sesquiterpenes monoterpenes mg gfw -1 fruit skin peel seed whole fruit

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1 mg gfw sesquiterpenes monoterpenes fruit skin peel seed whole fruit Supplementary Figure S1. Terpene amount in fruit skin, seeds, and whole fruits of Japanese pepper. Monoterpenes (β-phellandrene, D-limonene, and citronellal) and sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene and germacrene D) are indicated by gray and black, respectively. Mean values ± SE are shown (n=3).

2 A (kda) marker negative control crude enzyme flow through wash elution 1 elution 2 elution B (kda) marker negative control crude enzyme flow through wash elution 1 elution 2 elution 3 C (kda) marker negative control crude enzyme elution Supplementary Figure S2. SDS-PAGE analysis of ZpTPSs. ZpTPS1 (A) and ZpTPS2 (B) were produced as His-tagged proteins and purified using Ni 2+ affinity chromatography. (C) was produced as a GST-fusion protein and purified using Glutathione Sepharose 4B.

3 A.2mM.5mM 2mM Relative activity (%) B C Mg Mn Co Ni Zn Cu Mg Mn Co Ni Zn Cu Mg Mn Co Ni Zn Cu Supplementary Figure S3. Effects of divalent metal ions of varying concentration on the enzymatic activity of ZpTPSs. (A) ZpTPS1, (B) ZpTPS2, and (C) activity in the presence of different divalent cations. Mean values ± SE are shown (n=3).

4 1 -MAMSSCIIPSTFITSVNGLKCLPFATNRATIRICVHKSIQCVATTASTHLDNSTVARRSGNYQPTIWDNDYLQSLSSHYTGETYRRQVEKLEGEVKTMINNVAKPLDQL 1 ---MSSCINPSTLVTSVNAFKCLPLATNKAAIRI--MAKYKPVQCLISAKYDNLTVDRRSANYQPSIWDHDFLQSLNSNYTDEAYKRRAEELRGKVKIAIKDVIEPLDQL 1 ---MSSCINPSTLATSVNGFKYLPLATNRAAIRI--TAKNKPVQCLVSAKYDNLTVDRRSANYQPPIWDHDFLQSLNSDYTDETYRRRAEELKGKVKTAIEDVTEPLDQL 1 ---MSSSINPSTLVTSVNGFKCLPLTTNKAAIRI--MAKNKPLQCLVSAKYDNLTVDRRSANYQPSIWDHDFLQSLNSKYTDEAYKRRAEGLKGKVKIAIKDVIEPLDQL 1 MALKVFSVATQMAIPSKLTTCLQPSHLKSSPKLFPSTNSSGRSRLRVYCSSSQLTTERRSGNYNPSRWDVEFIQSLHSDYKKDKHAIRASELVTLVKMELEKETDQIRQL RRxxxxxxxxW 11 ELIDTLQRLGLAYHFDTEISNILQNIYNNKDD-E----WKKENLYATSLEFRLLRQHGYHVSQEVFNSFKDKKGSFKLCLCDDIKAMLSFYEASYYSTEEESIMEEAWQF 16 ELIDNLQRLGLAHRFETEIRNILNNIYNNNKDYN----WRKENLYATSLEFRLLRQHGYPVSQEVFNGFKDDQGGF---ICDDFKGILSLHEASYYSLEGESIMEEAWQF 16 ELIDNLQRLGLAYHFETEIRNILHNIYNNNKDYI----WRKENLYATSLEFRLLRQHGYPVSQEVSTGFKEDKGVF---ICDDFMGILSLHEASYYSLEGESIMEEAWQF 16 ELIDNLQRLGLAHRFETEIRNILNNIYNNNKDYN----WRKENLYATSLEFRLLRQHGYPVSQEVFNGLKDGQGGF---ICDDFKGILSLHEASYYSLEGESIMEEAWQF 111 ELIDDLQRMGLSDHFQNEFKEILSSIYLDHHYYKNPFPKEERDLYSTSLAFRLLREHGFQVAQEVFDSFKNEEGEFKESLSDDTRGLLQLYEASFLLTEGETTLESAREF TSKNLKDVN---NKCVDLNVAAEEVRDALELPLHWKTPRLETRRFINFYERRKDKNNMLLQLAKLDFNIVQGIYLEELKEMSSWWKNTGLGEKLSFARDRLVASYVWSIG 29 TSKHLKEVMI-SKNMEEDVFVAEQAKRALELPLHWKVPMLEARWFIHIYERREDKNHLLLELAKMEFNTLQAIYQEELKEISGWWKDTGLGEKLSFARNRLVASFLWSMG 29 TSKHLKEMMIISNSKEEDVFVAEQAKRALELPLHWKVPMLEARWFIHVYEKREDKNHLLLELAKLEFNVLQAIYQEELKDVSRWWKDIGLGEKLNFARDSLVASFVWSMG 29 TSKHLKEVMI-SKSKEEHVFVAEQAKRALELPLHWKVPMLEARWFIHVYEKREDKNHLLLELAKLEFNTLQAIYQEELKDISGWWKETGLGEKLSFARDSLVASFLWSMG 221 ATKFLEERV---NEGGGDGDLLTRIAYSLDIPLHWRIKRPNAPVWIEWYRKRPDMNPAVLELAILDLNIVQAQFQEELKESFRWWRNTGFVEKLPFARDRLVECYFWNTG 345 RxR 322 TAFKPQLSFCRKMLTEVFALITVIDDIYDVYGTIPELELFTEAVERWDIK-AMKPLPDYMKICFLTLFNAVNEMAFDILKEQGSDVVMNIKETWVALLQAYMVEAKWYHN 318 IAFEPQFAYCRRVLTISIALITVIDDIYDVYGTLDELEIFTDAVERWDINYALKHLPGYMKMCFLALYNFVNEFAYYVLKQQDFDLLLSIKNAWLGLIQAYLVEAKWYHS 319 IVFEPQFAYCRRILTITFALISVIDDIYDVYGTLDELELFADAVERWDINYALNHLPDYMKICFLALYNLVNEFTYYVLKQQDFDILRSIKNAWLRNIQAYLVEAKWYHG 318 IGSEPQFAYCRRIVTIAIALITVIDDIYDVYGTLDELELFTAAVARWDIHYALNHLPDYMKLCFFALYNFVNEFAYYVLKKQDFDMLRSIKNSWLGLLQACLVEAKWYHT 328 IIEPRQHASARIMMGKVNALITVIDDIYDVYGTLEELEQFTDLIRRWDIN-SIDQLPDYMQLCFLALNNFVDDTSYDVMKEKGVNVIPYLRQSWVDLADKYMVEARWFYG 458 DDxxD 431 QHTPTMEEYMNNGWITVGALTVALNAYLSATNPIIEKELEFLETYPDILQLLCKIVRLQDDLGTSSDELKRGDVPKSIQCYMNETGVSEEESREHIKELMRQMWKKVNLY 428 KYTPKLEEYLENGLVSITGPLIITISYLSGTNPIIKKELEFLESNPDIVHWSSKIFRLQDDLGTSSDEIQRGDVPKSIQCYMHETGASEEVARQHIKDMMRQMWKKVNAY 429 KYTPTLGEFLENGLVSIGGPMVTMTAYLSGTNPIIEKELEFLESNQDIIHWSFKILRLQDDLGTSSDEIQRGDVPKSIQCYMHETGASEEVAREHIKDMMRQMWKKVNAY 428 KYTPTLGEFLENGLVSIGGPMGIMTAYLSGTNPIIEKELEFLESNQDIIHWSCKIFRLQDDLGTSSDEIQRGDVPKSIECYMHETGASEEVAREHIKDMMRQMWKKVNAY 437 GHKPSLEEYLENSWQSISGPCMLTHIFFRVTDSFTKETVDSLYKYHDLVRWSSFVLRLADDLGTSVEEVSRGDVPKSLQCYMSDYNASEAEARKHVKWLIAEVWKKMNAE 579 DDxxTxxxE 541 IANKDSDPLSQTTIELISNLVRSSHFMYLNGDGHGIREKETMDVPLSLIFQPIPLEEKEMVFTSSRGTNY TADKDS-PLTGTTTEFLLNLVRMSHFMYLHGDGHGVQNQETIDVGFTLLFQPIPLEDKHMAFTASPGTKG RADKDS-PLSQTTVEFILNVVRVSHFMYLHGDGHGAQNQETMDVVFTLLFQPIPLDDKHIVATSSPVTKG RADKDS-PLSQNTVDFMLNLVRMSHFMYLRGDGHGAQNQETMDVASTWLFQPIPLEDKHMAFTAPKADEFPEYSFS 547 RVSKDS-PFGKDFIGCAVDLGRMAQLMYHNGDGHGTQHPIIHQQMTRTLFEPFA Supplementary Figure S4. Amino acid sequence alignment of, limonene synthase from Citrus limon (; AAM ), Citrus trifoliate (; BAG ) and Mentha spicata (; AGN9912.1), and geraniol synthase from Citrus jambhiri (; BAM2949.1). The program GENETYX-MAC Ver was used for the alignment. Black highlighting indicates those residues with more than 5% conservation among all sequences. The canonical highly conserved regions are labeled with RR(x)8W, RxR, DDxxD and DDxx(S,T)xxxE (Huang et al. 213). The important residues (W324, N345, M458 and H579) for catalytic activity of (Srividya et al. 215) are indicated by red squares.

5 Supplementary Table S1. Accession numbers of protein sequences used for phylogenetic analysis of plant TPSs. Protein name Accession number Antirrhinum majus myrcene synthase AAO Antirrhinum majus β-ocimene synthase AAO Arabidopsis lyrata linalool synthase XP_ Arabidopsis thaliana β-caryophyllene synthase AAO85539 Arabidopsis thaliana cdp synthase Q Arabidopsis thaliana kaurene synthase AAC Cannabis sativa α-pinene synthase ABI21838 Citrus hystrix germacrene D synthase ADX1384 Cirtus jambhiri δ-elemene synthase BAP74389 Citrus jambhiri geraniol synthase BAM Citrus limon limonene synthase AAM Citrus trifoliate limonene synthase BAG Citrus unshiu β-ocimene synthase BAD Citrus unshiu β-pinene synthase BAD272 Clarkia breweri linalool synthase AAD Clarkia concinna linalool synthase AAD Cucurbita maxima kaurene synthase AAB Glycine soja linalool synthase KHN Gossypium arboreum δ-cadinene synthase CAA Gossypium arboreum myrcene synthase KHG Lavandula angustifolia β-phellandrene synthase ADQ Matricaria recutita β-caryophyllene synthase AFM43734 Mentha aquatica linalool synthase AAL Mentha spicata limonene synthase AGN Mikania micrantha β-caryophyllene synthase ACN67535 Morus notabilis myrcene synthase EXB Ocimum basilicum geraniol synthase AAR Ocimum basilicum germacrene D synthase AAV63786 Oryza sativa Japonica Group β-caryophyllene synthase ABJ16553 Oryza sativa Japonica Group farnesol synthase ABJ16554 Phyla dulcis β-caryophyllene synthase AFR2337 Picea sitchensis limonene synthase ABA Pinus taeda α-farnesene synthase AAO Pinus taeda α-pinene synthase AAO Pogostemon cablin germacrene D synthase AAS86322 Populus trichocarpa cdp synthase EEE Populus trichocarpa kaurene synthase XP_ Solanum lycopersicum β-caryophyllene synthase ADD96698 Solanum lycopersicum cineole synthase AEM Solanum lycopersicum linalool synthase AEM Thymus caespititius α-terpineol synthase AGK Vitis vinifera β-caryophyllene synthase ADR74221 Vitis vinifera geraniol synthase NP_ Vitis vinifera germacrene D synthase AAS Vitis vinifera α-pinene synthase ADR Zea mays cdp synthase AAT784.1 Zingiber officinale germacrene D synthase AAX4665 Zingiber zerumbet α-humulene synthase BAG

6 Supplementary Table S2. RPKM of biosynthetic genes for volatile terpene formation. Feature ID Gene length Green fruit Ripe fruit sesquiterpene synthase-like gene Zanthoxylum21_contig27846 (ZpTPS1) Zanthoxylum21_contig6748 (ZpTPS2) Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig monoterpene synthase-like gene Zanthoxylum21_contig8921 () Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig geranyl diphosphate synthase-like gene Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig farnesyl diphosphate synthase-like gene Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig Zanthoxylum21_contig