The Metabolic Syndrome Maria Luz Fernandez, PhD
|
|
- Josephine Simmons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 June 2007(II): S30 S34 The Metabolic Syndrome Maria Luz Fernandez, PhD The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms associated with insulin resistance and known to precede the onset of type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity contribute significantly to the development of the metabolic syndrome. In fact, weight loss has a huge impact in decreasing the symptoms associated with the metabolic syndrome. Several studies have demonstrated that just by losing 7% to 10% of initial body weight is sufficient to have improvement in waist circumference, dyslipidemias (elevated triglycerides and low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol), trunk fat, and plasma glucose. This paper underlines the importance of weight loss and type of diet in reversing the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome. Key words: carbohydrate restriction, metabolic syndrome, overweight, waist circumference, weight loss 2007 International Life Sciences Institute doi: /nr.2007.jun.S30 S34 INTRODUCTION Despite the continuing effort to educate the public that excessive weight increases the risk of chronic disease, the prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase. 1 Overweight has historically been defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 and obesity as a BMI equal to or greater than 30 kg/m 2. 1 Research has shown that overweight/obese individuals have a higher risk of developing insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease (CHD). 1,2 More recently, waist circumference has been used as a more reliable criteria than BMI to predict risk for CHD, 3,4 and it is also one of the parameters for classification of the metabolic syndrome. 5 The metabolic syndrome has been defined as the Dr. Fernandez is with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. Please address all correspondence to: Dr. Maria Luz Fernandez, Department of Nutritional Sciences, 3624 Horsebarn Road Ext., University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; Phone: ; Fax: ; maria-luz.fernandez@uconn.edu. cluster of symptoms that are present just before the onset of type 2 diabetes (associated with adult overweight). 6 The Adult Treatment Panel III has determined that individuals are classified with metabolic syndrome if they present three or more of the parameters shown in Table 1. 7 Also, high levels of C-reactive protein have been correlated with the metabolic syndrome. 7 The metabolic syndrome is also considered a marker for obesity and dyslipidemia. In the United States, the obesity epidemic has reached alarming proportions. The first census, which covered the obesity epidemic in , estimated obesity prevalence at around 13.4%. In the year 2000, it was estimated that 64.5% of the adults in United States were overweight or obese. Currently, approximately 16 million people in the United States have type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, CHD is the leading cause of death for men and women. 8 Because type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease can progress silently, the identification of risk factors relative to these diseases that can be utilized and interpreted by the general public is of vital importance. In addition, it is clearly established that both type 2 diabetes and CHD can be greatly improved by weight reduction. 9 Several types of interventions have been used to decrease the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome. One of the most effective interventions appears to be carbohydrate restriction. CARBOHYDRATE RESTRICTION As described above, waist circumference seems to play an important role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. While abdominal obesity is determined by the accumulation of both subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue, some studies described that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) appears to play a major role in the metabolic syndrome. 10 The portal theory suggests that insulin resistance and many of its related features could arise from VAT delivering free fatty acids at a high rate to the liver via the portal vein into which VAT directly drains. This in turn would increase hepatic glucose production, reduce hepatic insulin clearance, and finally lead to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 11 S30 Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 65, No. 6
2 STUDY WITH OVERWEIGHT/OBESE PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN Carbohydrate-restricted diets seem to improve all of the biomarkers associated with the metabolic syndrome. 12 Recent studies by Volek et al. 13 showed that a short-term, isoenergetic, very-low-carbohydrate diet significantly decreased fasting and postprandial triglycerides, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and decreased the total cholesterol/hdl-c ratio. The large increase in HDL-C could be related to increased production of this lipoprotein by hepatocytes and the intestinal mucosa and/or increased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, which results in disassociation of surface components that are acquired by HDL. Studies conducted in mice fed a high-fat diet observed a very strong correlation between increases in post-heparin LPL activity and HDL-C. 14 In humans, moderate- to high-fat diets (46% 65% of total energy) significantly increased post-heparin plasma LPL activity and skeletal muscle LPL activity. 15 In another study, the effects of a high-monounsaturated fat diet (low in carbohydrate) and a high-carbohydrate diet were tested on the resistance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation in type 2 diabetic patients in an intervention that followed a randomized crossover design. 16 When the acceptability of the two diets was compared at the end of 6 weeks, the high-fat diet was preferred by the patients. Although no significant effects on plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, parameters of LDL oxidation, body weight, or glycemic control were observed between the two dietary periods, significant reductions were observed in both very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and triglycerides during the high-fat period. The investigators concluded that a high-fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat is a good alternative for patients with type 2 diabetes due to its palatability and high acceptance, in addition to the observed beneficial effects on plasma lipid profiles. 18 We have conducted two studies in which improvement of cardiovascular risk factors and those of the metabolic syndrome were evident. These two weight loss studies involving men and premenopausal women will be described in detail below. When the intervention was initiated, these individuals were either overweight or obese and presented with dyslipidemias or symptoms associated with insulin resistance or the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the weight loss induced by dietary modification including caloric restriction and modifications in macronutrient composition plus increased physical activity would produce favorable metabolic changes regarding risk for CVD and metabolic syndrome in young women. Eighty women (age years) who were classified as being overweight or obese (BMI kg/m 2 ) were recruited. 6,17 Although their levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides were within normal recommendations, the levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) were higher than 100 mg/dl. In addition, a great number of these subjects had small, dense LDL particles, which are associated with increased risk for CHD. 18 The presence of small, dense LDL (B phenotype) has been correlated with high levels of triglycerides and abdominal fat and low levels of HDL-C. 19 Eleven women were identified with the metabolic syndrome according to the classification presented in Table 1, while 25 of these women were classified with insulin resistance. Women followed a 10-week intervention that consisted of a low-calorie diet adapted to individual needs and level of activity. 20,21 The diet had the following energy distribution: 30% protein, 30% fat, and 40% carbohydrate. Participants increased their level of activity by increasing the number of steps taken per day, which were assessed at baseline by the use of a pedometer. Subjects were asked to increase 1500 steps each week until they completed an additional 4500 steps compared with their baseline. Women also took a supplement of either carnitine (3 g/d) or a placebo (cellulose) in a randomized, double-blind design. All subjects received 90% of their food. They were responsible for buying cooking oil and milk (nonfat). Meat, fruits, vegetables, bread, pasta, and snacks were provided by the investigators. At the end of the study, participants experienced significant changes in body weight, abdominal fat, waist circumference, 22 cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C, as well as in the size of the LDL particles 23 and in plasma insulin concentrations. 22 Carnitine had no effect on any of the measured parameters, so data for the 70 subjects who completed the study were pooled. Results are presented between baseline and post-treatment (10 weeks) in Tables 2 and 3. As seen in Table 2, women decreased their BMI, waist circumference, body weight, total fat, and abdominal fat following the intervention (P 0.001). 22 Similarly, there were significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, and increases in the size of Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 65, No. 6 S31
3 LDL particles. Also, a significant percentage of subjects changed from pattern B to pattern A after 10 weeks (Table 3). 23 In summary, all of the changes were beneficial. However, the values for HDL-C did not change after the participants lost weight, nor there were significant changes in blood pressure. Another key variable that was affected by the intervention was plasma insulin, which clearly indicates that weight loss was associated with the regulation of insulin levels (Table 2). This decrease in insulin is central in this study, because is indicative that insulin resistance, a condition associated with the onset of diabetes, decreases as body weight returns to normal. The most significant result from this study is that out of the 25 women who were insulin resistant, 17 became insulin sensitive (with a very significant reduction in risk for diabetes). Of the 11 women who were classified with metabolic syndrome, 10 of them were no longer classified as having the metabolic syndrome after they reduced their plasma triglycerides and their waist circumference. 22 The results of this study, an intervention that only required the consumption of a lower-carbohydrate diet and increasing the number of steps walked per day, had very important implications for health, because the biomarkers for chronic disease and the metabolic syndrome had a tendency to be eliminated. Future studies addressing whether weight maintenance results in healthy lipid profiles and in maintaining subjects away from the metabolic syndrome classification are necessary to provide adequate information to the general public. other traditionally measured markers of CHD and the metabolic syndrome. Using a parallel-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 30 overweight and obese men (BMI kg/m 2 ) were randomly assigned to supplement a carbohydrate-restricted diet with soluble fiber (Konjac-mannan, 3 g/d) (n 15) or placebo (n 15). Plasma lipids, anthropometrics, body composition, blood pressure, and nutrient intake were evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Compliance was excellent, as assessed by 7-day weighed dietary records and ketonuria. 22 Following recruitment, all subjects attended a group meeting at which registered dietitians provided instructions on how to follow a carbohydrate-restricted diet similar to those employed in our previous studies. 14,23 Subjects were instructed to determine ketonuria at the same time nightly using reagent strips to assess compliance. Since there were no significant differences between fiber and placebo, data from all subjects were pooled to evaluate the effect of the intervention on anthropometrics and plasma lipids. There was a significant decrease in body weight (P 0.01), percent body fat (P 0.01), systolic blood pressure (P 0.01), waist circumference, and plasma glucose (P 0.01) following the intervention (Table 4). Most significantly, after 12 weeks, HDL-C was higher and triglycerides were lower (P ), while LDL-C had decreased by 14.1% (Table 4). As expected, because of the reductions in plasma triglycerides, consumption of the carbohydrate-restricted diet resulted in significant reductions in apolipoprotein C-I ( 13.8%), apolipoprotein C-III ( 21.2%), and apolipoprotein E ( 12.5%). Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was significantly increased from to nmol/mg/h after 12 weeks (P 0.01), while cholesterol ester transfer protein activity did not differ between baseline and week 12 (P 0.05). 24 STUDY WITH OBESE/OVERWEIGHT MEN The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding soluble fiber to a carbohydrate-restricted diet with a distribution of energy of 60% fat, 30% protein, and 10% carbohydrate on plasma LDL-C and S32 Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 65, No. 6
4 The carbohydrate-restricted diet had a huge impact on the number of VLDL, LDL, and HDL particles. The total number of VLDL particles was reduced by 19.0% as a result of a reduction in large ( 47.7%), medium ( 40.2%), and small ( 4.3%) VLDL (P 0.001) 25 between baseline and 12 weeks. LDL particle size increased (P 0.001), while particle number decreased (P 0.05) from baseline to week 12. The increase in particle size was due to a 35% increase in large LDL particles (P 0.001) and a 25% reduction in very small LDL particles (P 0.001). Medium and small LDL were also reduced by 27% and 30%, respectively (P 0.01) (Figure 1). Consumption of a carbohydrate-restricted diet for 12 weeks also caused an increase in HDL particle size (P 0.01). The number of large HDL particles increased by 39%, while the number of medium HDL particles was reduced (P 0.01) and small HDL particles remained unchanged (P 0.05). This study provided novel information about the alterations in lipoprotein metabolism resulting from carbohydrate restriction. A 12-week carbohydrate-restricted diet resulted in significant reductions in triglycerides and apolipoproteins involved in triglyceride metabolism, leading to a decreased number of VLDL particles. This reduction in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was associated with an increase in mean LDL particle size and a decrease in small and very small LDL particle quantity. Further, the changes in plasma triglycerides in combination with increased LCAT activity led to an increased mean HDL particle diameter. These results provide important information about the beneficial effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on cardiovascular risk. These results are limited to overweight and slightly obese men who are otherwise healthy and not taking lipid-lowering medication. The duration of the intervention was relatively short but tightly controlled, thus clearly representing the true biological adaptations to a carbohydrate-restricted diet. We conclude that the alterations in lipoprotein metabolism resulting from carbohydrate restriction are achieved through changes in VLDL, LDL, and HDL particle morphology and apolipoprotein concentrations. A comparison of the parameters that were modified in these two weight loss interventions is presented in Table 5. It is important to note here that there are other differences between these two studies, including gender and length of the intervention. However, the very-lowcarbohydrate diet (10%) proved to be more effective in improving the parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome compared with a moderate intake of carbohydrate (40%). In summary, there are many lifestyle factors that can be modified and have an impact on the metabolic syndrome. However, weight reduction and diet modifications are the best alternatives. Among the dietary interventions, carbohydrate restriction appears to have the greatest impact. Figure 1. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclass quantity. Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 65, No. 6 S33
5 REFERENCES 1. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22: Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes and obesity-related health risk factors, JAMA. 2003;289: Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, JAMA. 1999;282: Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJH, et al. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after dietinduced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133: Kurk JL, Katzamarzyc PT, Nichaman MZ, Church TS, Blair SN, Ross R. Visceral fat is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14: Lofgren IE, Herron KL, Zern TL, et.al. Waist circumference is a better predictor than body mass index of coronary heart disease risk in overweight premenopausal women. J Nutr. 2004;134: Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285: Virgin SE, Schmitke JA. Metabolic syndrome. AAOHN J. 2003;51: Patel DA, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Li S, Chen W, Berenson GS. Distribution and metabolic syndrome correlates of plasma C-reactive protein in biracial (black-white) younger adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism. 2006;55: Wedick NM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wingard DL, Addy CL, Barrett-Connor E. Insulin resistance precedes weight loss in adults without diabetes. The Rancho Bernardo study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153: Behn A, Ur E. The obesity epidemic and its cardiovascular consequences. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006; 21: Lamarche B. Abdominal obesity and its metabolic complications: implications for the risk of ischaemic heart disease. Coron Artery Dis. 1998;9: Bjorntorp P. Portal adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 1990;10: Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS. Very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets affect fasting lipids and postprandial lipemia differently in overweight men. J Nutr. 2004;134: Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, Scheett TP, Kraemer WJ. An isoenergenic very low carbohydrate diet improves serum HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations, the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio and postprandial lipemic responses compared with a low fat diet in normal weight, normolipidemic women. J Nutr. 2003;133: Clee SM, Zhang H, Bissada N, et al. Relationship between lipoprotein lipase and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice: modulation by cholesteryl ester transfer protein and dietary status. J Lipid Res. 1997;38: Campos H, Dreon DM, Krauss RM. Association of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities with changes in dietary composition and low density lipoprotein subclasses. J Lipid Res. 1995;36: Rodrigues-Villar C, Perez-Heras A, Mercade I, Casals E, Ros E. Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive-oil rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet UK Diabet Med. 2003;21: Lofgren IE, Herron KL, West KL, et al. Carbohydrate intake is correlated with biomarkers for coronary heart disease in a population of overweight premenopausal women. J Nutr Biochem. 2005;16: Krauss RM. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and diet-gene interactions. J Nutr. 2001;131:340S 343S. 21. Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Williams PT, Krauss RM. LDL subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17: Lofgren IE, Herron KL, West KL, et al. Weight loss favorably modifies anthropometrics and reverses the metabolic syndrome in premenopausal women. Am J Coll Nutr. 2005;24: Lofgren IE, Zern TL, Herron KL, et al. Weight loss reduces the atherogenicity of LDL in premenopausal women. Metabolism Clin Exp. 2005;54: Wood R, Fernandez ML, Sharman MJ, et al. Effects of a carbohydrate restricted diet with and without supplemental soluble fiber on plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other clinical markers of cardiovascular risk. Metabolism. 2007;56: Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gomez AL, et al. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004;1: Wood RJ, Volek JS, Liu Y, Shachter NS, Contois JH, Fernandez ML. Carbohydrate restriction alters lipoprotein metabolism by modifying VLDL, LDL and HDL subfraction distribution and size in overweight men. J Nutr. 2005;136: S34 Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 65, No. 6
6
2.5% of all deaths globally each year. 7th leading cause of death by % of people with diabetes live in low and middle income countries
Lipid Disorders in Diabetes (Diabetic Dyslipidemia) Khosrow Adeli PhD, FCACB, DABCC Head and Professor, Clinical Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University it of Toronto Diabetes A Global
More information13/09/2012. Dietary fatty acids. Triglyceride. Phospholipids:
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) and NUTRITION Major cause of morbidity & mortality in Canada & other developed countries e.g., majority of approved health claims on food labels relate to lowering CVD Relation
More informationREAGENTS. RANDOX sdldl CHOLESTEROL (sdldl-c) SIZE MATTERS: THE TRUE WEIGHT OF RISK IN LIPID PROFILING
REAGENTS RANDOX sdldl CHOLESTEROL (sdldl-c) SIZE MATTERS: THE TRUE WEIGHT OF RISK IN LIPID PROFILING Randox sdldl Cholesterol (sdldl-c) Size Matters: The True Wight of Risk in Lipid Profiling 1. BACKGROUND
More informationBehind LDL: The Metabolism of ApoB, the Essential Apolipoprotein in LDL and VLDL
Behind LDL: The Metabolism of ApoB, the Essential Apolipoprotein in LDL and VLDL Sung-Joon Lee, PhD Division of Food Science Institute of Biomedical Science and Safety Korea University Composition of Lipoproteins:
More informationCardiovascular Complications of Diabetes
VBWG Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes Nicola Abate, M.D., F.N.L.A. Professor and Chief Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism The University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas Coronary
More informationEstablished Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Getting Patients to Make Small Lifestyle Changes That Result in SIGNIFICANT Improvements in Health - Prevention of Diabetes and Obesity for Better Health Maureen E. Mays, MD, MS, FACC Director ~ Portland
More informationUpdate On Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Who Should Be Treated With A Fibrate After ACCORD-LIPID?
Update On Diabetic Dyslipidemia: Who Should Be Treated With A Fibrate After ACCORD-LIPID? Karen Aspry, MD, MS, ABCL, FACC Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown
More informationMetabolic Syndrome. Bill Roberts, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Pathology University of Utah
Metabolic Syndrome Bill Roberts, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Pathology University of Utah Objectives Be able to outline the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome Be able to list diagnostic criteria for
More informationChapter 18. Diet and Health
Chapter 18 Diet and Health Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases Interrelationships among Chronic Diseases Chronic Disease Heart Disease and Stroke Hypertension Cancer Diabetes The Formation of Plaques in
More informationNEW CLINICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME
NEW CLINICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME Alexander Frame, Richard Mathias School of Population and Public Health Obesity Pandemic (WHO) Developed Nations Developing
More informationRole of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the development of atherosclerosis Jan Borén MD, PhD
Role of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the development of atherosclerosis Jan Borén MD, PhD Our laboratory focuses on the role of apolipoprotein (apo) B- containing lipoproteins in normal
More informationChapter (5) Etiology of Low HDL- Cholesterol
Chapter (5) Etiology of Low HDL- Cholesterol The aim of this chapter is to summarize the different etiological factors mainly the role of life-style and different disease conditions contributing to the
More informationWhy Do We Treat Obesity? Epidemiology
Why Do We Treat Obesity? Epidemiology Epidemiology of Obesity U.S. Epidemic 2 More than Two Thirds of US Adults Are Overweight or Obese 87.5 NHANES Data US Adults Age 2 Years (Crude Estimate) Population
More informationEggs, Plasma Cholesterol and Lipoproteins
Position Statement for Healthcare Professionals Eggs, Plasma Cholesterol and Lipoproteins Updated June 2016 According to the most recent Australian Health Survey 1, in which blood levels were measured,
More informationObesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing Countries: Focus on South Asians
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing Countries: Focus on South Asians Anoop Misra Developing countries, particularly South Asian countries, are witnessing a rapid increase in type 2 diabetes
More informationHypertriglyceridemia: Why, When, and How to Treat. Gregory Cohn, MD, FNLA, FASPC
Hypertriglyceridemia: Why, When, and How to Treat Gregory Cohn, MD, FNLA, FASPC DISCLOSURES Consultant to Akcea Therapeutics (in the past 12 months). OUTLINE I. Lipoproteins II. Non-HDL-C III. Causes and
More informationHigh density lipoprotein metabolism
High density lipoprotein metabolism Lipoprotein classes and atherosclerosis Chylomicrons, VLDL, and their catabolic remnants Pro-atherogenic LDL HDL Anti-atherogenic Plasma lipid transport Liver VLDL FC
More informationHypertension with Comorbidities Treatment of Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents
Hypertension with Comorbidities Treatment of Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents Stella Stabouli Ass. Professor Pediatrics 1 st Department of Pediatrics Hippocratio Hospital Evaluation of
More information1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones?
1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones? 3How are dietary lipids transported? 4How lipids synthesized in the liver are transported? 5 Lipoprotien
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism I. Chylomicrons (exogenous pathway) A. 83% triacylglycerol, 2% protein, 8% cholesterol plus cholesterol esters, 7% phospholipid (esp. phosphatidylcholine)
More informationImpact of Physical Activity on Metabolic Change in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
2012 International Conference on Life Science and Engineering IPCBEE vol.45 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2012. V45. 14 Impact of Physical Activity on Metabolic Change in Type
More informationThe Metabolic Syndrome Update The Metabolic Syndrome Update. Global Cardiometabolic Risk
The Metabolic Syndrome Update 2018 Marc Cornier, M.D. Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes Anschutz Health and Wellness Center University of Colorado School of Medicine
More informationFoodGate: The break-in, cover-up, and aftermath. Robert H. Lustig, M.D., M.S.L. Cristin Kearns, D.D.S., M.B.A. Laura Schmidt, Ph.D., M.P.H., L.C.S.W.
FoodGate: The break-in, cover-up, and aftermath Robert H. Lustig, M.D., M.S.L. Cristin Kearns, D.D.S., M.B.A. Laura Schmidt, Ph.D., M.P.H., L.C.S.W. Osher Mini Med School for the Public, Mar 6, 2018 Decrease
More informationPathophysiology of Lipid Disorders
Pathophysiology of Lipid Disorders Henry Ginsberg, M.D. Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition CHD in the United States CHD is the single largest killer of men and women 12 million have history
More informationTHE SAME EFFECT WAS NOT FOUND WITH SPIRITS 3-5 DRINKS OF SPIRITS PER DAY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY
ALCOHOL NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN 1-2 DRINKS PER DAY AND THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SOME HAVE SHOWN THAT EVEN 3-4 DRINKS PER DAY CAN BE BENEFICIAL - WHILE OTHERS HAVE FOUND IT TO BE HARMFUL
More informationEffects of a dietary intervention to reduce saturated fat on markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
Michael Garshick, MD PGY-1 Columbia University Medical Center Effects of a dietary intervention to reduce saturated fat on markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Study Purpose and Rationale:
More informationSTUDY OVERVIEW KEY TAKEAWAYS
Avocado fruit on postprandial markers of cardio-metabolic risk: A randomized controlled dose response trial in overweight and obese men and women Britt Burton-Freeman, Eunyoung Park, Indika Edirisinghe
More informationMaintain Cholesterol
Maintain Cholesterol What is Cholesterol? Cholesterol is a Lipid Molecule that has a waxy appearance and is found in every cell of the body and has some important natural functions. It is manufactured
More informationA: Epidemiology update. Evidence that LDL-C and CRP identify different high-risk groups
A: Epidemiology update Evidence that LDL-C and CRP identify different high-risk groups Women (n = 27,939; mean age 54.7 years) who were free of symptomatic cardiovascular (CV) disease at baseline were
More informationScreening Results. Juniata College. Juniata College. Screening Results. October 11, October 12, 2016
Juniata College Screening Results Juniata College Screening Results October 11, 2016 & October 12, 2016 JUNIATA COLLEGE The J.C. Blair Hospital CARES team screened 55 Juniata College employees on October
More informationThe Role of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease. and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. By Jovan Duvall. May 21 st 2012 NUTR 420
Duvall 1 The Role of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 By Jovan Duvall May 21 st 2012 NUTR 420 Duvall 2 Introduction American s waistbands are not the only
More informationFish Oils and Diabetes
Fish Oils and Diabetes Summaries of the latest research concerning fish oils and diabetes Fish oils benefit women with diabetes BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS. Several studies have found a clear inverse association
More informationMetabolic Syndrome Update The Metabolic Syndrome: Overview. Global Cardiometabolic Risk
Metabolic Syndrome Update 21 Marc Cornier, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes University of Colorado Denver Denver Health Medical Center The Metabolic
More information. Non HDL-c : Downloaded from ijdld.tums.ac.ir at 18:05 IRDT on Friday March 22nd Non HDL LDL. . LDL Non HDL-c
208-23 (2 ) 0 389 -. Non HDL * Downloaded from ijdld.tums.ac.ir at 8:05 IRDT on Friday March 22nd 209 Non HDL : LDL.. 5 3277 :.. odds ratio Chi-Square %3/9 Non HDL-C %2 LDL-C. %3 : Non-HDL-C LDL-C. (CI
More informationResearch Project. diet on c-reactive protein levels. Submitted by. Jacqueline A. Stanley. A project presented to the Department of
Research Project The effects of a Mediterranean diet, low-carbohydrate diet, and very-low-carbohydrate diet on c-reactive protein levels Submitted by Jacqueline A. Stanley A project presented to the Department
More informationDisclosures. Background 1 What is Known MENOPAUSE, ESTROGENS, AND LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES. Background 2 What is Not Known 10/2/2017
Disclosures MENOPAUSE, ESTROGENS, AND LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES Grants: NIH, Quest Diagnostics Consultant: Quest Diagnostics Merck Global Atherosclerosis Advisory Board Ronald M. Krauss, Children s Hospital
More informationOBESITY: The Growing Epidemic and its Medical Impact
OBESITY: The Growing Epidemic and its Medical Impact Ray Plodkowski, MD Co-Chief, Chief, of Division of Medical Nutrition, University of Nevada School of Medicine. Chief, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sachiko
More informationThe Metabolic Syndrome Update The Metabolic Syndrome: Overview. Global Cardiometabolic Risk
Update 2013 Marc Cornier, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes Anschutz Health and Wellness Center University of Colorado School of Medicine Denver Health
More information3/20/2011. Body Mass Index (kg/[m 2 ]) Age at Issue (*BMI > 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 woman) Mokdad A.H.
U.S. Adults: 1988 Nineteen states with 10-14% 14% Prevalence of Obesity (*BMI > 30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5 4 woman) Metabolic John P. Cello, MD Professor of Medicine and Surgery, University of California,
More informationTargeted Nutrition Therapy Nutrition Masters Course
Targeted Nutrition Therapy Nutrition Masters Course Nilima Desai, MPH, RD Learning Objectives Review clinical studies on innovative, targeted nutrition therapies for: o Blood glucose management o Dyslipidemia
More informationMacronutrients and Dietary Patterns for Glucose Control
제 20 회대한당뇨병학회춘계학술대회 Macronutrients and Dietary Patterns for Glucose Control 2017.5.13 서울대학교병원임정현 Conflict of interest disclosure None Committee of Scientific Affairs Contents Review of Nutrition Recommendation
More informationHealth Score SM Member Guide
Health Score SM Member Guide Health Score Your Health Score is a unique, scientifically based assessment of seven critical health indicators gathered during your health screening. This number is where
More informationOBESITY IN PRIMARY CARE
OBESITY IN PRIMARY CARE Obesity- definition Is a chronic disease In ICD 10 E66 Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Obesity is a leading
More informationMetabolic Syndrome.
www.bmiweightloss.com.au What is the metabolic syndrome? The was first described in 1988 by Gerald Reavson It was originally described as the clustering of four conditions These conditions when present
More informationNutritional Recommendations for the Diabetes Managements
In the name of God Nutritional for the Diabetes Managements Zohreh Mazloom. PhD Shiraz University of Medical Sciences School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Department of Clinical Nutrition OVERVIEW Healthful
More informationObjectives. Objectives. Alejandro J. de la Torre, MD Cook Children s Hospital May 30, 2015
Alejandro J. de la Torre, MD Cook Children s Hospital May 30, 2015 Presentation downloaded from http://ce.unthsc.edu Objectives Understand that the obesity epidemic is also affecting children and adolescents
More informationPart 1: Obesity. Dietary recommendations in Obesity, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Diabetes 10/15/2018. Objectives.
Dietary recommendations in Obesity, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Diabetes Stephen D. Sisson MD Objectives To review dietary recommendations in the following conditions: Obesity Hypertension Diabetes
More informationJMSCR Vol 05 Issue 05 Page May 2017
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.84 Index Copernicus Value: 83.27 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.193 Lipid Profile as Early Predictor of Complication
More informationPasta: A High-Quality Carbohydrate Food
Pasta: A High-Quality Carbohydrate Food Cyril W.C. Kendall Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael
More informationFructose in diabetes: Friend or Foe. Kim Chong Hwa MD,PhD Sejong general hospital, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism
Fructose in diabetes: Friend or Foe Kim Chong Hwa MD,PhD Sejong general hospital, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism Contents What is Fructose? Why is Fructose of Concern? Effects of Fructose on glycemic
More informationKey Nutritional Considerations & Lab Markers as Adjuncts in Effective Lipid Management. Carmen Ritz, MS Clinical Physiologist
Key Nutritional Considerations & Lab Markers as Adjuncts in Effective Lipid Management Carmen Ritz, MS Clinical Physiologist The Ideal Biomarker to identify risk for CVD Specific accurately identifies
More informationDash to Heart Health. Elizabeth Bergman, R.D, LD/N Clinical Dietitian Memorial Regional Hospital
Dash to Heart Health Elizabeth Bergman, R.D, LD/N Clinical Dietitian Memorial Regional Hospital Objectives 1. Identify nutrition-related risk factors for CVD 2. Treat CVD with heart healthy foods 3. List
More informationAltered concentrations of blood plasma
C O N S E N S U S S T A T E M E N T Detection and Management of Lipid Disorders in Diabetes Altered concentrations of blood plasma lipoproteins are powerful predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) and
More informationWeighing in on Whole Grains: A review of Evidence Linking Whole Grains to Body Weight. Nicola M. McKeown, PhD Scientist II
Weighing in on Whole Grains: A review of Evidence Linking Whole Grains to Body Weight Nicola M. McKeown, PhD Scientist II Weighing in on Whole Grains: A review of Evidence Linking Whole Grains to Body
More informationTotal risk management of Cardiovascular diseases Nobuhiro Yamada
Nobuhiro Yamada The worldwide burden of cardiovascular diseases (WHO) To prevent cardiovascular diseases Beyond LDL Multiple risk factors With common molecular basis The Current Burden of CVD CVD is responsible
More informationDietary Cholesterol from Eggs Increases Plasma HDL Cholesterol in Overweight Men Consuming a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet 1,2
The Journal of Nutrition Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions Dietary Cholesterol from Eggs Increases Plasma HDL Cholesterol in Overweight Men Consuming a Carbohydrate-Restricted
More informationChapter 8. the risk factors for CHD. The different diets were a high lycopene diet with
Chapter 8 General summary, discussion and conclusion This thesis investigated the effects of several specific dietary components on some of the risk factors for CHD. The different diets were a high lycopene
More informationSoo LIM, MD, PHD Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
Soo LIM, MD, PHD Internal Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital 1. Importance of Lowering LDL-Cholesterol in Diabetes Patients & Lipid Guidelines Prevalence of dyslipidemia in Korea Prevalence
More information290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4):
290 Biomed Environ Sci, 2016; 29(4): 290-294 Letter to the Editor Prevalence and Predictors of Hypertension in the Labor Force Population in China: Results from a Cross-sectional Survey in Xinjiang Uygur
More informationWhere are we heading?
Unit 5: Where are we heading? Unit 5: Introduction Unit 1: What s in your food? Unit 2: How does your body use food? Unit 3: What is metabolic disease? Unit 4: How do I identify good and bad food? Unit
More informationDiabetes Day for Primary Care Clinicians Advances in Diabetes Care
Diabetes Day for Primary Care Clinicians Advances in Diabetes Care Elliot Sternthal, MD, FACP, FACE Chair New England AACE Diabetes Day Planning Committee Welcome and Introduction This presentation will:
More informationSaturated Fat, Carbohydrates, & Metabolic Syndrome Should We Be Changing Our Recommendations? Presented by: Michael A.
Saturated Fat, Carbohydrates, & Metabolic Syndrome Should We Be Changing Our Recommendations? Presented by: Michael A. Roussell, PhD Mike Roussell, PhD Nutrition Consultant Author, 6 Pillars of Nutrition
More informationMedical Nutrition Therapy Options for Adults Living with Diabetes. Jane Eyre Schuster, RD, LD, CDE Legacy Health Diabetes and Nutrition Services
Medical Nutrition Therapy Options for Adults Living with Diabetes Jane Eyre Schuster, RD, LD, CDE Legacy Health Diabetes and Nutrition Services Objectives Discuss Medical Nutrition Therapy considerations
More informationMetabolism and Atherogenic Properties of LDL
Metabolism and Atherogenic Properties of LDL Manfredi Rizzo, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy & Affiliate Associate Professor of Internal
More informationNutritional concerns of overweight / obese older persons. Gordon L Jensen, MD, PhD Dept Nutritional Sciences Penn State University
Nutritional concerns of overweight / obese older persons Gordon L Jensen, MD, PhD Dept Nutritional Sciences Penn State University Prevalence of obesity among older adults: NHANES 1999-2004 Sex Age (years)
More informationPlasma fibrinogen level, BMI and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086 Published by Atom and Cell Publishers All Rights Reserved Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.org/ Original
More informationMarshall Tulloch-Reid, MD, MPhil, DSc, FACE Epidemiology Research Unit Tropical Medicine Research Institute The University of the West Indies, Mona,
Marshall Tulloch-Reid, MD, MPhil, DSc, FACE Epidemiology Research Unit Tropical Medicine Research Institute The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica At the end of this presentation the participant
More informationThe Paleolithic Diet. A Review
The Paleolithic Diet A Review by: Philip Rouchotas, MSc, ND Bolton Naturopathic Clinic 64 King St. W, Bolton, Ontario L7E 1C7 info@boltonnaturopathic.ca What is the Paleolithic Diet? Today s modern diet
More informationWalter B. Bayubay CLS (ASCP), AMT, MA Ed, CPI
Walter B. Bayubay CLS (ASCP), AMT, MA Ed, CPI Biochemical Analysis (Lipid Panel) Analyte Total Cholesterol Reference Range Patient A < 200 241 LDL-C /= 40 38 Triglycerides
More informationDietary recommendations in Obesity, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Diabetes. Stephen D. Sisson MD
Dietary recommendations in Obesity, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Diabetes Stephen D. Sisson MD Objectives To review dietary recommendations in the following conditions: Obesity Hypertension Diabetes
More informationWhat Else Do You Need to Know? Presenter Disclosure Information. Case 1: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in a 53-Year-Old Man. Learning Objectives
9: 1:am Understanding Dyslipidemia Testing and Screening: Importance of Lipoprotein Particle Analysis SPEAKER Matthew Sorrentino, MD, FACC Presenter Disclosure Information The following relationships exist
More informationDairy matrix effects on T2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health?
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Dairy matrix effects on T2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health? Arne Astrup Head of department, professor, MD, DMSc. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports
More informationImpact of Lifestyle Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Event Risk of High Risk Patients with Low Levels of HDL C
Impact of Lifestyle Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Event Risk of High Risk Patients with Low Levels of HDL C Thomas P. Bersot, M.D., Ph.D. Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease University
More informationNutrition and Medicine, 2006 Tufts University School of Medicine Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes: Learning Objectives
Nutrition and Medicine, 2006 Tufts University School of Medicine Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes: Learning Objectives Margo N. Woods, D.Sc. 1. Discuss the increase in the incidence and prevalence of type
More informationThere are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk?
There are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk? Michael Davidson M.D. FACC, Diplomate of the American Board of Lipidology Professor,
More informationNutrition and Health Benefits of Rice Bran Oil. Dr. B. Sesikeran, MD, FAMS Former Director National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) Hyderabad
Nutrition and Health Benefits of Rice Bran Oil Dr. B. Sesikeran, MD, FAMS Former Director National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) Hyderabad 1 Fats are needed for life Energy 9 K Cals/g Low fat intakes in
More informationCommon Diabetes-related Terms
Common Diabetes-related Terms A1C An A1C test measures a person's average blood glucose level over two to three months. Hemoglobin is the part of a red blood cell that carries oxygen to the cells and sometimes
More informationIsagenix Clinical Research Summary Suk Cho, Ph.D., Eric Gumpricht, Ph.D., David Despain, M.Sc.
Isagenix Clinical Research Summary Suk Cho, Ph.D., Eric Gumpricht, Ph.D., David Despain, M.Sc. UIC study finds subjects on Isagenix products lost more body fat, lost more visceral fat, showed greater adherence,
More informationMetabolic Syndrome: Why Should We Look For It?
021-CardioCase 29/05/06 15:04 Page 21 Metabolic Syndrome: Why Should We Look For It? Dafna Rippel, MD, MHA and Andrew Ignaszewski, MD, FRCPC CardioCase presentation Andy s fatigue Andy, 47, comes to you
More information6.1. Feeding specifications for people with diabetes mellitus type 1
6 Feeding 61 Feeding specifications for people with diabetes mellitus type 1 It is important that the food intake of people with DM1 is balanced, varied and that it meets the caloric needs, and takes into
More informationWHICH DIET FOR THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MEAT OR VEGETARISM
WHICH DIET FOR THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MEAT OR VEGETARISM QUELLE ALIMENTATION POUR PRÉVENIR LES MALADIES CARDIOVASCULAIRES VIANDE OU VÉGÉTARISME Dr Jean-Michel LECERF Service de Nutrition
More informationRick Fox M.A Health and Wellness Specialist
Metabolic Diseases Rick Fox M.A Health and Wellness Specialist Metabolic Diseases Metabolism is the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food you eat. Food is made up of proteins, carbohydrates
More informationA Review of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and Regular Physical Activity on Metabolic Syndrome Indices
A Review of the Effects of Ramadan Fasting and Regular Physical Activity on Seyyed Reza Attarzadeh Hosseini 1 *, Keyvan Hejazi 2 1. Professor in Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University
More information!!! Aggregate Report Fasting Biometric Screening CLIENT!XXXX. May 2, ,000 participants
Aggregate Report Fasting Biometric Screening CLIENTXXXX May 2, 2014 21,000 participants Contact:404.636.9437~Website:www.atlantahealthsys.com RISK FACTOR QUESTIONNAIRE Participants Percent Do not exercise
More informationLipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview)
Lipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview) Philip Barter President, International Atherosclerosis Society Centre for Vascular Research University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Disclosures
More informationMETABOLIC SYNDROME IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS
METABOLIC SYNDROME IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS S.M. Sohail Ashraf 1, Faisal Ziauddin 2, Umar Jahangeer 3 ABSTRACT Objective: To find out the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
More informationManagement of dyslipidaemia in HIV infected children: rationale for treatment algorithm
Management of dyslipidaemia in HIV infected children: rationale for treatment algorithm Authors: Julie Lanigan, Lisa Cooke and Clare Stradling Date of Preparation: September 2010 Date reviewed: October
More informationEffect of a Plant-Based Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Body Weight and Blood Lipids in Hyperlipidemic Adults
Effect of a Plant-Based Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Body Weight and Blood Lipids in Hyperlipidemic Adults Julia MW Wong, PhD, RD Instructor in Pediatrics New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center Boston
More informationGlycemic index, glycemic load, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in middle-aged Finnish men:
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in middle-aged Finnish men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study Jaakko Mursu, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Tiina H. Rissanen,
More informationMOLINA HEALTHCARE OF CALIFORNIA
MOLINA HEALTHCARE OF CALIFORNIA HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTEROL IN ADULTS GUIDELINE Molina Healthcare of California has adopted the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel
More informationGiving Good Dietary Advice to Cardiovascular Patients
Giving Good Dietary Advice to Cardiovascular Patients Carmine D Amico, D.O. Learning objectives Introduction Basic principles Grocery shopping Cooking Eating out Snacking Staying active Summary Overview
More informationChapter 2 The Metabolic Syndrome
Chapter 2 The Metabolic Syndrome Matthew J. Sorrentino Keywords Waist circumference Abdominal obesity Impaired fasting glucose HDL-cholesterol Triglycerides Metabolic syndrome is the designation given
More informationCardiometabolics in Children or Lipidology for Kids. Stanley J Goldberg MD Diplomate: American Board of Clinical Lipidology Tucson, Az
Cardiometabolics in Children or Lipidology for Kids Stanley J Goldberg MD Diplomate: American Board of Clinical Lipidology Tucson, Az No disclosures for this Presentation Death Risk Approximately 40% of
More informationATP III (Adult Treatment Panel III) CLASSIFICATION C IN ADULTS
LABORATORY AND RISK FACTORS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS S R. Mohammadi Biochemist (Ph.D.) Faculty member of Medical Faculty RISK FACTORS FOR CHD Clinical Risk Factors Laboratory Risk Factors MAJOR CLINICAL RISK
More informationChest pain affects 20% to 40% of the general population during their lifetime.
Chest pain affects 20% to 40% of the general population during their lifetime. More than 5% of visits in the emergency department, and up to 40% of admissions are because of chest pain. Chest pain is a
More informationProven and Proposed Cardiovascular Benefits of Soyfoods
Proven and Proposed Cardiovascular Benefits of Soyfoods Mark Messina, PhD, MS Soy Nutrition Institute Loma Linda University Nutrition Matters, Inc. markjohnmessina@gmail.com Alpro Foundation 20 years symposium
More informationPhysical Activity and its Effect on Reducing Disease: A Literature Review of The National Runner's Health Study
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects University of Tennessee Honors Program 5-2014 Physical Activity and its
More informationDiabetic Dyslipidemia
Diabetic Dyslipidemia Dr R V S N Sarma, M.D., (Internal Medicine), M.Sc., (Canada), Consultant Physician Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant cause of illness, disability, and death among individuals
More informationAndrew Cohen, MD and Neil S. Skolnik, MD INTRODUCTION
2 Hyperlipidemia Andrew Cohen, MD and Neil S. Skolnik, MD CONTENTS INTRODUCTION RISK CATEGORIES AND TARGET LDL-CHOLESTEROL TREATMENT OF LDL-CHOLESTEROL SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS OLDER AND YOUNGER ADULTS ADDITIONAL
More informationTHE EFFECT OF VITAMIN-C THERAPY ON HYPERGLYCEMIA, HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND NON HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN LEVEL IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Varikasuvu Seshadri Reddy et al., 2013 Review Article ISSN 2250-3137 www.ijlbpr.com Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2013 2013 IJLBPR. All Rights Reserved THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN-C
More information