringed..) Charge & Polarity - ( negatively charged/ positively charged) - ( polar / non-polar) Hydrogen-bonding capacity (hydrogen bond donors/ acceptors/ others don t form hydrogen bonds) Hydrophobicity character (hydrophobic/ hydrophilic) Chemical reactivity (highly reactive / not chemically reactive). Amino acids general structure is: 1. A central carbon ( called the alpha carbon) which is -generally- chiral (attached to 4 different groups), because they are chiral we can get either an L amino acid or D-amino acid In our body, we have L-amino acids, The amino acids that occur in proteins naturally are all of the L form.. BUT D -sugars are more abundant naturally. 2. The four groups that are attached to the alpha carbon are: a. H group b. Carboxyl group c. Amino group d. R group (the side chain) which determines the characteristics of the different amino acids because it differs from one amino to the other, Thus depending on their sidechain characteristics, certain amino acids cluster together to exclude water (hydrophobic effect), whereas others participate in hydrogen bonding. Cysteine can form disulfide bonds, whereas charged amino acids can form ionic bonds. #Note: the free amino acids exist as zwitterions ions*, in which the amino group is positively charged, and the carboxylate group is negatively charged How to name the carbons in the R group (designation of carbons) A. Beta carbon β (directly attached to the alpha carbon) B. Gamma carbon γ (attached to beta) C. Delta δ D. Epsilon ε E. Omega the terminal carbon ( omega is the last in the sequence). Omega is the last letter in the Greek alphabet. REMEMBER: The omega system of nomenclature is based on numbering the double bonds from the last carbon in the fatty acid instead of the carbonyl group [the delta system].
6 There are many criteria to which we can refer when classifying amino acids one way is according to: Charge and polarity of R groups o Non polar o Polar o Positively charged (basic) at physiologic ph. o Negatively charged (acidic) at physiologic ph. #Note: the amino acids orders in the slides are according to their complexity. Here are the four main groups of amino acids which are found in proteins: Glycine (Gly) is the simplest amino acid, and it does not fit well into any classification because its side chain is just a hydrogen atom. 1) The only amino acid that is achiral. 2) The smallest amino acid because its R group is just a hydrogen atom 3) It is polar with a non-polar R group, the hydrogen atom does not have a great effect on the charges of the amino acid 4) Its R group causes the least amount of steric hindrance when found in a protein Non- polar amino acids In terms of structural features, the following amino acids would be classified into (aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic) Aliphatic (forming open chains, not rings) 5) Alanine (Ala) - R group: methyl group ( CH3) - The methyl group reduces the effect of the amino acid charges ( +, amino group / -, carboxyl group) 6) Valine (Val) 7) Leucine (Leu) 8) Isoleucine (Ile) - Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine These are essential* amino acids, they are branched, when they are found in a protein, these branches effects would be obvious in a protein because of the different interactions, Although it is true that if we replace one of these amino acids in the protein with another one of them, the newly formed protein would not be different from the previous one, because we are replacing a branched non-polar with a branched non-polar amino acid. The effect would be slight.
7 - Leucine and isoleucine only differ in the position of the branching point, in Leucine the branching is at the Gamma carbon, while the branching in Isoleucine is at the Beta carbon 9) Methionine (Met) - although it contains a sulfur group, it is a nonpolar amino acid with a large bulky side chain that is hydrophobic. Cyclic Proline (imino acid)* - This rigid ring causes a kink in the peptide backbone that prevents it from forming its usual configuration (It prevents the protein from being flexible ) - It contains a secondary amino group, we call it an alpha-amino group (bound to two carbons) the nitrogen is not only linked to the alpha carbon (as in all amino acids), but also to the R group.. - Proline shares many properties with the aliphatic group, this is why they are found in the same category in many sources. (See Figure 1 ) Aromatic amino acids o Phenylalanine (Phe) Its structure is an alanine that is linked to a benzene ring. (The R group is a benzyl group) It is highly hydrophobic o Tryptophan (Trp) The largest amino acid, because it is a double ringed structure that is (Indole ring) Although one of the rings contain a nitrogen, its overall structure shows that it is a hydrophobic amino acid, the nitrogen s effect would not be great. However, this nitrogen can contribute to its reactivity, it can form hydrogen bonds. Electrically neutral polar amino acids Aromatic Polar o Tyrosine (Tyr) The same structure as phenylalanine with an extra hydroxyl group (OH) on the benzene ring, this is why it is polar and highly reactive. Aliphatic Polar o Serine (Ser) o Threonine (Thr)
8 - Both Ser and Thr contain a hydroxyl group (OH) in their structures this is why they are, polar and reactive - How are their structures? o Cysteine (Cys) Serine is the same as Alanine, but we removed one H from the methyl group and replaced it with a hydroxyl group Threonine is the same as Valine, but we have replaced the methyl group with a hydroxyl group 1. Its structure contains a terminal thiol group (sulfur), this is why it is polar, highly reactive and if it was a part of a protein, it would have great implications in its structure, (the only amino acid that can form disulfide bridges o Asparagine (Asn) o Glutamine (Gln) Both names end with (n), they both contain a nitrogen in their amide group. They can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules (hydrogen-bond acceptors) Asparagine and Glutamine are both derived from other amino acids, Aspartic acid (Asp) and Glutamic acid (Glu) respectively. Positively charged amino groups This group has basic side chains, and the side chain in all three following amino acids is positively charged at or near neutral ph. o Lysine (Lys) the side-chain amino group is attached to an aliphatic hydrocarbon tail. It has two amino groups ( the one which is connected to the alpha carbon and the side-chain primary amino group (in the R group)). o Arginine (Arg) It has a positively charged R- group because of the guanidino group (H 2 NC(=NH)NH ) which is found at the end of the side chain Itts positive charge alternates between the two amino groups, this positive charge is stabilized by resonance) o Histidine (His) It is a very important amino acid, physiologically. It has an imidazole (ring) group The nitrogen in its imidazole ring could be either neutral or positively charged -as shown below-
9 Histidine can be found in the protonated or unprotonated forms in proteins, and the properties of many proteins depend on whether individual histidine residues are or are not charged. Negatively charged Amino acids They both have a terminal negatively charged carboxyl group o Aspartate (Asp) It is in its ionized form, its protonated form is called (Aspartic acid) o Glutamate (Glu) It is in its ionized form, its protonated form is called (Glutamic acid) #Notes: - As previously mentioned, (The amidations of aspartate and glutamate can produce Asparagine and Glutamine) - The negatively charged acidic amino acids (aspartate and glutamate) form ionic (electrostatic) bonds with positively charged molecules, such as the basic amino acids (lysine, arginine, and histidine)
10 Figure 1
11 Some examples on how we are gonna be asked about amino acids in the exam? Which amino acid contain a phenyl group in its structure? - Answer: Phenylalanine. What are the two amino acids that contain sulfur? - Answer: Methionine / Cysteine Which amino acid is achiral? - Answer: Glycine Which amino acid that contain only a methyl group in its structure? - Answer: Alanine Which of group of amino acids contain non-polar branched side chains - Answer: Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine Which amino acids are negatively charged? - Answer: Aspartate/ Glutamate Which amino acid has a double ring in its R group? - Answer: tryptophan What are the amino acids that can participate in hydrogen bonding? - Answer: a. Uncharged polar amino acids: serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine. b. The acidic and basic amino acid side chains also participate in hydrogen bonding Definitions:: C is configuration A cis double bond puts a kink in the long-chain hydrocarbon tail, whereas the shape of a trans fatty acid is like that of a saturated fatty acid in its fully extended conformation E ss ential nutrients: They should be obtained from the diet, and couldn t be synthesised in the human body. Non-essential nutrients :
12 They do not have to be taken in with the diet, but can be synthesized by the human body from other compounds. Glycolipid The prefix -glyco- means sugar, sugars are exposed to the outside of the cell, this is why it is a phospholipid that is found in the outer leaflet of the bilayer, and it is involved in cell recognition. Imino acid Amino acids containing a secondary amine group. Phosphatidylinositol, A phospholipid that is found in the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer, this is why it is involved in signaling. Not Included Further Explanation about how it is involved in signalling: one example is, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate (PIP 2), the hydrolytic cleavage of PIP2 by phospholipase C. The products of this cleavage, is IP3 and DAG, mediating the mobilization of intracellular calcium and activation of protein and the activation of protein kinase C, which evoke specific cellular responses. S ignal transmission across the membrane is thus accomplished. Steroids Are a group of lipids with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five-membered). Zwitterion ion: a molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups.
Chemical Nature of the Amino Acids. Table of a-amino Acids Found in Proteins
Chemical Nature of the Amino Acids All peptides and polypeptides are polymers of alpha-amino acids. There are 20 a- amino acids that are relevant to the make-up of mammalian proteins (see below). Several
More information9/6/2011. Amino Acids. C α. Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups
Amino Acids Side chains (R groups) vary in: size shape charge hydrogen-bonding capacity hydrophobic character chemical reactivity C α Nonpolar, aliphatic R groups Glycine (Gly, G) Alanine (Ala, A) Valine
More informationPage 8/6: The cell. Where to start: Proteins (control a cell) (start/end products)
Page 8/6: The cell Where to start: Proteins (control a cell) (start/end products) Page 11/10: Structural hierarchy Proteins Phenotype of organism 3 Dimensional structure Function by interaction THE PROTEIN
More informationBiomolecules: amino acids
Biomolecules: amino acids Amino acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins They are also part of hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolic intermediates There are 20 different amino acids in
More informationMolecular Biology. general transfer: occurs normally in cells. special transfer: occurs only in the laboratory in specific conditions.
Chapter 9: Proteins Molecular Biology replication general transfer: occurs normally in cells transcription special transfer: occurs only in the laboratory in specific conditions translation unknown transfer:
More informationProteins are sometimes only produced in one cell type or cell compartment (brain has 15,000 expressed proteins, gut has 2,000).
Lecture 2: Principles of Protein Structure: Amino Acids Why study proteins? Proteins underpin every aspect of biological activity and therefore are targets for drug design and medicinal therapy, and in
More informationProteins consist in whole or large part of amino acids. Simple proteins consist only of amino acids.
Today we begin our discussion of the structure and properties of proteins. Proteins consist in whole or large part of amino acids. Simple proteins consist only of amino acids. Conjugated proteins contain
More informationLipids: diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Lipids: diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Lipids only macromolecules that do not form polymers li3le or no affinity for water hydrophobic consist mostly of hydrocarbons nonpolar covalent bonds fats
More informationMacromolecules of Life -3 Amino Acids & Proteins
Macromolecules of Life -3 Amino Acids & Proteins Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/ Amino Acids Proteins
More informationBiochemistry - I. Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture 1 Amino Acids I
Biochemistry - I Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture 1 Amino Acids I Hello, welcome to the course Biochemistry 1 conducted by me Dr. S Dasgupta,
More informationReactions and amino acids structure & properties
Lecture 2: Reactions and amino acids structure & properties Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Common Functional Groups Common Biochemical Reactions AH + B A + BH Oxidation-Reduction A-H + B-OH + energy ª A-B + H
More informationThe Structure and Function of Macromolecules
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers Polymer long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. Monomer the small building block molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins
More informationObjective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of
Objective: You will be able to explain how the subcomponents of nucleic acids determine the properties of that polymer. Do Now: Read the first two paragraphs from enduring understanding 4.A Essential knowledge:
More informationBiomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry
Biochemistry Department Date: 17/9/ 2017 Biomolecules Amino Acids & Protein Chemistry Prof.Dr./ FAYDA Elazazy Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Intended Learning Outcomes ILOs By the end
More information(65 pts.) 27. (10 pts.) 28. (15 pts.) 29. (10 pts.) TOTAL (100 points) Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring Instructor: Professor Gopal
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring 2012 Instructor: Professor Gopal Examination # 5: Section Five May 1, 2012 Name: (print) GOOD LUCK! Directions: Make sure your examination contains TWELVE total pages
More informationCHM333 LECTURE 6: 1/25/12 SPRING 2012 Professor Christine Hrycyna AMINO ACIDS II: CLASSIFICATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH AMINO ACID:
AMINO ACIDS II: CLASSIFICATION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH AMINO ACID: - The R group side chains on amino acids are VERY important. o Determine the properties of the amino acid itself o Determine
More informationPHAR3316 Pharmacy biochemistry Exam #2 Fall 2010 KEY
1. How many protons is(are) lost when the amino acid Asparagine is titrated from its fully protonated state to a fully deprotonated state? A. 0 B. 1 * C. 2 D. 3 E. none Correct Answer: C (this question
More informationبسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Biochemistry Lec #1 Dr. Nafith AbuTarboush- (30.6.2014) Amino Acids 1 Campbell and Farrell s Biochemistry, Chapter 3 (pp.66-76) Introduction: Biochemistry is two courses; one is
More informationChemistry 121 Winter 17
Chemistry 121 Winter 17 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: upali@latech.edu Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941;
More informationChapter 3: Amino Acids and Peptides
Chapter 3: Amino Acids and Peptides BINF 6101/8101, Spring 2018 Outline 1. Overall amino acid structure 2. Amino acid stereochemistry 3. Amino acid sidechain structure & classification 4. Non-standard
More informationAmino Acids. Review I: Protein Structure. Amino Acids: Structures. Amino Acids (contd.) Rajan Munshi
Review I: Protein Structure Rajan Munshi BBSI @ Pitt 2005 Department of Computational Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine May 24, 2005 Amino Acids Building blocks of proteins 20 amino acids
More informationFor questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name:
Chemistry 11 Fall 2013 Examination #5 PRACTICE 1 For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the free response
More informationAmino acids. (Foundation Block) Dr. Essa Sabi
Amino acids (Foundation Block) Dr. Essa Sabi Learning outcomes What are the amino acids? General structure. Classification of amino acids. Optical properties. Amino acid configuration. Non-standard amino
More informationBiological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A
Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. STOP at enduring understanding 4A Homework Watch the Bozeman video called, Biological Molecules Objective:
More informationAmino acids. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer semester,
Amino acids Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer semester, 2017-2018 Resources This lecture Campbell and Farrell s Biochemistry, Chapters 3 (pp.66-76) General structure (Chiral carbon) The amino acids that occur in
More informationFor questions 1-4, match the carbohydrate with its size/functional group name:
Chemistry 11 Fall 2013 Examination #5 PRACTICE 1 ANSWERS For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the
More informationMacromolecules Structure and Function
Macromolecules Structure and Function Within cells, small organic molecules (monomers) are joined together to form larger molecules (polymers). Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands
More informationIntroduction to proteins and protein structure
Introduction to proteins and protein structure The questions and answers below constitute an introduction to the fundamental principles of protein structure. They are all available at [link]. What are
More informationIf you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out.
Sign In Forgot Password Register username username password password Sign In If you like us, please share us on social media. The latest UCD Hyperlibrary newsletter is now complete, check it out. ChemWiki
More information1-To know what is protein 2-To identify Types of protein 3- To Know amino acids 4- To be differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids
Amino acids 1-To know what is protein 2-To identify Types of protein 3- To Know amino acids 4- To be differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids 5-To understand amino acids synthesis Amino
More informationLecture 3: 8/24. CHAPTER 3 Amino Acids
Lecture 3: 8/24 CHAPTER 3 Amino Acids 1 Chapter 3 Outline 2 Amino Acid Are Biomolecules and their Atoms Can Be Visualized by Two Different Ways 1) Fischer projections: Two dimensional representation of
More informationAmino Acids. Lecture 4: Margaret A. Daugherty. Fall Swiss-prot database: How many proteins? From where?
Lecture 4: Amino Acids Margaret A. Daugherty Fall 2004 Swiss-prot database: How many proteins? From where? 1986 Use http://us.expasy.org to get to swiss-prot database Proteins are the workhorses of the
More informationAmino Acids. Amino Acids. Fundamentals. While their name implies that amino acids are compounds that contain an NH. 3 and CO NH 3
Fundamentals While their name implies that amino acids are compounds that contain an 2 group and a 2 group, these groups are actually present as 3 and 2 respectively. They are classified as α, β, γ, etc..
More informationPROTEINS. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Acid L-form * * Lecture 6 Macromolecules #2 O = N -C -C-O.
Proteins: Linear polymers of amino acids workhorses of the cell tools, machines & scaffolds Lecture 6 Macromolecules #2 PRTEINS 1 Enzymes catalysts that mediate reactions, increase reaction rate Structural
More information3. AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDES
3. AMINO ACID AND PEPTIDES 3.1 Amino Acids and Peptides General structure - Only 20 amino-acids are found in proteins - Amino group and carboxyl group - α-carbon and side chain group 3.1 Amino Acids and
More informationRaghad Abu Jebbeh. Amani Nofal. Mamoon Ahram
... 14 Raghad Abu Jebbeh Amani Nofal Mamoon Ahram This sheet includes part of lec.13 + lec.14. Amino acid peptide protein Terminology: 1- Residue: a subunit that is a part of a large molecule. 2- Dipeptide:
More informationAmino acids. You are required to know and identify the 20 amino acids : their names, 3 letter abbreviations and their structures.
Amino acids You are required to know and identify the 20 amino acids : their names, 3 letter abbreviations and their structures. If you wanna make any classification in the world, you have to find what
More informationCS612 - Algorithms in Bioinformatics
Spring 2016 Protein Structure February 7, 2016 Introduction to Protein Structure A protein is a linear chain of organic molecular building blocks called amino acids. Introduction to Protein Structure Amine
More informationProperties of amino acids in proteins
Properties of amino acids in proteins one of the primary roles of DNA (but far from the only one!!!) is to code for proteins A typical bacterium builds thousands types of proteins, all from ~20 amino acids
More informationShort polymer. Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
HO 1 2 3 H HO H Short polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Unlinked monomer H 2 O HO 1 2 3 4 H Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO 1 2 3
More informationاستاذ الكيمياءالحيوية
قسم الكيمياء الحيوية د.دولت على سالمه استاذ الكيمياءالحيوية ٢٠١٥-٢٠١٤ الرمز الكودي : ٥١٢ المحاضرة األولى ١ Content : Definition of proteins Definition of amino acids Definition of peptide bond General
More information1.4. Lipids - Advanced
1.4. Lipids - Advanced www.ck12.org In humans, triglycerides are a mechanism for storing unused calories, and their high concentration in blood correlates with the consumption of excess starches and other
More informationCopyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept 5.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells Protein functions include structural support, storage,
More informationMoorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall Instructor: Professor Gopal. Examination #5: Section Five December 7, Name: (print) Section:
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall 2011 Instructor: Professor Gopal Examination #5: Section Five December 7, 2011 Name: (print) Section: alkene < alkyne < amine < alcohol < ketone < aldehyde < amide
More informationReview II: The Molecules of Life
Review II: The Molecules of Life Judy Wieber BBSI @ Pitt 2007 Department of Computational Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine May 24, 2007 Outline Introduction Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids
More informationAmino Acids االحماض األمينية
Amino Acids االحماض األمينية Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Cell Structure Amino Acids The study of
More informationIntroduction to Proteomics Dr. Sanjeeva Srivastava Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay
Introduction to Proteomics Dr. Sanjeeva Srivastava Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay Lecture 01 Introduction to Amino Acids Welcome to the proteomic course.
More informationThe Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Part 4: Proteins Chapter 5
Key Concepts: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Part 4: Proteins Chapter 5 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins Enzymatic s
More informationGentilucci, Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds CH 3
Amino Acids Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by amide bonds Aliphatic Side-Chain Amino Acids - - H CH glycine alanine 3 proline valine CH CH 3 - leucine - isoleucine CH
More informationLecture 11 AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
Lecture 11 AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS The word "Protein" was coined by J.J. Berzelius in 1838 and was derived from the Greek word "Proteios" meaning the first rank. Proteins are macromolecular polymers composed
More informationFour Classes of Biological Macromolecules. Biological Macromolecules. Lipids
Biological Macromolecules Much larger than other par4cles found in cells Made up of smaller subunits Found in all cells Great diversity of func4ons Four Classes of Biological Macromolecules Lipids Polysaccharides
More informationSheet #1 Dr. Mamoun Ahram 01/07/2014. Amino Acids
Amino Acids Dr s office in physiology department in floor #1 Office hours: every day after 1 *How to study biochemistry for Dr. Mamoun s material: Slides will be sent before the lecture, try to read it
More informationAMINO ACIDS STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES. PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS Elena Rivneac PhD, Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry State University of Medicine
More informationAmino acids. Dr. Mamoun Ahram and Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan Summer semester,
Amino acids Dr. Mamoun Ahram and Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan Summer semester, 2017-2018 dr.abuhassand@gmail.com Resources This lecture Campbell and Farrell s Biochemistry, Chapters 3 (pp.66-76) General structure
More informationMethionine (Met or M)
Fig. 5-17 Nonpolar Fig. 5-17a Nonpolar Glycine (Gly or G) Alanine (Ala or A) Valine (Val or V) Leucine (Leu or L) Isoleucine (Ile or I) Methionine (Met or M) Phenylalanine (Phe or F) Polar Trypotphan (Trp
More informationCells. Variation and Function of Cells
Cells Variation and Function of Cells Plasma Membrane= the skin of a cell, it protects and nourishes the cell while communicating with other cells at the same time. Lipid means fat and they are hydrophobic
More information(30 pts.) 16. (24 pts.) 17. (20 pts.) 18. (16 pts.) 19. (5 pts.) 20. (5 pts.) TOTAL (100 points)
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Spring 2009 Instructor: Professor Torres Examination # 5: Section Five April 30, 2009 ame: (print) ame: (sign) Directions: Make sure your examination contains TWELVE total
More informationAP Bio. Protiens Chapter 5 1
Concept.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions Proteins account for more than 0% of the dry mass of most cells Protein functions include structural support, storage, transport,
More information9/16/15. Properties of Water. Benefits of Water. More properties of water
Properties of Water Solid/Liquid Density Water is densest at 4⁰C Ice floats Allows life under the ice Hydrogen bond Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Benefits
More informationBiology. Lectures winter term st year of Pharmacy study
Biology Lectures winter term 2008 1 st year of Pharmacy study 3 rd Lecture Chemical composition of living matter chemical basis of life. Atoms, molecules, organic compounds carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
More informationChapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011
Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology 2011 1 Macromolecules Fig. 5.1 Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Polymer - large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
More informationJudy Wieber. Department of Computational Biology. May 27, 2008
Review II: The Molecules of Life Judy Wieber BBSI @ Pitt 2008 Department of Computational Biology University it of Pittsburgh School of Medicine i May 27, 2008 Outline Introduction Proteins Carbohydrates
More informationFatty acids and phospholipids
PYS 4xx Intro 2 1 PYS 4xx Intro 2 - Molecular building blocks We now describe in more detail the nomenclature and composition of several classes of compounds of relevance to the cell, including: membrane
More information1. Describe the relationship of dietary protein and the health of major body systems.
Food Explorations Lab I: The Building Blocks STUDENT LAB INVESTIGATIONS Name: Lab Overview In this investigation, you will be constructing animal and plant proteins using beads to represent the amino acids.
More informationMoorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall Instructor: Professor Gopal. Examination # 5: Section Five May 7, Name: (print)
Moorpark College Chemistry 11 Fall 2013 Instructor: Professor Gopal Examination # 5: Section Five May 7, 2013 Name: (print) Directions: Make sure your examination contains TEN total pages (including this
More informationLAB#23: Biochemical Evidence of Evolution Name: Period Date :
LAB#23: Biochemical Evidence of Name: Period Date : Laboratory Experience #23 Bridge Worth 80 Lab Minutes If two organisms have similar portions of DNA (genes), these organisms will probably make similar
More informationIonization of amino acids
Amino Acids 20 common amino acids there are others found naturally but much less frequently Common structure for amino acid COOH, -NH 2, H and R functional groups all attached to the a carbon Ionization
More informationPractice Problems 3. a. What is the name of the bond formed between two amino acids? Are these bonds free to rotate?
Life Sciences 1a Practice Problems 3 1. Draw the oligopeptide for Ala-Phe-Gly-Thr-Asp. You do not need to indicate the stereochemistry of the sidechains. Denote with arrows the bonds formed between the
More information2. Which of the following is NOT true about carbohydrates
Chemistry 11 Fall 2011 Examination #5 For the first portion of this exam, select the best answer choice for the questions below and mark the answers on your scantron. Then answer the free response questions
More informationCHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, & Enzymes. General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith
CHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, & Enzymes General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith CHAPTER 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, Enzymes Learning Objectives: q The 20 common, naturally occurring
More informationPROTEINS. Building blocks, structure and function. Aim: You will have a clear picture of protein construction and their general properties
PROTEINS Building blocks, structure and function Aim: You will have a clear picture of protein construction and their general properties Reading materials: Compendium in Biochemistry, page 13-49. Microbiology,
More informationA Chemical Look at Proteins: Workhorses of the Cell
A Chemical Look at Proteins: Workhorses of the Cell A A Life ciences 1a Lecture otes et 4 pring 2006 Prof. Daniel Kahne Life requires chemistry 2 amino acid monomer and it is proteins that make the chemistry
More informationBIO 311C Spring Lecture 15 Friday 26 Feb. 1
BIO 311C Spring 2010 Lecture 15 Friday 26 Feb. 1 Illustration of a Polypeptide amino acids peptide bonds Review Polypeptide (chain) See textbook, Fig 5.21, p. 82 for a more clear illustration Folding and
More informationChapter 20 and GHW#10 Questions. Proteins
Chapter 20 and GHW#10 Questions Proteins Proteins Naturally occurring bioorganic polyamide polymers containing a sequence of various combinations of 20 amino acids. Amino acids contain the elements carbon,
More informationProtein Structure Klemens Wild, BZH,
Protein Structure recommended books Proteins protein definition From gr. proteios (superior, erstrangig) 1836 JJ Berzelius Functions: structural, enzymes, muscle, transport immune system, Linear polymer
More informationQ1: Circle the best correct answer: (15 marks)
Q1: Circle the best correct answer: (15 marks) 1. Which one of the following incorrectly pairs an amino acid with a valid chemical characteristic a. Glycine, is chiral b. Tyrosine and tryptophan; at neutral
More informationHead. Tail. Carboxyl group. group. group. air water. Hydrocarbon chain. lecture 5-sa Seth Copen Goldstein 2.
Lipids Some lipid structures Organic compounds Amphipathic Polar head group (hydrophilic) Non-polar tails (hydrophobic) Lots of uses Energy storage Membranes Hormones Vitamins HO O C H 2 C CH 2 H 2 C CH
More informationThis exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions is worth 2 points.
MBB 407/511 Molecular Biology and Biochemistry First Examination - October 1, 2002 Name Social Security Number This exam consists of two parts. Part I is multiple choice. Each of these 25 questions is
More informationIntroduction to Protein Structure Collection
Introduction to Protein Structure Collection Teaching Points This collection is designed to introduce students to the concepts of protein structure and biochemistry. Different activities guide students
More informationMetabolic Classification of the Amino Acids
Metabolic Classification of the Amino Acids *Essential and Non-essential * Glucogenic and Ketogenic 1 Essential Amino Acids Of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins 10 of them can be synthesized by
More informationDate: EXERCISE 4. Figure 1. Amino acid structure.
Student s name: Date: Points: Assistant s signature: Index numer: /6 EXERISE 4 AMIN AIDS AND PRTEINS. Amino acids are structural units (monomers) of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids coded for
More informationBiochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture -02 Amino Acids II
Biochemistry Prof. S. Dasgupta Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Lecture -02 Amino Acids II Ok, we start off with the discussion on amino acids. (Refer Slide Time: 00:48)
More informationCOO - l. H 3 N C a H l R 1
COO - l + H 3 N C a H l R 1 Amino acids There are 20 standard amino acids. All proteins are built from the same amino acids. The most important criteria for classification is affinity to water: hydrophilic
More informationRecap: A little chemistry helps to understand a lot of biology
Recap: A little chemistry helps to understand a lot of biology Covalent Bonds Polar and Non-Polar Electronegativity is key! Non-covalent bonds: Intra and inter molecular interactions Hydrogen Bonds Ionic
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. DATE: Oct. 22, 2002 Midterm EXAMINATION. PAPER NO.: PAGE NO.: 1of 6 DEPARTMENT & COURSE NO.: 2.277/60.
PAPER NO.: PAGE NO.: 1of 6 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS You must mark the answer sheet with pencil (not pen). Put your name and enter your student number on the answer sheet. The examination consists of multiple
More informationClassification of amino acids: -
Page 1 of 8 P roteinogenic amino acids, also known as standard, normal or primary amino acids are 20 amino acids that are incorporated in proteins and that are coded in the standard genetic code (subunit
More informationBio Factsheet. Proteins and Proteomics. Number 340
Number 340 Proteins and Proteomics Every living thing on the planet is composed of cells, and cells in turn are made of many types of molecules, including the biological molecules carbohydrates, lipids,
More informationOrganic Chemistry - Problem Drill 23: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
rganic Chemistry - Problem Drill 23: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins No. 1 of 10 1. Which amino acid does not contain a chiral center? (A) Serine (B) Proline (C) Alanine (D) Phenylalanine (E) Glycine
More informationI) Choose the best answer: 1- All of the following amino acids are neutral except: a) glycine. b) threonine. c) lysine. d) proline. e) leucine.
1- All of the following amino acids are neutral except: a) glycine. b) threonine. c) lysine. d) proline. e) leucine. 2- The egg white protein, ovalbumin, is denatured in a hard-boiled egg. Which of the
More informationMultiple-Choice Questions Answer ALL 20 multiple-choice questions on the Scantron Card in PENCIL
Multiple-Choice Questions Answer ALL 20 multiple-choice questions on the Scantron Card in PENCIL For Questions 1-10 choose ONE INCORRECT answer. 1. Which ONE of the following statements concerning the
More informationLecture 4. Grouping Amino Acid 7/1/10. Proteins. Amino Acids. Where Are Proteins Located. Nonpolar Amino Acids
Proteins Lecture 4 Proteins - Composition of Proteins (Amino Acids) Chapter 21 ection 1-6! Proteins are compounds of high molar mass consisting almost entirely of amino acid chain(s)! Molar masses range
More informationProteins and their structure
Proteins and their structure Proteins are the most abundant biological macromolecules, occurring in all cells and all parts of cells. Proteins also occur in great variety; thousands of different kinds,
More informationHuman Biochemistry Option B
Human Biochemistry Option B A look ahead... Your body has many functions to perform every day: Structural support, genetic information, communication, energy supply, metabolism Right now, thousands of
More informationThe main biological functions of the many varied types of lipids include: energy storage protection insulation regulation of physiological processes
Big Idea In the biological sciences, a dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) is typically defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecules. This reaction
More informationIntroduction. Basic Structural Principles PDB
BCHS 6229 Protein Structure and Function Lecture 1 (October 11, 2011) Introduction Basic Structural Principles PDB 1 Overview Main Goals: Carry out a rapid review of the essentials of protein structure
More informationChapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function
Chapter 1 Membrane Structure and Function Architecture of Membranes Subcellular fractionation techniques can partially separate and purify several important biological membranes, including the plasma and
More information2. Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be found on the outer surface of a properly folded protein?
Name: WHITE Student Number: Answer the following questions on the computer scoring sheet. 1 mark each 1. Which of the following amino acids would have the highest relative mobility R f in normal thin layer
More informationCHAPTER 29 HW: AMINO ACIDS + PROTEINS
CAPTER 29 W: AMI ACIDS + PRTEIS For all problems, consult the table of 20 Amino Acids provided in lecture if an amino acid structure is needed; these will be given on exams. Use natural amino acids (L)
More informationMidterm 1 Last, First
Midterm 1 BIS 105 Prof. T. Murphy April 23, 2014 There should be 6 pages in this exam. Exam instructions (1) Please write your name on the top of every page of the exam (2) Show all work for full credit
More information