Raising Healthy Kids: Colostrum Management and Prevention of Failure of Passive Transfer

Transcription

1 11/11/14! Raisig Healthy Kids: Colostrum Maagemet ad Prevetio of Failure of Passive Trasfer Cassi Plummer, DVM Iowa State Uiversity College of Veteriary Medicie Itroductio Colostrum Maagemet Failure of Passive Trasfer (FPT) Treatmet of FPT Milk Replacers Weaig maagemet What is Colostrum? Defied as 1st milkig after parturitio Higher i solids, fats, proteis, vitamis, ad immuoglobulis Lower i lactulose Also Cotais: Cytokies Nospecific immuologic substaces Nutritioal Elemets Growth Factors Amout of solids ad protei rapidly declies after day 1 Reaches ormal milk cocetratio by day 4 1!

2 Why do eoates eed colostrum? Agammaglobuliemic to hypogammaglobuliemic at birth No trasfer of Atibodies i utero Igestio of colostral atibodies establishes passive immuity 30d util iate immuity fully fuctioal Colostrum Maagemet Maagemet Systems Disease Biosecurity Johe s Disease BVDV Colostrum Quality Large variatio o colostral IgG cocetratio Varies from 15 g/l-176g/l i dairy cattle Llama 292 samples average 16,315 mg/dl (163 g/ L) with rage of ,000 md/dl ( g/l) usig Triple J RID Bravo g/l average High quality cow colostrum: >50 g/l Triple J claims aimals with less tha 7000 mg/dl had routie FPT i crias Not all high IgG colostrum had adequate due to low volume Colostrum Quality Specific Gravity Hydrometer Refractometer - Brix ot validated i camelids to my kowledge 1 st milkig weight 2!

3 Specific Gravity Associated with total protei ad immuoglobuli cocetratio >1.050 correlates to IgG coc. >50g/L i cattle Sesitivity out of 3 low-quality samples classified as acceptable Low- ad high-immuoglobuli cocetratio colostrum samples have SG that overlap Not assessed i camelids - o data to support use 1 st Milkig Weights Data oly available for cattle <8.5kg (18 lbs) correlated to sigificatly higher colostral IgG cocetratio Discard samples weighig >8.5kg sigificatly icreases percetage of high-immuoglobuli colostrum samples Isure adequate passive trasfer i most calves fed 3L of colostrum i timely maer Higher weights correlate to lower IgG cocetratio due to dilutio Selectig Colostrum Doors Factors affectig colostral quality Parity Time of collectio Poolig Health Status Breed Parity Research: lack of statistical differece i colostral IgG cocetratio betwee 1 st ad 2 d fresheers Commo Recommedatio: discard all 1 st lactatio colostrum May be higher cocetratio i 3 rd or greater lactatio cows 3!

4 Timig of colostrum collectio Milk dam withi 1-2hrs after birth Delayig colostrum collectio for 6 hours causes sigificat decrease i colostral IgG cocetratio Health Status Several diseases ca be trasmitted through colostrum Johe s disease Salmoella spp. Mycoplasma Listeria moocytogees Escherichia coli Kow the health status of colostrum doors to miimize risk of disease trasmissio Breed Differeces Research has show breed differeces i dairy cattle Ayshire ad Jersey> Holsteis Dairy vs Beef cattle Dairy cattle < Beef cattle Dairy cattle have larger volumes ad lower cocetratios the beef cattle Poolig Logic: Miimize ifluece of low quality colostrum Cows with larger volumes ted to have lower cocetratios 4!

5 11/11/14! Example Cow A: 15kg colostrum w/20 g/l IgG Cow B: 5kg colostrum w/40 g/l IgG Pooled Colostrum= (20 g/l*15 kg) + (40 g/l*5 kg) 20 kg =25g/L IgG (ot 30g/L) Poolig Colostrum Low immuoglobuli, high volume colostrum is overrepreseted Icreases risk of disease trasmissio Multiple dams represeted i sigle sample Keep each milkig of colostrum separate Poolig colostrum should be strogly discouraged Colostrum Storage Refrigerate <24 hrs Freeze up to 1 year Double bag i freezer bags Label accordigly Thawig Colostrum DO NOT MICROWAVE Microwave or hot water destroys IgG i colostrum Thaw i warm water bath Aimal Milkig umber Date Disease Status 5!

6 Prevetio of Disease Trasmissio Selectio of appropriate colostrum doors Use low risk colostrum o best aimals Disease Prevetio Heat treatmet of colostrum 56 C for 1 hr Heat Treatmet Heat i double boiler to temperature ad the hold at temp for 1 hr Place i pre-heated thermos Warm water bath Importat to check temperature at removal Heat Treatmet Importat to maitai correct temperature Icrease temp 3-4 degrees sigificatly icreases IgG loss Must maitai temp for full time period Always check temperature at ed of 60 miutes Colostrum Selectio Best quality colostrum for most valuable aimals Door: parity, milkig umber, disease status, vacciatios Other factors: leakage prior to parturitio 6!

7 11/11/14! Colostrum Admiistratio Timig of igestio Method of admiistratio Volume admiistered Presece of Dam Metabolic Disturbaces Timig of Admiistratio First hours Closure: cessatio of macromolecule absorptio IgG absorptio: Method of Admiistratio Nipple bottle> esophageal feeder Act of sucklig closes esophageal groove Less developed i camelids Optimum: <4-6 hrs postpartum Rapidly declies after 6-12 hrs postpartum Volume Admiistered Depeds o quality of colostrum Estimated that for a 10 kg cria we eed 20 grams of IgG to achieve our goal of 1000 mg/dl Thus if the average colostrum was 220 g/l we would eed approximately 100 ml of colostrum to achieve our goal Assumes good admiistratio, good absorptio, o loss of atibodies durig thawig etc I would use this as a miimum volume ad prefer 10-20% of BW i first 24 hours (1-2 Liters) 7!

8 Volume Admiistered Calculatig volume by Body Weight 1) Determie weight i kg (1 kg = 2.2 lbs) Average Alpaca cria aroud 7 kg Average Llama cria aroud 9 kg 2) Multiply weight (i kg) x desired percet Example 9 kg BW x 0.1 = 0.9 This meas that 10% of a 9 kg cria is 0.9 kg 1 kg is approximately 1 L 3) 0.9 kg = 0.9 L = 900 ml to admiister 10% of BW Presece of Dam Icreased IgG cocetratio i calves left with dam compared to calves separated from dams at birth But, risk of FPT much higher i aturally suckled calves that motherig effect does ot provide eough beefit to advocate leavig with dam Not studied i camelids to my kowledge Metabolic Disturbaces Calves with metabolic disturbaces have delayed closure Calves have the ability to absorb IgG but icreased rate of FPT because less likely to get up ad urse i a timely fashio Does the cria get up ad urse appropriately etc Recommed that cria stadig i mi Nursig at most 2-4 hours, prefer miutes What if you have o camelid colostrum? I absece of camelid colostrum cow or goat colostrum ca be used Admiister at same volume Realize the biosecurity risk Cosider heat treatmet of colostrum ad pasteurizatio of milk Realize that atibody are ot camelid - hece better tha othig but ot the real thig Likely better tha colostrum replacers 8!

9 Colostrum Substitutes If all else fails, cosider colostrum substitutes Will ot provide additioal beefit if good quality colostrum is available i a reasoable period of time You get what you pay for! I geeral the more expesive the replacer the better quality it is. Failure of Passive Trasfer Secodary immuodeficiecy disorder that icreases risk of illess ad death Defied as plasma Ig level <800 mg/dl or <1000 mg/dl Icidece (lambs): % depedig o study I study with 9% FPT rate (Peru) Overall mortality was 12% Mortality i FPT crias was 78% Diagosis of FPT Radial Immuodiffusio Test Serum Total Solid Cocetratio Sodium Sulfite Turbidity Test Zic Sulfate Turbidity Test ELISA GGT Activity Radial Immuodiffusio Test Traditioal Gold Stadard for IgG determiatio Research published i Ja 2013 suggest that this may be chagig - Immuoturbidimetric ew gold stadard Dowsides Must be mailed to referece laboratory Results are ot available for at least oe day 9!

10 Radial Immuodiffusio Test Oe commercially available - Triple J Farms J. Vet. Med. B 48, 561±568 (2001)" Radial Immuodiffusio Test Traditioal Gold Stadard Widely used i idustry Allows for quatitative results Higher variability i test results betwee days ad techicias Legth of icuabtio importat Difficult to measure accurately A differece of 0.5 mm measuremet equates to 2-12 g/l differece at low ad high IgG Missed 10% of FPT cases at <1000 mg/dl Pi et al 2013 Serum Total Solid Cocetratio Measure with a refractometer Camelid Data (Weaver et al 2000) <4.5 g of total solids/dl provided defiitive evidece of FPT Readigs > 5.5 g/dl provided defiitive evidece of passive trasfer Betwee more difficult to iterpret Serum Total Protei Cocetratio Requires laboratory testig Camelid Data (Weaver et al 2000) 5.0 g/dl cutpoit 0.71 sesitivity ad 0.8 specificity 10!

11 Sodium Sulfide Turbidity Test Traditioal 3-step semiquatitative test Uses 14%, 16%, ad 18% sodium sulfite test solutio Selective precipitatio of high mol. Wt. proteis resultig i turbidity Weaver et al foud this to be iadequate for routie use - Do ot use this test Sodium Sulfide Turbidity Test Commercially available SST for llamas Llama-S test from VMRD The published cutpoits likely ot appropriate Weaver et al foud A edpoit of 300 mg/dl (this is differet from the listed suggested by kit) Correctly idetified 89% of the crias with adequate passive trasfer All crias with FPT idetified Zic Sulfate Turbidity Test Major Limitatios: Iappropriately high edpoit Effect of hemolysis: icreases estimated IgG coc Solutio ot stable whe exposed to atmospherical CO2: yields high # false egatives Immuoturbidimetric Two commercially available kits Midlads Bioproducts - automated chemistry uits Rapid Test - Value diagostics 11!

12 Immuoturbidimetric Compariso of the two kits ad RID Pi et al 2013 With stadards supplied RID missed 10% of FPT Midlads missed 17% of FPT However, whe you use the stadard from the Rapid Test i the RID ad Midlads results better tha Rapid Test Corell ow usig Midlads with stadard from Value Test GGT Activity Cofirms igestio of colostrum Not predictive of FPT status Treatmet of FPT Colostrum admiistratio if before 24 hours Plasma admiistratio (after 24 hrs) Oral colostrum admiistratio after closure oly provided local GI protectio Maitai i clea eviromet Treatmet decisios based o age, value, eviromet Plasma Trasfusio ml/kg IV or IP IV if hospitalized Jugular vei Plasma admiistratio set IP admiistratio 14-16ga 1.5 eedle left paralumbar fossa Clip ad surgical prep 12!

13 Milk Replacemet Ca use goat or cow milk if ecessary Llama milk compositio: 4.2% fat, 5.8% protei, 6.3% lactose, 0.7% ash, 84.8% water with a eergy cotet of 326kJ/100g. " Alpaca milk compositio: 3.2% fat, 5.8% protei, 5.1% lactose, 1.6% ash, 83.7% water ad eergy was 299kJ/100g. Higher protei i camelid ad higher lactose Milk Replacemet May people use cow or goat milk fed at 10-15% of BW Do ot overfeed Use of pasteurized product will decrease biosecurity risk Milk replacers may be used May use stadard cow or goat Some mix milk replacer with colostrum replacer to icrease protei Milk Replacemet If usig milk replacers Be sure to measure by weight ot volume - these compress easily Be cosistet i mixig well usig a whisk ad feed at a cosistet temperature Follow temperature for mixig o bag Feed at slightly above body temperature Pay attetio to cleaig ad disifectig mixig equipmet etc Milk Replacemet Cow milk replacers that are 20/20 are likely ot as good as ewer cow MR that are 25-27% protei Kid ad lamb replacers a better choice with 25/30 Feed every 2 hours to start with Cosume 14% BW/day first moth Drop to 7% ad 4% respectively i 2d ad 4th moth 13!

14 Weight Gai Creep Feed Highly digestable creep feed Crias may loose 0.25 kg the first day Should gai kg per day thereafter At least 20% protei Digestible protei source - milk protei, soybea or alfalfa meal Processed carbohydrate - rolled Most commercially available starter ratios for other species Weaig Crias should ot be weaed util they are eatig at least 1 lbs of creep per day Questios? Geerally 4-6 moths of age 14!