Lipidaholics Anonymous Case 2012;13:(1);284 Explaining the unexplainable LDL- P
|
|
- Alyson Leona Brooks
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Lipidaholics Anonymous Case 2012;13:(1);284 Explaining the unexplainable LDL- P A respected cardiologist contacted me about the following dilemma. He has a primary prevention case which is a woman with a TG/HDL axis disorder who has been on chronic statin therapy. Her last two lipid panels did not seem to make sense as lipid concentrations were improving when paradoxically the LDL-P is worsening. Other than lab error is there an explanation In May on Pravastatin 40 mg TC 208 LDL-C = 85 HDL-C = 50 TG = 208 VLDL-C = 41.6 Non-HDL-C = 178 mg/dl LDL-P = 1283 nmol/l Small LDL-P = 1069 nmol/l LDL size = 19.9 nm Lp-IR = 76 Then in November on Pravastatin 40 mg TC = 151 LDL-C = 68 HDL-C = 54 TG =144 VLDL-C = 28.8 Non-HDL-C = 107 mg/dl LDL-P = 1501 nmol/l Small LDL-P = 1115 nmol/l LDL size 20.1 nm LP-IR =67 DAYSPRING DISCUSSION One of these days clinicians will have to stop wasting their time trying to predict what is going on by solely looking at lipid concentrations. We all have to stop being perplexed when LDL-P does not make sense and respect and trust all of the data associating it with risk and be prepared to treat the LDL-P to goal. None of us is really brilliant enough to truly know why the LDL-P is where it is in a given individual So in this case the question is why did the LDL-P increase so much without an obvious cause (often a rising TG and reducing HDL-C), and specifically how can LDL-P go up when the LDL-C and non-hdl-c (both normally surrogates of LDL-P) went down. Clinical chemistry teaches us that when lab values that usually correlate with each other like apob, LDL-P, LDL-C and non-hdl-c for whatever reason do not
2 2 correlate with each other the concentrations are said to be discordant. In virtually every study published where discordance between LDL-P or apob and LDL-C and non-hdl-c was present, risk virtually always more accurately follows apob and especially LDL-P. In the first panel above (May) the LDL-C is at the 10th percentile population cutpoint (meaning 90% of patients would have a higher value and 10% or less a lower value) and the LDL-P at the 40th percentile cutpoint: so there is certainly some discordance. Yet in the second panel the LDL-C is at the 5th percentile population cutpoint (very low risk) whereas the LDL-P is at the 70th percentile cutpoint (approaching high risk value of 80%): the discordance is even worse. As scientists, we should believe the elevated LDL-P and treat accordingly: (more potent statin or perhaps adding ezetimibe to the pravastatin). The answer explaining what is going, meaning understanding the lipid/lipoprotein concentration discordance on lies in having a fairly sophisticated understanding of what a lipoprotein is and how it behaves once it is in plasma. Lipoproteins are not static collections of lipids that never change: in fact they are in a constant state of dynamic remodeling of their core and surface lipid molecule makeup. The graphic below depicts the basic structure of every lipoprotein that exists: a one molecule thick surface of unesterified cholesterol and phospholipids with a core consisting of variable amounts of cholesteryl ester (CE) and TG:
3 3 Quite important is the ratio of TG and cholesteryl ester (CE) in the particle core and how it changes "on the fly." Normally a VLDL has 5 times more TG molecules than CE molecules, an LDL 4 or more times CE than TG and an HDL 10 times or more CE than TG. Anytime and LDL or HDL has less than the normal number of CE molecules in its core, it is by definition a cholesterol-depleted particle. It will always takes more CE-depleted than CE-rich particles to traffic a given cholesterol mass (number of cholesterol molecules). LDL-C is the mass of cholesterol trafficked within all of the LDL particles that exist is a deciliter of plasma. HDL-C is the cholesterol mass within all of the HDLs, irrespective of size that exist in a deciliter of plasma.
4 4 Something that is not typically measured, LDL-TG or HDL-TG would be the mass of TG trafficked within all of the LDLs or HDLs respectively per deciliter of plasma. What determines a given LDL-P? LDL-P is the number of LDL particles that are needed to traffic the cholesterol mass (number of cholesterol molecules) that is within all of the LDL particles per liter of plasma. The volume of a spherical particle is 4/3(pi) radius cubed (to the third power). So how many CE molecules can fit into a single LDL particle? Of course that will depend on not only how big that LDL particle is but it also will depend on what percentage of the particle volume is devoted to cholesteryl ester. No LDL devotes 100% of its core to CE. It allocates some space to TG. Also keep in mind that in molecular terms a TG molecule is much larger than a CE molecule. It will take less TG than CE molecules to fill a given lipoprotein than CE molecules. So even in the face of a seemingly unremarkable TG concentration, TGs can find their uninvited way into LDL and HDL particles. Normally ~10-25% of an LDL is devoted to carry TG and 75-90% to CE: a 4:1 ratio of CE to TG.
5 5 Under normal physiologic conditions, an HDL particle should not carry significant amounts of TG. Below are depicted a normal HDL on the left and a TG-rich HDL on the left
6 6 There are three ways to deplete an LDL of CE or in other words change a normally CE-rich LDL into a CE-poor LDL. (1) One is to reduce the diameter (radius) of the LDL. Thus its takes 40-70% more small LDLs than large LDLs to traffic a given number of CE molecules. So folks, especially those not on a drug, with small LDLs tend to have high LDL-P.
7 7 (2) If one increases the number of TG molecules per LDL particle, then there will be less room for CE molecules. TG-enrichment of LDLs is associated with CE-depletion. It will require 40-70% more TGrich, CE-poor LDLs (regardless of particle size) to traffic a given cholesterol mass (number of cholesterol molecules) than CE-rich LDLs.
8 8 (3)Statins lower LDL-C significantly more than they do LDL-P and thus leave LDL particles cholesterol depleted (and thus TG-rich) even when TG levels are normal. This is a major reason why statins lower LDL-C more than they do LDL-P. In the slide below, using data from statin trials, the drug rather easily drop LDL-C values to the 20 th percentile population cutpoint but do not approach 20 th percentile
9 9 LDL-P cutpoint. What determines the size of the LDL particle: LDLs have a phospholipid surface (PL) and a TG/CE core. So exposure to a phospholipase or a triglyceridase will hydrolyze (de-esterify) surface PL and core TG to fatty acids (FA) and monoacylglycerols and the LDL will reduce in size. Hepatic lipase is both a triglyceridase and a phospholipase. There are several phospholipases in plasma including endothelial lipase (a pure phospholipase). TG-rich LDLs are thus ripe substrates for triglyceridases like HL or even lipoprotein lipase (LPL). TG-rich LDLs easily become smaller as they lose their core TG and surface PL (lipolysis). If you follow that physiology or pathophysiology just described, those patients with the highest numbers of LDL particles will likely have incredibly CE-depleted LDLs -- i.e. they will have small LDLs that are also TG-rich. Each such particle is not capable of carrying very many CE molecules. How does the LDL acquire the excess TG and lose CE to make room for it? That's easy, it comes from TG rich particles. So TG-rich VLDLs (or chylomicrons in postprandial plasma) exchange or swap their TG for CE within the LDL core, using a lipid transfer protein called cholesteryl ester transfer protein or CETP (also known as apolipoprotein D). When apob particles (VLDLs, IDLs, LDLs, chylomicrons) exchange their core TG and CE (utilizing CETP), the process is called homotypic exchange of neutral lipids. But another type of exchange might also be occurring, namely heterotypic exchange where TG and CE are swapped (via CETP) between apob containing particles (90% of which are LDLs) and apoa-i particles (HDLs). So during every second of every minute that an LDL is in plasma (its plasma residence time) it is constantly acquiring and/or gaining TG or CE. That is its core lipid content changes. The amount of CETP-mediated exchange that occurs today might be different than that tomorrow or nest month. Thus the core composition
10 10 of particles on one test might be very different from that in particles checked on another occasion. After all an LDL half-life is only 1.5 to 3 days. Want me to make this even more complicated? OK - both apolipoprotein F or apolipoprotein C-I inhibit CETP activity. Anybody measure that lately? So how can any clinician know what is going on in the LDL core guess what he or she cannot! Can any real world physician assay LDL-TG hydrolysis or CETP activity - of course not. Is anyone measuring LDL-TG levels? No but it is easily done and perhaps one day soon HD Labs in Richmond will offer that test to all. So how can any provider offer a rational explanation of why a person has an elevated LDL-P -- they cannot. Can a given LDL-P change over time even if medication does not change - obviously it can and does. Can the change in LDL-P always be explained by plasma concentrations of TG, HDL-C, non-hdl-c - NOPE. Many times the cholesterol and particle concentrations are concordant but very often they are not. They may be concordant one time and discordant the next. Since there is no accurate way to predict LDL-P by looking at any lipid parameter whatsoever, we really need LDL-P on every single patient because we know from trial after trial; when the concentrations are discordant, CV risk always follows LDL-P. It is amazing how many lipidologists, never mind docs without that credential, think they can predict LDL- P by looking at lipid (LDL-C, HDL-C, TG) or even subparticle lipid (cholesterol) concentrations offered by some labs. Without any disrespect, anyone believing they can predict LDL-P with any serious degree of accuracy by looking at lipids are delusional. I am personally aware of data that 20 % of folks with an LDL- C < 50 mg/dl who have what is considered normal TG (< 150 mg/dl) and HDL-C (> 40 in men and 50 mg/dl in women) have an LDL-P > 1000 nmol/l. Check out the discordance in this study of T2DM patients with LDL-C < 100 mg/dl and 70 mg/dl. Many still have abnormally high LDL-P.
11 11 Let's hazard an explanation for the LDL-P differences between the two above tests without any obvious change in medication or lifestyle (but how does one really know if lifestyle has been exactly the same 6 months apart- was the carbohydrate intake constant? Any change in carbs especially high fructose corn syrup intake will affect insulin levels, which in turn affect lipase activity, etc., and effect particle core composition. In panel one (May) the TG were quite high and the LDL size was quite small at 19.9 nm. So the small particle size is likely affecting the total LDL-P (vast majority of the particles are small with small LDL-P of 1069 nmol/l). The total LDL-P would have been much higher if pravastatin not been used. Who knows what the LDL-TG level might have been in this woman in May. Who knows what her CETP activity, apof, apoc-i or various lipase activity was? On the follow up lipid panel in November the LDL-P is much higher but the lipid concentrations all look better including the TG. But is a TG of 144 mg/dl really that much better in an insulin resistant patient compared to the original value of 208. If you look at published LDL-P data from Framingham Offspring in metabolic syndrome patients, at a TG level of 150 mg/dl the mean LDL-P was at high risk (> 1600 nmol/l) and at a TG > 200 mg/dl the mean LDL-P was just a tad higher ~ 1700 nmol/l (Circ 2006;113:20-29). Clearly the explanation form the high LDL-P in both cases is small LDLs which likely are still packing too many TG. But the LDL size on the second panel was actually larger but the small LDL-P was higher than that in May. Why would small LDL-P be rising when LDL size was increasing (albeit till in the small range)? The answer lies in what is happening in the particle core. The LDL particles in November are more CE depleted than were the particles in May. The larger LDL size might be explained by an increased LDL-
12 12 TG in November - yet the large TG-rich LDLs might be very CE-depleted (more so than they were in May) and LDL-C goes down and LDL-P goes up. The high LDL-TG might be related to diet, CETP, activity, lipase activity, apof, apoc-i activity, insulin levels -- your guess is as good as mine. All I worry about as a treating clinician is that I now have to be more aggressive in lowering LDL-P as the pravastatin 40 is not cutting it anymore! What happened in the case above is on the second test the LDL core was more CE-depleted than on the second test. Thus LDL-P is up despite the better LDL-C and even the better TG. The more depleted the LDL core is of CE, the higher the LDL-P will be. So even though the lipid concentrations did not change a lot, in fact they improved, the core of the particle is always changing via activity dues to any number of now immeasurable factors. Just a tad bit more for thought: what is nothing I have theorized above is at play? What if as they do, the statin increased expression of PCSK9, the LDL receptor (LDLr) peptidase that shortens the half-life of LDLr? A person with less LDLr expression will not be so efficient at clearing LDL-P and the level rises over time. What if as statins are prone to cause, there is an induced hyperabsorption of cholesterol which by increasing delivery of cholesterol to the liver will cause reduced expression of LDLr and a rising LDL-P. At least we can measure sterol absorption to see if that is at play! Remember the good old days when lipids were so easy and it was all about LDL-C: What dopes we really were. I refer to those as the dark ages. Tragedy is the vast majority of docs are still betting lives on LDL-C. Can the odd error also occur with any lab testing: for sure, but again LDL-P via NMR is the best adjudicated in clinical trials assay we have: it blows away lipid concentrations.
13 13 TAKE HOME POINTS: LDL-P is the number of LDL particles in plasma and it often has no obvious relationship to lipid concentrations. It is mostly related to LDL size, LDL core composition but also LDL particle production and LDL particle clearance. We can easily measure LDL-P and we should. If you cannot get LDL-P, then do apob. One of these days clinicians will have to stop wasting their time trying to predict what is going on by looking at lipid concentrations. We all have to stop being perplexed when LDL- P does not make sense and respect and trust all of the data associating it with risk and we must treat the LDL-P to goal. The next two slides are from the National Lipid Association Biomarker Satement. An article written by myself and Tara Dall which apples all of the above discussion to two patients is available as a free download. Moving beyond LDL-C: incorporating lipoprotein particle numbers and geometric parameters to improve clinical outcomes
Case # 278 Should lipoprotein cholesterol assays disappear?
Case # 278 Should lipoprotein cholesterol assays disappear? Let's get into the case: I was contacted by a provider who states: "I have a 70 year old guy with absolutely no cardiac risk factors except for
More informationPdf. TC = 152 TG = 170 HDL-C = 37 VLDL-C = 34 LDL-C = 81 Non-HDL-C = 115 TC/HDL-C = 4.1 TG/HDL-C = 4.6. I was asked for my thoughts.
Pdf LIPID CASE 252 Particle Core Composition Hi Lipidaholics: The following case demonstrates a topic I have wanted to discuss in depth. It illustrates the concept of particle composition meaning what
More informationTC =96; HDL-C = 21; Non-HDL-C = 75; LDL-C: less than 10 TG: 357; VLDL-C = 71; TG/HDL-C: 17 TC/HDL-C = 4.5
LIPID CASE 269 He said - she said?? I want to have some fun with this issue's case discussion. It was sent to me by a respected lipidologist who shared a case first seen by his nurse practitioner. They
More informationHi Lipidaholics: This week case is a very common lipid disorder, but what are the medications needed to achieve goals of therapy.
LIPID CASE 251 Treating HDL Size Hi Lipidaholics: This week case is a very common lipid disorder, but what are the medications needed to achieve goals of therapy. I was asked about a 44 year old physically
More informationWhat else is new? LDL-P LDL-C Discordance
LIPID CASE 273 What else is new? LDL-P LDL-C Discordance This case will get into the issue of how two lab parameters can have high correlation (r value) but be grossly discordant in individual patients.
More informationLipoproteins Metabolism
Lipoproteins Metabolism LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this Lecture, the student should be able to describe: What are Lipoproteins? Describe Lipoprotein Particles. Composition of Lipoproteins. The chemical
More informationN-3 Fatty Acids Non-HDL-Cand LDL-C Thomas Dayspring MD, FACP
Omega or N-3 Fatty Acids (FA) significantly reduce TG synthesis and significantly deplete the TG content of VLDL particles indicated by significantly reduced V. FA are the substrate for TG synthesis. N3-FA
More informationTC = 151 LDL-C 85 TG = 189 HDL-C = 28 Non-HDL-C = 123 VLDL-C = 37
LIPID CASE 263 Is it or is it not isolated low HDL-C? I was just recently asked to help out with what else: low HDL-C. Can you answer this question? When is it proper to call a low HDL-C vale "isolated?"
More informationNature Genetics: doi: /ng.3561
Supplementary Figure 1 Pedigrees of families with APOB p.gln725* mutation and APOB p.gly1829glufs8 mutation (a,b) Pedigrees of families with APOB p.gln725* mutation. (c) Pedigree of family with APOB p.gly1829glufs8
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM Lipoprotein Metabolism I. Chylomicrons (exogenous pathway) A. 83% triacylglycerol, 2% protein, 8% cholesterol plus cholesterol esters, 7% phospholipid (esp. phosphatidylcholine)
More informationLipids, Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Risk: Getting the Most out of New and Old Biomarkers. New and Old Biomarkers. Disclosures
Lipids, Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Risk: Getting the Most out of New and Old Biomarkers William Cromwell, MD, FAHA, FNLA Diplomate, American Board of Clinical Lipidology Chief Lipoprotein and Metabolic
More informationHigh density lipoprotein metabolism
High density lipoprotein metabolism Lipoprotein classes and atherosclerosis Chylomicrons, VLDL, and their catabolic remnants Pro-atherogenic LDL HDL Anti-atherogenic Plasma lipid transport Liver VLDL FC
More informationCHAPTER FORTY FIVE ENDOGENOUS LIPID TRANSPORT PATHWAY: VLDL AND IDL
CHAPTER FORTY FIVE ENDOGENOUS LIPID TRANSPORT PATHWAY: VLDL AND IDL You will notice that the endogenous pathway is very similar to the exogenous pathway What is the average daily amount of triacylglycerol
More informationThe New Gold Standard for Lipoprotein Analysis. Advanced Testing for Cardiovascular Risk
The New Gold Standard for Lipoprotein Analysis Advanced Testing for Cardiovascular Risk Evolution of Lipoprotein Testing The Lipid Panel Total Cholesterol = VLDL + LDL + HDL Evolution of Lipoprotein Testing
More informationLIPID CASE 272 New HDL nomenclature
LIPID CASE 272 New HDL nomenclature Some exciting stuff on High Density Lipoproteins has happened: advanced students and those trying to really develop an understanding of these enigmatic lipid transportation
More informationLipids digestion and absorption, Biochemistry II
Lipids digestion and absorption, blood plasma lipids, lipoproteins Biochemistry II Lecture 1 2008 (J.S.) Triacylglycerols (as well as free fatty acids and both free and esterified cholesterol) are very
More informationBehind LDL: The Metabolism of ApoB, the Essential Apolipoprotein in LDL and VLDL
Behind LDL: The Metabolism of ApoB, the Essential Apolipoprotein in LDL and VLDL Sung-Joon Lee, PhD Division of Food Science Institute of Biomedical Science and Safety Korea University Composition of Lipoproteins:
More informationCardiovascular Controversies: Emerging Therapies for Lowering Cardiovascular Risk
Transcript Details This is a transcript of a continuing medical education (CME) activity accessible on the ReachMD network. Additional media formats for the activity and full activity details (including
More informationTHOROUGHLY UNDERSTANDING THE LIPID PROFILE IN WOMEN: A Primer on Lipids, Lipoproteins and the Lipid Profile
THOROUGHLY UNDERSTANDING THE LIPID PROFILE IN WOMEN: A Primer on Lipids, Lipoproteins and the Lipid Profile Thomas Dayspring M.D., F.A.C.P. Diplomate American Board of Clinical Lipidology North Jersey
More information2.5% of all deaths globally each year. 7th leading cause of death by % of people with diabetes live in low and middle income countries
Lipid Disorders in Diabetes (Diabetic Dyslipidemia) Khosrow Adeli PhD, FCACB, DABCC Head and Professor, Clinical Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University it of Toronto Diabetes A Global
More informationCase # 279 Treatment Dilemma: Horrific CV risk vs. Hepatic Safety
Case # 279 Treatment Dilemma: Horrific CV risk vs. Hepatic Safety This 65 year old asymptomatic woman is one of my cases and was referred by her primary care physician. As many of you know, my practice
More informationRoles of Non-HDL Cholesterol in Risk Assessment and Treatment
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/lipid-luminations/roles-of-non-hdl-cholesterol-in-risk-assessment-andtreatment/7066/
More informationPathophysiology of Lipid Disorders
Pathophysiology of Lipid Disorders Henry Ginsberg, M.D. Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition CHD in the United States CHD is the single largest killer of men and women 12 million have history
More informationPlasma lipoproteins & atherosclerosis by. Prof.Dr. Maha M. Sallam
Biochemistry Department Plasma lipoproteins & atherosclerosis by Prof.Dr. Maha M. Sallam 1 1. Recognize structures,types and role of lipoproteins in blood (Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL). 2. Explain
More informationChapter VIII: Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui
Chapter VIII: Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Lipoproteins a Lipids are insoluble in plasma. In order to be transported they are combined with specific proteins to form lipoproteins: Clusters of proteins and lipids.
More informationHypertriglyceridemia. Ara Metjian, M.D. Resident s Report 20 December 2002
Hypertriglyceridemia Ara Metjian, M.D. Resident s Report 20 December 2002 Review of Lipids Chylomicrons (CM): Dietary lipids absorbed through the GI tract are assembled intracellularly into CM. Very Low
More informationChapter (5) Etiology of Low HDL- Cholesterol
Chapter (5) Etiology of Low HDL- Cholesterol The aim of this chapter is to summarize the different etiological factors mainly the role of life-style and different disease conditions contributing to the
More informationHypertriglyceridemia: Why, When, and How to Treat. Gregory Cohn, MD, FNLA, FASPC
Hypertriglyceridemia: Why, When, and How to Treat Gregory Cohn, MD, FNLA, FASPC DISCLOSURES Consultant to Akcea Therapeutics (in the past 12 months). OUTLINE I. Lipoproteins II. Non-HDL-C III. Causes and
More informationAdvanced Cholesterol Testing
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/lipid-luminations/advanced-cholesterol-testing/3027/
More informationLipids, pt. 1. Feb. 3, Bio 28: Nutrition Instructor: Paul Nagami Laney College
Lipids, pt. 1 Feb. 3, 2014 Bio 28: Nutrition Instructor: Paul Nagami Laney College Today s Agenda Reminders + Administrative Details What Are Lipids? Chemistry and Types of Lipids Fatty Acids Saturated
More informationLIPID CASE # 203 PCOS and TG/HDL Axis Disorder
LIPID CASE # 203 PCOS and TG/HDL Axis Disorder Recently I received the following case: A 26 yrs old woman presents with amenorrhea and questions about conceiving. She has a history of polycystic ovary
More information1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones?
1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones? 3How are dietary lipids transported? 4How lipids synthesized in the liver are transported? 5 Lipoprotien
More informationUnit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins
Unit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins - Cholesterol: It is a sterol which is found in all eukaryotic cells and contains an oxygen (as a hydroxyl group OH) on Carbon number
More informationZuhier Awan, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Metabolism, Atherogenic Properties and Agents to Reduce Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins (TRL) The Fifth IAS-OSLA Course on Lipid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk Muscat, Oman, February 8-11, 2019 Zuhier
More informationFor personal use only
For mass reproduction, content licensing and permissions contact Dowden Health Media. Apolipoprotein Mature HDL particle Unesterified cholesterol Cholesteryl ester Copyright Dowden Health Media For personal
More informationGlossary For TheFatNurse s For All Ages Series Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. Apolipoprotein
More informationMetabolism and Atherogenic Properties of LDL
Metabolism and Atherogenic Properties of LDL Manfredi Rizzo, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy & Affiliate Associate Professor of Internal
More informationThere are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk?
There are many ways to lower triglycerides in humans: Which are the most relevant for pancreatitis and for CV risk? Michael Davidson M.D. FACC, Diplomate of the American Board of Lipidology Professor,
More informationIs a Mediterranean diet best for preventing heart disease?
Is a Mediterranean diet best for preventing heart disease? By Peter Attia, M.D. This week an article titled Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet was featured in the New
More informationLipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview)
Lipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview) Philip Barter President, International Atherosclerosis Society Centre for Vascular Research University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Disclosures
More informationHer serial lab numbers are as follows: all lipid concentrations in mg/dl
LIPID CASE 267 Hormones Lipids and Lipoproteins? On to the case: I was asked about the following patient which will lead into a discussion of using menopausal hormone therapies in women with CV risk. A
More informationSmoldering Insulin Resistance: Strategies to Optimize Cardiometabolic Health
Smoldering Insulin Resistance: Strategies to Optimize Cardiometabolic Health Thomas Dayspring, MD, FACP, FNLA, NCMP Chief Academic Officer True Health Diagnostics Richmond, VA Disclosures (Last 12 months)
More informationGlossary For TheFatNurse s For All Ages Series Apolipoprotein B (APOB or ApoB) are the primary apolipoproteins of chylomicrons and low-density lipoproteins (LDL - known commonly by the misnomer "bad cholesterol"
More informationCHM333 LECTURE 34: 11/30 12/2/09 FALL 2009 Professor Christine Hrycyna
Lipid Metabolism β-oxidation FA Acetyl-CoA Triacylglycerols (TAGs) and glycogen are the two major forms of stored energy in vertebrates Glycogen can supply ATP for muscle contraction for less than an hour
More informationRegulating Hepatic Cellular Cholesterol
Under circumstances of cholesterol deficiency, Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins (SREBPs) via binding to DNA nuclear response elements set off genomic production of proteins and enzymes that induce
More informationNutrigenetics Today s Concept Tomorrow s Reality
Nutrigenetics Today s Concept Tomorrow s Reality Jose M Ordovas, PHD Director, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University Some recent
More informationLipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry
Lipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry Learning Objectives 1. Define lipoproteins and explain the rationale of their formation in blood. 2. List different
More informationReview of guidelines for management of dyslipidemia in diabetic patients
2012 international Conference on Diabetes and metabolism (ICDM) Review of guidelines for management of dyslipidemia in diabetic patients Nan Hee Kim, MD, PhD Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University
More informationLipids Board Review. Ira Goldberg, MD New York University School of Medicine. Which of the following is the best initial therapy choice?
Lipids Board Review Ira Goldberg, MD New York University School of Medicine 1. A 22 year old male college student is referred for severe hypertriglyceridemia ( 1500 mg/dl [ 17.0 mmol/l]). He has a history
More informationSuppl. Table 1: CV of pooled lipoprotein fractions analysed by ESI-MS/MS
Supplement VLDL LDL HDL PC 3.3 1.77 1.3 LPC 4.82 2.5.35 SM 3.1 4.6 1.92 CER 2.17 6.3 4.15 PE 3.18 1.93 2.79 PE-pl 13.18 1.9 2.32 CE 2.9.65.4 FC.36 3.5 2.54 Suppl. Table 1: CV of pooled lipoprotein fractions
More informationDigestion and transport of TAG by plasma lipoproteins
Digestion and transport of TAG by plasma lipoproteins Lipoproteins are multimolecular complexes of lipids and proteins, they are not macromolecules They transport lipids in the plasma because lipids are
More informationAfter the physician sent me all of the info below he stated: I look forward to your comments and suggestions
Case # 280 Cutting Edge High Level CV Assessment Recently I got an e-mail from a 71 year old physician who sent me a pretty exhaustive CV story (see below). It is a revealing story and basically shows
More informationCardiovascular Controversies: Exploring the ACC and AHA Guidelines on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol
Transcript Details This is a transcript of a continuing medical education (CME) activity accessible on the ReachMD network. Additional media formats for the activity and full activity details (including
More informationDisclosures. Background 1 What is Known MENOPAUSE, ESTROGENS, AND LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES. Background 2 What is Not Known 10/2/2017
Disclosures MENOPAUSE, ESTROGENS, AND LIPOPROTEIN PARTICLES Grants: NIH, Quest Diagnostics Consultant: Quest Diagnostics Merck Global Atherosclerosis Advisory Board Ronald M. Krauss, Children s Hospital
More informationBringing metabolic profiling into clinical practice. Linda Mustelin, MD, PhD, MPH Senior Medical Scientist Nightingale Health
Bringing metabolic profiling into clinical practice Linda Mustelin, MD, PhD, MPH Senior Medical Scientist Nightingale Health Nightingale Health Ltd. Finnish biotech company specialized in comprehensive
More informationFostering a "Back to Basics" Model in Type 2 Diabetes Care
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/diabetes-discourse/fostering-a-back-to-basics-model-for-type-2-
More informationLipoprotein Particle Profile
Lipoprotein Particle Profile 50% of people at risk for HEART DISEASE are not identified by routine testing. Why is LPP Testing The Most Comprehensive Risk Assessment? u Provides much more accurate cardiovascular
More informationThe inhibition of CETP: From simply raising HDL-c to promoting cholesterol efflux and lowering of atherogenic lipoproteins Prof Dr J Wouter Jukema
The inhibition of CETP: From simply raising HDL-c to promoting cholesterol efflux and lowering of atherogenic lipoproteins Prof Dr J Wouter Jukema Dept Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
More informationPCSK9 Antibodies for Dyslipidemia: Efficacy, Safety, and Non-Lipid Effects
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/lipid-luminations/pcsk9-antibodies-dyslipidemia-efficacy-safety-and-nonlipid-effects/8335/
More informationLipid metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia
Lipid metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia Khalid Al-Rasadi, BSc, MD, FRCPC Head of Biochemistry Department, SQU Head of Lipid and LDL-Apheresis Unit, SQUH President of Oman society of Lipid & Atherosclerosis
More informationCholesterol metabolism. Function Biosynthesis Transport in the organism Hypercholesterolemia
Cholesterol metabolism Function Biosynthesis Transport in the organism Hypercholesterolemia - component of all cell membranes - precursor of bile acids steroid hormones vitamin D Cholesterol Sources: dietary
More informationTreatment of Atherosclerosis in 2007
Treatment of Atherosclerosis in 2007 Szilard Voros, M.D. Medical Director Cardiovascular MR and CT Piedmont Hospital, Piedmont Hospital Our Paradigm Genotype Phenotype Environment Atherosclerotic Disease
More informationMITOCW watch?v=xms9dyhqhi0
MITOCW watch?v=xms9dyhqhi0 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality, educational resources for free.
More informationWhat Else Do You Need to Know? Presenter Disclosure Information. Case 1: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in a 53-Year-Old Man. Learning Objectives
9: 1:am Understanding Dyslipidemia Testing and Screening: Importance of Lipoprotein Particle Analysis SPEAKER Matthew Sorrentino, MD, FACC Presenter Disclosure Information The following relationships exist
More informationLipid Metabolism in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Lipid Metabolism in Familial Hypercholesterolemia Khalid Al-Rasadi, BSc, MD, FRCPC Head of Biochemistry Department, SQU Head of Lipid and LDL-Apheresis Unit, SQUH President of Oman society of Lipid & Atherosclerosis
More informationGender: M Chart No: Fasting: Yes. Boston Heart HDL Map TM Test 1 ApoA-I (mg/dl) levels in HDL particles. α Range > <14 mg/dl. α-2 50.
Pro vider: Ordering Provider 123 Main Street Anytown, ST 12345 Account No: DOB: 00/00/1950 Framingham Risk Score: Patient Info: FAMILY HIST CVD Lipid, Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein Tests Total Cholesterol
More informationLipoprotein Pathophysiology. Lipoprotein Pathophysiology
Lipoprotein Pathophysiology Genetic Dyslipidemia Thomas A. Hughes, M.D. Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes University of Tennessee Health Science Center GW is a 47
More informationLipid Profiles. Important: Read over the section on correlation coefficients in the Guidelines for Statistics and Graphs in General Education Biology.
Biology 104 Lipid Profiles Important: Read over the section on correlation coefficients in the Guidelines for Statistics and Graphs in General Education Biology. Objectives: 1. Learn about the different
More informationCentral role of apociii
University of Copenhagen & Copenhagen University Hospital Central role of apociii Anne Tybjærg-Hansen MD DMSc Copenhagen University Hospital and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen,
More informationWidespread concern about the role of SFA in heart disease: Is it justified?
Widespread concern about the role of SFA in heart disease: Is it justified? 1. What is the association of SFA intake and LDL-C? 2. Is LDL-C the best biomarker? 3. If SFA is reduced, does it matter what
More informationTriglyceride-Lowering Therapies: Addressing Gaps in the Guidelines
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/lipid-luminations/triglyceride-lowering-therapies-addressing-gaps-inguidelines/8340/
More informationLipoprotein (a) Disclosures 2/20/2013. Lipoprotein (a): Should We Measure? Should We Treat? Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc. No other disclosures
Lipoprotein (a): Should We Measure? Should We Treat? Joseph P. McConnell, Ph.D. DABCC Health Diagnostic Laboratory Inc. Baptist Health South Florida Eleventh Annual Cardiovascular Disease Prevention International
More informationTopic 11. Coronary Artery Disease
Topic 11 Coronary Artery Disease Lipid metabolism http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7372495.stm Sterol Metabolism and Coronary Artery Disease Big Picture: Exogenous Cholesterol and Fat Metabolism Fats-Triglycerides
More informationThe Addition of Ezetimibe to Statin therapy in. Patients with Homozygous Familial. Hypercholesterolaemia
The Addition of Ezetimibe to Statin therapy in Patients with Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Submitted in fulfilment with the requirements for the degree Master in Medicine (MMed) Dr Adriano
More informationHyperlipidemia. Prepared by : Muhannad Mohammed Supervisor professor : Dr. Ahmed Yahya Dallalbashi
Hyperlipidemia Prepared by : Muhannad Mohammed Supervisor professor : Dr. Ahmed Yahya Dallalbashi Outline The story of lipids Definition of hyperlipidemia Classification of hyperlipidemia Causes of hyperlipidemia
More information13/09/2012. Dietary fatty acids. Triglyceride. Phospholipids:
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) and NUTRITION Major cause of morbidity & mortality in Canada & other developed countries e.g., majority of approved health claims on food labels relate to lowering CVD Relation
More informationMITOCW watch?v=by shzyi7q
MITOCW watch?v=by shzyi7q The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To
More informationCholesterol Synthesis and Absorption Markers
The Yin and Yang of New Lipid-modifying Agents Inhibitors Are They on Life Support? PCSK9 Inhibitors Are They Potential Game Changers? Thomas Dayspring, MD, FACP, FNLA Diplomate of the American Board of
More informationMoh Tarek + Suhayb. Tamara Al-Azzeh + Asmaa Aljeelani ... Faisal
28 Moh Tarek + Suhayb Tamara Al-Azzeh + Asmaa Aljeelani... Faisal Digestion of dietary lipids Lipid digestion and absorption are complex processes. They involve soluble enzymes, substrates with different
More informationAnti Hyperlipidemic Drugs. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Anti Hyperlipidemic Drugs Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Lipoproteins Macromolecular complexes in the blood that transport lipids Apolipoproteins
More informationPodcast (Video Recorded Lecture Series): Lipoprotein Metabolism and Lipid Therapy for the USMLE Step One Exam
Podcast (Video Recorded Lecture Series): Lipoprotein Metabolism and Lipid Therapy for the USMLE Step One Exam Howard J. Sachs, MD www.12daysinmarch.com Email: Howard@12daysinmarch.com Podcast (Video Recorded
More information10/1/2008. Therapy? Disclosure Statement
What s New in Lipid Therapy? Brooke Hudspeth, PharmD Diabetes Care Kroger Pharmacy Disclosure Statement In accordance with policies set forth by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
More informationJoslin Diabetes Center Advances in Diabetes and Thyroid Disease 2013 Consensus and Controversy in Diabetic Dyslipidemia
Consensus and Controversy in Diabetes and Dyslipidemia Om P. Ganda MD Director, Lipid Clinic Joslin diabetes Center Boston, MA, USA CVD Outcomes in DM vs non- DM 102 Prospective studies; 698, 782 people,
More informationTHE CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPID DISORDERS
THE CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPID DISORDERS Hormonal regulation INSULIN lipid synthesis, lipolysis CORTISOL lipolysis GLUCAGON lipolysis GROWTH HORMONE lipolysis CATECHOLAMINES lipolysis LEPTIN catabolism
More informationFocus on FH (Familial Hypercholesterolemia) Joshua W. Knowles, MD PhD for PCNA May, 2013
Focus on FH (Familial Hypercholesterolemia) Joshua W. Knowles, MD PhD for PCNA May, 2013 Conflicts CMO for The FH Foundation Pre-talk quiz What is cascade screening? 1. screening all family members 2.
More informationProf. Peskin's DPA Scan & Advanced Lipid Analysis
Prof. Peskin's DPA Scan & Advanced Lipid Analysis Blood Chemistry: What s Important to me? Note: Enclosed are my results along with my personal opinions of these specific results. Again, they are my opinions
More informationAspirin Resistance and Its Implications in Clinical Practice
Transcript Details This is a transcript of an educational program accessible on the ReachMD network. Details about the program and additional media formats for the program are accessible by visiting: https://reachmd.com/programs/clinicians-roundtable/aspirin-resistance-and-its-implications-in-clinicalpractice/3819/
More informationQUESTIONS ANSWERED BY
Module 21 QUESTIONS ANSWERED BY GARY TAUBES 2012, 2015 Integrative Nutrition, Inc. 2 Q What, if any, of the traditional lipid profile biomarkers should be considered indicative of heart disease or inflammation?
More informationThe Role of Apolipoprotein CIII in Coronary Artery Disease. Disclosures
Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute Cardiovascular Disease Prevention 15th Annual Symposium February 16, 2017 Nobu Eden Roc Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida. The Role of Apolipoprotein CIII in Coronary Artery
More informationLipids: Translating Studies into Practice. WD04: Cortney Joneikis, MD, MS Bob Gleeson, MD Jeff Whittle, MD, MPH
Lipids: Translating Studies into Practice WD04: Cortney Joneikis, MD, MS Bob Gleeson, MD Jeff Whittle, MD, MPH Discussants: Bob Gleeson, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, General Internal Medicine Medical
More informationTest Definition: FNMR2 NMR LipoProfile w/ir Markers
Reporting Title: Performing Location: Labcorp Burlington Specimen Requirements: Submit only one of the following specimens: Serum Draw blood in a plain red-top tube(s). (Serum gel tube is not acceptable.)
More informationApproach to Dyslipidemia among diabetic patients
Approach to Dyslipidemia among diabetic patients Farzad Hadaegh, MD, Professor of Internal Medicine & Endocrinology Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
More informationBy: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1
Biological lipids are a chemically diverse group of compounds, the common and defining feature of which is their insolubility in water. By: Dr Hadi Mozafari 1 Fats and oils are the principal stored forms
More informationLipid Metabolism Prof. Dr. rer physiol. Dr.h.c. Ulrike Beisiegel
Lipid Metabolism Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Medical Center Hamburg-ppendorf 1 Lipids. visceral fat. nutritional lipids 0 1.5 3 4.5 9 h. serum lipids. lipid accumulation in the
More informationHBA1C: PREDICTOR OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND ATHEROGENICITY IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Original Article HBA1C: PREDICTOR OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND ATHEROGENICITY IN DIABETES MELLITUS Chintamani Bodhe*, Deepali Jankar**, Tara Bhutada***, Milind Patwardhan****, Mrs Varsha Patwardhan***** ABSTRACT
More informationProf. John Chapman, MD, PhD, DSc
Prof. John Chapman, MD, PhD, DSc Director of the Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Unit of the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) at the Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital in Paris
More informationKEY COMPONENTS. Metabolic Risk Cardiovascular Risk Vascular Inflammation Markers
CardioMetabolic Risk Poor blood sugar regulation and unhealthy triglyceride and lipoprotein levels often present long before the diagnosis of type 2 Diabetes. SpectraCell s CardioMetabolic and Pre-Diabetes
More informationAccelerated atherosclerosis begins years prior to the diagnosis of diabetes
Joslin Diabetes Forum 211: Optimizing Care for the Practicing Clinician Risk for atherosclerosis is 2 4 times greater in patients with diabetes CVD accounts for 65% of diabetic mortality >5% of patients
More informationLipoprotein Formation, Structure and Metabolism: Cholesterol Balance and the Regulation of Plasma Lipid Levels
Lipoprotein Formation, Structure and Metabolism: Balance and the Regulation of Plasma Lipid Levels David E. Cohen, MD, PhD Director of Hepatology, Gastroenterology Division, Brigham and Women s Hospital
More informationClinical Trials: Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Tuesday, May 17th, Part II
Clinical Trials: Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Tuesday, May 17th, 2016 Part II Presented by Yair Lotan, MD is holder of the Helen J. and Robert S. Strauss Professorship in Urology and Chief of Urologic
More information