NCBA Ground Beef Diet/Health Study
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1 NCBA Ground Beef Diet/Health Study Stephen B. Smith Department of Animal Science Rosemary L. Walzem Department of Poultry Science Texas A&M University
2 Assumptions: Corn-fed beef is healthier than pasture-fed beef Feeding corn to cattle produces the highest quality carcasses. Feeding corn to cattle increases the healthfulness of beef. Pasture-fed cattle cannot achieve the same carcass quality as corn-fed cattle. Pasture-fed cattle do not produce beef as healthy as corn-fed cattle.
3 Fats in Pasture-Fed Beef A 100-g serving of pasture-fed ground beef (10%) fat provides: 65 mg more omega-3 fatty acids (as 18:3n-3) than corn-fed ground beef (RDI = 1.6 g). 2 g more saturated fat than corn-fed ground beef. 2 g less oleic acid than corn-fed ground beef.
4 Our focus has been to increase oleic acid in beef. Beef palatability is positively correlated with the amount of oleic acid in beef. Asian markets prefer beef that contains elevated oleic acid. Oleic acid has positive health benefits: Increases HDL cholesterol. Decreases LDL cholesterol. Depresses symptoms associated with type II diabetes.
5 Dietary Fatty Acids and Cholesterol Oleic acid decreases LDL, increases HDL cholesterol. This appears to be the most consistent effect of high-oleic acid beef. Metabolism Kris-Etherton and Yu, 1997
6 Feeding Modified Ground Beef to Free-Living Men Mildly hypercholesterolemic men (n = 10) were fed high- SFA ground beef (ratio = 0.95) for 5 wk. Afterwards, the men were fed high-mufa ground beef (ratio = 1.31) for 5 wk. The high-mufa ground beef increased HDL cholesterol.
7 LDL-Cholesterol Both test ground beef transiently increased LDL cholesterol. There was no significant overall effect on LDL cholesterol. High-SFA High-MUFA
8 The LDL:HDL Ratio Net effects: The high- SFA ground beef increased the LDL:HDL ratio. The high-mufa ground beef depressed the LDL:HDL ratio. High-SFA High-MUFA
9 LDL Particle Diameters The high-sfa ground beef strongly depressed LDL particle diameters. This was reversed by the high-mufa ground beef.
10 Cholesterol Concentrations and Apparent Hepatic SCD1 Activity HDL concentrations decreased as the plasma 16:1/18:0 ratio increased. VLDL (and triglyceride) concentrations increased as the 16:1/18:0 ratio increased. A high plasma 16:1/18:0 ratio = elevated hepatic stearoyl-coa desaturase (SCD1) activity.
11 Conclusions from previous research: High SFA ground beef decreases HDL cholesterol and LDL particle diameters and increases triglycerides. High-MUFA ground beef increases HDL cholesterol and decreases triglycerides. These effects are caused by alterations in hepatic SCD1 activity.
12 NCBA Ground Beef Study Men (n = 27) were rotated through three test ground beefs. The men consumed five, 114-g patties per week for 5 wk over three phases.
13 grams/100 grams fatty acids As the MUFA:SFA ratio of the ground beef increased, the concentration of SFA and trans-fatty acids decreased C16:0 C18:0 C18:1t11 C18: Low MUFA Mid MUFA High MUFA MUFA:SFA
14 Main ffects of Test Ground Beefs Increased LDL diameter, P = Only the Mid and High MUFA ground beefs increased LDL diameter. Decreased HDL diameter, P = This effect was independent of fatty acid composition.
15 More Main Effects Slight decrease in glucose, P = Decreased triglycerides, P = Especially in high-mufa ground beef. Decreased insulin, P = There was a linear effect with increasing MUFA.
16 HDL and LDL Cholesterol HDL cholesterol increased linearly with oleic acid in the ground beef. There was no effect of the test ground beefs on LDL cholesterol.
17 Ground Beef MUFA and the Plasma 16:1/18:0 Ratio Although High MUFA ground beef contains more 16:1, it reduced the plasma 16:1/18:0 ratio. This indicates a depression in hepatic SCD1 activity.
18 Triglycerides and the Plasma 16:1/18:0 Ratio Plasma triglycerides are highly correlated with the plasma 16:1/18:0 ratio. Thus, any dietary factor that decreases the plasma 16:1/18:0 ratio (i.e., hepatic SCD1) is beneficial.
19 HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides There was a significant, negative correlation between HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. This suggests that both were controlled by hepatic SCD1 activity.
20 LDL Diameters and HDL Cholesterol An elevation in HDL cholesterol is associated with increased LDL diameters. Both are positive effects and appear to be controlled by the same mechanism.
21 LDL Particle Diameters and Apparent Hepatic SCD1 Activity LDL particle diameters decreased as the plasma 16:1/18:0 ratio increased. Thus, hepatic SCD1 activity in part controls LDL diameter. Increased SCD1 activity increased LDL half-life smaller diameters.
22 A new way to promote beef: E.V.O.O. Extra virgin olive oil E.V.O.B. Extra virgin oleic beef (from steers )
23 How was high-oleic acid beef produced? High SFA Low MUFA High MUFA Hay-fed for 12 mo Corn-fed for 8 mo Corn-fed for 12 mo
24 Body weight, kg Production and Oleic Acid 550 4th Sample Age has a strong effect on oleic acid in beef. Calf-and yearling feeding may produce different amounts of oleic acid in beef st Sample 250 Calf-fed 3rd Sample Yearling-fed 2nd Sample Age, mo
25 Carcass fatness and the MUFA:SFA ratio increase in parallel.
26 A fourth method to modify the fatty acid composition: Fat depots within a carcass differ vastly in their fatty acid compositions. Fat trim can be selected for its functionality.
27 Marbling scores and the marbling MUFA:SFA ratio also increase in parallel.
28 SCD gene expression is depressed by pasture feeding. subcutaneous intramuscular
29 Conclusions: Modifying the fatty acid composition of beef has a measurable effect on cholesterol metabolism in human subjects. Modifying the fatty acid composition of beef can be done practically.
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