Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds
|
|
- Marcus George
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds 3 rd stage/ 1 st course Lecture 3 Shokhan J. Hamid
2 2 Metabolism plays a central role in the elimination of drugs and other foreign compounds from the body.
3 3 If lipophilic drugs, or xenobiotics, were not metabolized to polar, readily excretable water-soluble products, they would remain indefinitely in the body, eliciting their biological effects. Thus, the formation of water-soluble metabolites not only enhances drug elimination, but also leads to compounds that are generally pharmacologically inactive and relatively nontoxic. drug metabolism reactions have traditionally been regarded as detoxification processes!!!
4 4 General Pathways of Drug Metabolism Drug metabolism reactions have been divided into two categories: phase I, functionalization and phase II, conjugation reactions.
5 5
6 6 Phase I, include oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic biotransformations. The purpose of these reactions is to introduce a polar functional group(s) e.g., OH, COOH, NH2, SH into the xenobiotic molecule to produce a more water-soluble compound. This can be achieved by direct introduction of the functional group e.g., aromatic and aliphatic hydroxylation or by modifying or un masking existing functionalities e.g., reduction of ketones and aldehydes to alcohols; oxidation of alcohols to acids and etc.. Although phase I reactions may not produce sufficiently hydrophilic or inactive metabolites, they generally tend to provide a functional group on the molecule that can undergo subsequent phase II reactions.
7 7 The purpose of phase II reactions is to attach small, polar, and ionizable endogenous compounds such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, glycine, and other amino acids to the functional groups of phase I metabolites or parent compounds that already have suitable existing functional groups to form water-soluble conjugated products. Conjugated metabolites are readily excreted in the urine and are generally devoid of pharmacological activity and toxicity in humans.
8 8 Other phase II pathways, such as methylation and acetylation, terminate or attenuate biological activity, whereas glutathione (GSH) conjugation protects the body against chemically reactive compounds or metabolites. Thus, phase I and phase II reactions complement one another in detoxifying, and facilitating the elimination of, drugs and xenobiotics.
9 9 Example: The principal psychoactive constituent of marijuana, Δ1- tetrahydrocannabinol. This lipophilic molecule undergoes allylic hydroxylation to give 7- hydroxy-δ1-thc in humans which is more polar than its parent compound. The 7-hydroxy metabolite is further oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid derivative. Subsequent conjugation of this metabolite (either at the COOH or phenolic OH) with glucuronic acid leads to water soluble products that are readily eliminated in the urine.
10 10
11 11 In the series of biotransformations, the parent Δ1-THC molecule is made increasingly polar, ionizable, and hydrophilic. The attachment of the glucuronyl moiety (with its ionized carboxylate group and three polar hydroxyl groups to the Δ1-THC metabolites notably favors partitioning of the conjugated metabolites into an aqueous medium. This is an important point in using urinalysis to identify illegal drugs.
12 12 Sites of Drug Biotransformation Although biotransformation reactions may occur in many tissues, the liver is, by far, the most important organ in drug metabolism. Because it is: well-perfused organ. particularly rich in almost all of the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Another important site, especially for orally administered drugs, is the intestinal mucosa, which contains the CYP3A4 isozyme and P-glycoprotein that can capture the drug and secrete it back into the intestinal tract.
13 13 Orally administered drugs that are absorbed into the bloodstream through the GI tract must pass through the liver before being further distributed into body compartments. Therefore, they are susceptible to hepatic metabolism known as the first-pass effect before reaching the systemic circulation. Depending on the drug, this metabolism can sometimes be quite significant and results in decreased oral bioavailability. For example, in humans, several drugs are metabolized extensively by the first-pass effect, the following list includes some of those drugs: Isoproterenol, Morphine, Propoxyphene, Lidocaine, Nitroglycerin, Propranolol, Meperidine, Pentazocine and Salicylamide. Lidocaine, is removed so effectively by first-pass metabolism that they are ineffective when given orally and Nitroglycerin is administered buccally to bypass the liver.
14 14
15 15 Because most drugs are administered orally, the intestine appears to play an important role in the extra hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics. Esterases and lipases present in the intestine may be particularly important in carrying out hydrolysis of many ester prodrugs. Bacterial flora present in the intestine appear to play an important role in the reduction of many aromatic azo and nitro drugs (e.g., sulfasalazine). Intestinal β-glucuronidase enzymes can hydrolyze glucuronide conjugates excreted in the bile, thereby liberating the free drug or its metabolite for possible reabsorption (enterohepatic circulation or recycling).
16 16 Role of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases in Oxidative Biotransformations Of the various phase I reactions, oxidative biotransformation processes are, by far, the most common and important in drug metabolism. The oxidation of many xenobiotics (R-H) to their corresponding oxidized metabolites (R-OH) is given by the following equation: RH + NADPH + O2 + H+ ROH + NADP+ + H2O The enzyme systems carrying out this biotransformation are referred to as mixed-function oxidases or monooxygenases. The reaction requires both molecular oxygen and the reducing agent NADPH (nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate). During this oxidative process, one atom of molecular oxygen (O2) is introduced into the substrate R-H to form R-OH and the other oxygen atom is incorporated into water
17 17 The mixed-function oxidase system is actually made up of several components, the most important being the superfamily of CYP enzymes which are responsible for transferring an oxygen atom to the substrate R-H. The CYP enzymes are heme proteins, the heme portion is an ironcontaining porphyrin called protoporphyrin IX, and the protein portion is called the apoprotein. CYP is found in high concentrations in the liver, the major organ involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The presence of this enzyme in many other tissues (e.g., lung, kidney, intestine, skin, placenta, adrenal cortex) shows that these tissues have drug-oxidizing capability too.
18 18 The name cytochrome P450 is derived from the fact that the reduced (Fe +2) form of this enzyme binds with carbon monoxide to form a complex that has a distinguishing spectroscopic absorption maximum at 450 nm. One important feature of the hepatic CYP mixed function oxidase system is its ability to metabolize an almost unlimited number of diverse substrates by various oxidative transformations. The CYP monooxygenases are located in the endoplasmic reticulum, a highly organized and complex network of intracellular membranes that is particularly abundant in tissues such as the liver.
19 19
20 A. OXIDATIVE REACTIONS
21 21 1. Oxidation of Aromatic Moieties: Aromatic hydroxylation refers to the mixed-function oxidation of aromatic compounds arenes to their corresponding phenolic metabolites arenols. Almost all aromatic hydroxylation reactions are believed to proceed initially through an epoxide intermediate called an arene oxide, which rearranges rapidly and spontaneously to the arenol product in most instances.
22 22 Arene oxide intermediates are formed when a double bond in aromatic moieties is epoxidized. Arene oxides are of significant toxicologic concern because these intermediates are electrophilic and chemically reactive. Arene oxides are mainly detoxified by spontaneous rearrangement to arenols, but enzymatic hydration to trans-dihydrodiols by epoxide hydrase enzyme and enzymatic conjugation with GSH by GSH S-transferase also play very important roles. If not effectively detoxified by these three pathways, arene oxides will bind covalently with nucleophilic groups present on proteins, DNA, and RNA, thereby leading to serious cellular damage.
23 23
24 24 In humans, aromatic hydroxylation is a major route of metabolism for many drugs containing phenyl groups. Important therapeutic agents such as propranolol, phenobarbital, phenytoin, phenylbutazone,atorvastatin, 17-ethinylestradiol, and (S)(-)-warfarin, undergo extensive aromatic oxidation. In most of the drugs just mentioned, hydroxylation occurs at the para position. Most phenolic metabolites formed from aromatic oxidation undergo further conversion to polar and water soluble glucuronide or sulfate conjugates, which are readily excreted in the urine.
25 25
26 The para-hydroxylated metabolite of phenylbutazone, is pharmacologically active and has been marketed itself as an anti-inflammatory agent. 26
27 27 The two enantiomeric forms of the oral anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin), only the more active S(-) enantiomer has been shown to undergo substantial aromatic hydroxylation to 7- hydroxywarfarin in humans. In contrast, the (R)(+) enantiomer is metabolized by keto reduction.
28 28 The substituents attached to the aromatic ring may influence the ease of hydroxylation. Aromatic hydroxylation reactions appear to proceed most readily in activated (electron-rich) rings, whereas deactivated aromatic rings (e.g., those containing electron-withdrawing groups Cl, -NR3, COOH, and etc.. are generally slow or resistant to hydroxylation. The deactivating groups present in the antihypertensive clonidine may explain why this drug undergoes little aromatic hydroxylation in humans.
29 The uricosuric agent probenecid, with its electronwithdrawing carboxy and sulfamido groups, has not been reported to undergo any aromatic hydroxylation. 29
30 30 In compounds with two aromatic rings, hydroxylation occurs preferentially in the more electron-rich ring. For example, aromatic hydroxylation of diazepam (Valium) occurs primarily in the more activated ring to yield 4-hydroxydiazepam. A similar situation is seen in the 7-hydroxylation of the antipsychotic agent chlorpromazine and in the para-hydroxylation of p-chlorobiphenyl to p-chloro-p-hydroxybiphenyl.
31 31 Recent environmental pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), have attracted considerable public concern over their toxicity and health hazards. These compounds appear to be resistant to aromatic oxidation because of the numerous electronegative chlorine atoms in their aromatic rings. The metabolic stability coupled to the lipophilicity of these environmental contaminants probably explains their long persistence in the body once absorbed
32 End 32
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds 3 rd stage/ 1 st course Lecture 7 Shokhan J. Hamid 1 Phase II or Conjugation Reactions Phase I or functionalization reactions do not always produce
More informationMetabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds. Oxidative Reactions. Shokhan J. Hamid. 3 rd stage/ 1 st course Lecture 6
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds Oxidative Reactions 3 rd stage/ 1 st course Lecture 6 Shokhan J. Hamid B. OXIDATION INVOLVING CARBON OXYGEN SYSTEMS: Oxidative O-dealkylation of
More informationChapter 4. Drug Biotransformation
Chapter 4 Drug Biotransformation Drug Biotransformation 1 Why is drug biotransformation necessary 2 The role of biotransformation in drug disposition 3 Where do drug biotransformation occur 4 The enzymes
More informationB. Incorrect! Compounds are made more polar, to increase their excretion.
Pharmacology - Problem Drill 04: Biotransformation Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 1. What is biotransformation?
More informationToxicant Disposition and Metabolism. Jan Chambers Center for Environmental Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine
Toxicant Disposition and Metabolism Jan Chambers Center for Environmental Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine chambers@cvm.msstate.edu Definitions Disposition Absorption passage across membrane.
More informationMODULE No.26: Drug Metabolism
SUBJECT Paper No. and Title Module No. and Title Module Tag PAPER No. 9: Drugs of Abuse MODULE No. 26: Drug Metabolism FSC_P9_M26 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. Sites of Drug
More informationDrug Metabolism Phase 2 conjugation reactions. Medicinal chemistry 3 rd stage
Drug Metabolism Phase 2 conjugation reactions Medicinal chemistry 3 rd stage 1 Phase II or Conjugation reactions 1. Glucuronic acid conjugation 2. Sulfate conjugation 3. Glycine and Glutamine conjugation
More informationMechanism of Detoxification
Mechanism of Detoxification Prof.Dr. Hedef Dhafir El-Yassin 1 Objectives: 1. To list the detoxification pathways 2. To describe detoxification pathways and phases in the liver, 2 3 4 o Xenobiotics are
More informationPolar bodies are either introduced or unmasked, which results in more polar metabolites Phase I reactions can lead either to activation or
Polar bodies are either introduced or unmasked, which results in more polar metabolites Phase I reactions can lead either to activation or inactivation of the drug (i.e. therapeutic effects or toxicity)
More informationIt the process by which a drug reversibly leaves blood and enter interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/ or cells of tissues.
It the process by which a drug reversibly leaves blood and enter interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/ or cells of tissues. Primarily depends on: 1.Regional blood flow. 2.Capillary permeability. 3.Protein
More informationMETABOLISM. Ali Alhoshani, B.Pharm, Ph.D. Office: 2B 84
METABOLISM Ali Alhoshani, B.Pharm, Ph.D. ahoshani@ksu.edu.sa Office: 2B 84 Metabolism By the end of this lecture, you should: Recognize the importance of biotransformation Know the different sites for
More informationMetabolism. Objectives. Metabolism. 26 July Chapter 28 1
Metabolism bjectives Describe various processes by which drugs are metabolized Describe induction and inhibition of metabolism Use the venous equilibration model to describe hepatic clearance and the effect
More informationChapter 9. Biotransformation
Chapter 9 Biotransformation Biotransformation The term biotransformation is the sum of all chemical processes of the body that modify endogenous or exogenous chemicals. Focus areas of toxicokinetics: Biotransformation
More informationDEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
METABOLISME dr. Yunita Sari Pane DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Pharmacokinetic absorption distribution BIOTRANSFORMATION elimination Intravenous Administration Oral
More informationPharmacokinetics Metabolism
Pharmacokinetics Metabolism Learning object Know the processes involved in ADME of drugs Know how these processes may affect the action of xenobiotics Appreciate how these processes can affect the outcome
More informationIndustrial Toxicology
Industrial Toxicology Learning Objectives Know the assumptions of the doseresponse and time-course curves Be able to define and label key points of a curve Know the difference between potency and efficacy
More informationPharmacokinetics of Drugs. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Absorption Is the transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream.
More informationHelping the liver to detoxify mycotoxins
Helping the liver to detoxify mycotoxins Mycotoxin strategies have so far focused on binding compounds or detoxifying the compounds by feed additives. Animals however, can also detoxify mycotoxins themselves
More informationBiologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN
Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN Chemically, oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. Thus, oxidation is always accompanied by reduction of an electron
More informationINTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETICS 1 http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/biol540/4pipeline2css.html 2 PHARMACOKINETICS 1. ABSORPTION 2. DISTRIBUTION 3. METABOLISM 4. EXCRETION ALL THESE PROCESSES ARE
More informationBIOMARKERS AND TOXICITY MECHANISMS 07 Mechanisms Metabolism & Detoxification. Luděk Bláha, PřF MU, RECETOX
BIOMARKERS AND TOXICITY MECHANISMS 07 Mechanisms Metabolism & Detoxification Luděk Bláha, PřF MU, RECETOX www.recetox.cz Metabolism and detoxification Chemicals enter body... mostly via food Pass directly
More informationCHEMICAL BASIS OF DRUG ACTION
CEMICAL BASIS F DRUG ACTI Medical Chemistry is a synthetic discipline that combines all the chemical knowledge needed to understand the mechanism of action of drugs. Medical Chemistry prepares a specialist
More informationBasic Concepts in Pharmacokinetics. Leon Aarons Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester
Basic Concepts in Pharmacokinetics Leon Aarons Manchester Pharmacy School University of Manchester Objectives 1. Define pharmacokinetics 2. Describe absorption 3. Describe distribution 4. Describe elimination
More informationIntroduction to. Pharmacokinetics. University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D
Introduction to 1 Pharmacokinetics University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D 2 Learning objectives Understand compartment models and how they effects
More informationChimica Farmaceutica. Pharmacokinetics and related topics
Chimica Farmaceutica Pharmacokinetics and related topics Drug Metabolism When drugs enter the body, they are subject to attack from a range of metabolic enzymes. The role of these enzymes is to degrade
More informationDRUG ELIMINATION II BILIARY EXCRETION MAMMARY, SALIVARY AND PULMONARY EXCRETION
DRUG ELIMINATION II BILIARY EXCRETION MAMMARY, SALIVARY AND PULMONARY EXCRETION ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND EXTRAHEPATIC DRUG METABOLISM The decline in plasma concentration after drug administration
More informationLecture 8: Phase 1 Metabolism
Lecture 8: Phase 1 Metabolism The purpose of metabolism is to detoxify a drug, eliminate a drug or activate a drug. In metabolism there are two phases, Phase I and Phase II. Phase I is the introduction
More informationDrug metabolism (Phase-I)
Drug metabolism (Phase-I) د. محمد نورالدين محمود 2 nd edition 2017 Several slides where adopted from Dr. Pran Kishore Deb lectures Brief introduction The body treats drugs as foreign substances and has
More informationPharmacokinetics. Karim Rafaat
Pharmacokinetics Karim Rafaat Pharmacokinetics The therapeutic effect of a drug is determined by the concentration of drug at the receptor site of action. Even though the concentration of drug that reaches
More informationMetabolism of xenobiotics FM CHE 5-6
Metabolism of xenobiotics FM 3.5-10 CHE 5-6 Metabolism of xenobiotics Also called:! Biotransformation, or detoxification Primary metabolism secondary metabolism Goal: To make use of a compound or to facilitate
More informationThe ADME properties of most drugs strongly depends on the ability of the drug to pass through membranes via simple diffusion.
1 MEDCHEM 562 Kent Kunze Lecture 1 Physicochemical Properties and Drug Disposition The ADME properties of most drugs strongly depends on the ability of the drug to pass through membranes via simple diffusion.
More informationPorphyrins: Chemistry and Biology
Porphyrins: Chemistry and Biology 20.109 Lecture 6 24 February, 2011 Goals Explore some essential roles of heme in biology Appreciate how ature has used the same cofactor to achieve diverse functions Gain
More informationControlling ADME through Chemical Design. Marty Mulvihill Chris Vulpe
Controlling ADME through Chemical Design Marty Mulvihill Chris Vulpe ADME Chemical Processes in ADME Wang and Skolnik, Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2009, 1887. Controlling toxicity through ADME Toward molecular
More informationMEDCHEM 562. First Midterm (KEY) October 15, 2012
ame MEDCEM 562 irst Midterm (KEY) ctober 15, 2012 Instructions: Exam packet totals 5 pages. If you need additional space go to the back of that page and tell me you did so. Write legibly and in complete
More informationMEDCHEM 570. First Midterm. January 30, 2015
Name MEDCHEM 570 First Midterm January 30, 2015 Instructions: Exam packet totals 7 pages. The last page has a 5 points extra credit question. If you need additional space for a question go to the back
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 17 Done by Abdulrahman Alhanbali Corrected by Lara Abdallat Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt In this lecture We will talk about the
More informationRole of metabolism in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):
Role of metabolism in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):159-234 Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):159-234 Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39(1):159-234 A schematic representation of the most relevant
More informationCELLULAR METABOLISM. Metabolic pathways can be linear, branched, cyclic or spiral
CHM333 LECTURE 24 & 25: 3/27 29/13 SPRING 2013 Professor Christine Hrycyna CELLULAR METABOLISM What is metabolism? - How cells acquire, transform, store and use energy - Study reactions in a cell and how
More informationAdenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 1 High energy bonds ATP adenosine triphosphate N NH 2 N -O O P O O P O- O- O O P O- O CH 2 H O H N N adenine phosphoanhydride bonds (~) H OH ribose H OH Phosphoanhydride bonds
More informationChapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2
Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles شیمی آلی 2 Dr M. Mehrdad University of Guilan, Department of Chemistry, Rasht, Iran m-mehrdad@guilan.ac.ir Based on McMurry s Organic Chemistry, 7 th edition The
More informationChimica Farmaceutica. Pharmacokinetics and related topics
Chimica Farmaceutica Pharmacokinetics and related topics Phase I transformations catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzymes The enzymes that constitute the cytochrome P450 family are the most important metabolic
More informationChapter Questions. Modern Pharmacology With Clinical Applications. Sixth Edition
Chapter Questions Modern Pharmacology With Clinical Applications Sixth Edition Mechanism of Drug Action Questions 1. Receptors are macromolecules that a. Are designed to attract drugs b. Are resistant
More informationESTERS AND RELATED CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. Jack DeRuiter
ESTES AD ELATED ABYLI AID DEIVATIVES I. Structure and Preparation Jack Deuiter Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids that arise via replacement of the hydroxyl () portion of the acid function with
More informationDefinition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism
Definition of bilirubin Bilirubin metabolism obilirubin formation otransport of bilirubin in plasma ohepatic bilirubin transport oexcretion through intestine Other substances conjugated by glucuronyl transferase.
More informationBiology 137 Introduction to Toxicology Name Midterm Exam 1 Fall Semester 2001
Biology 137 Introduction to Toxicology Name Midterm Exam 1 Fall Semester 2001 Part I. Multiple choice. Two points each. 1. Toxicology is the study of A. prevalence of disease and death in a population
More informationLipid Chemistry. Presented By. Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair
Lipid Chemistry Presented By Ayman Elsamanoudy Salwa Abo El-khair 6 1. By the end of this chapter the student should be able to: define lipids. describe the biological importance of lipids. point out basic
More informationPrinciples of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons
Principles of Toxicology: The Study of Poisons Elizabeth Casarez Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University it of Arizona The study of the adverse effects of a toxicant on living organisms Adverse
More informationCysteine Peptide Scientific Review, Dr. S. Dudek, DMV International
Cysteine Peptide Scientific Review, Dr. S. Dudek, DMV International Ethanol and Glutathione Reduced glutathione plays a critical role in cellular detoxification processes including the metabolism of peroxides,
More informationPharmacokinetics in the critically ill. Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen
Pharmacokinetics in the critically ill Intensive Care Training Program Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen In general... Critically ill patients are at higher risk for ADE s and more severe ADE
More information4. Lysosomes, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Inclusions
4. Lysosomes, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Inclusions Undergraduate Graduate Histology Lecture Series Larry Johnson, Professor Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1)
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 7. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR
More informationPatrick, An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 5e Chapter 11 Pharmacokinetics and related topics
Patrick, An Introduction to dicinal Chemistry 5e Answers to end-of-chapter questions 1) In contrast to benzene, toluene has an accessible methyl group which can be manipulated easily by metabolic enzymes.
More informationTala Saleh. Abdul Aziz ALShamali. Abdul Aziz ALShamali
9 Tala Saleh Abdul Aziz ALShamali Abdul Aziz ALShamali Alia Shatanawi Volume of Distribution (Vd) Understand the concept Imagine having a container with an unknown volume of water in it. Then 1000mg of
More informationPharmacokinetics for Physicians. Assoc Prof. Noel E. Cranswick Clinical Pharmacologist Royal Children s Hospital Melbourne
Pharmacokinetics for Physicians Assoc Prof. Noel E. Cranswick Clinical Pharmacologist Royal Children s Hospital Melbourne The Important Therapeutic Questions What drug? What dose? How long? Drug Dosage
More informationnutrient status - mostly potassium; regulates cell turgor and opening of stoma NOTE - genetic sensitivity of individual species and cultivars are
Ecotoxicology - Biology 5868 Uptake, Detoxification, Elimination, Biotransformation, and Bioaccumulation 1-4 September 22, 24, 27, 2004 Patrick K. Schoff, Ph.D. Uptake, Transport, Storage: Summary - contaminant
More informationFundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 4
(A) (B) Figure 4-1 A, B (C) FIGURE 4-1C The active transport process moves particles against the concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. Active transport
More informationIonization of amino acids
Amino Acids 20 common amino acids there are others found naturally but much less frequently Common structure for amino acid COOH, -NH 2, H and R functional groups all attached to the a carbon Ionization
More informationCytokrom P450 (CYP) Hepatic Drug Metabolism. Medicines in plasma. Plasma concentration of a medicine. Eva Brittebo Dept Pharmaceutical Biosciences
Hepatic Drug Metabolism Eva Brittebo Dept Pharmaceutical Biosciences Background Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Liver metabolism Liver toxicity Inhibition and induction Polymorphism 15-05-13 2 Plasma concentration
More informationUnit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS. Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK)
Unit 2b: EXCRETION OF DRUGS By Ms.M.Gayathri Mpharm (PhD) Department of Pharmaceutics Krishna Teja Pharmacy college Subject code: 15R00603 (BPPK) Excretion, along with metabolism and tissue redistribution,
More informationCytochrome P 450 Unique family of heme proteins present in bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, fish, mammals and primates. Universal oxygenases (oxygen-
Cytochrome P 450 Biochemistry Department Cytochrome P 450 Unique family of heme proteins present in bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, fish, mammals and primates. Universal oxygenases (oxygen-utilizing
More informationImportance of drug antagonism (i) Correcting adverse effects of drugs (ii) Treating drug poisoning. e.g. Morphine with naloxone, organophosphate
Importance of drug antagonism (i) Correcting adverse effects of drugs (ii) Treating drug poisoning. e.g. Morphine with naloxone, organophosphate compounds with atropine. (iii) Predicting drug combinations
More informationDrug Absorption Drug Distribution Drug Metabolism Drug Excretion
Ch 7: Pharmacokinetics Dr. Mohyeddin Assali PhD. Medicinal chemistry-nanomedicine Department of pharmacy Faculty of Medicine & Health sciences 1 1. PHARMACOKINETICS Notes Factors affecting whether a drug
More informationFatty acids synthesis
Fatty acids synthesis The synthesis start from Acetyl COA the first step requires ATP + reducing power NADPH! even though the oxidation and synthesis are different pathways but from chemical part of view
More informationPaper 9: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-III (Reaction Mechanism-2) Module17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-II CHEMISTRY
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 9: ORGANIC -III (Reaction Mechanism-2) 17: Reduction by Metal hydrides Part-1I CHE_P9_M17 Table of Contents 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
More informationAround million aged erythrocytes/hour are broken down.
Anemia Degradation ofheme Around 100 200 million aged erythrocytes/hour are broken down. The degradation process starts in reticuloendothelial cells in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. [1] The tetrapyrrole
More informationChapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. Carboxylic Acids: RCOOH (RCO 2 H)
Chapter 10 Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Naming Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids: RCH (RC 2 H) The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group (carbonyl & hydroxyl group)
More informationChapter 18. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Carboxylic Acids Organic compounds characterized by their acidity Contains COOH group (must be at
More informationPHYSIOLOGY AND MAINTENANCE Vol. II Biotransformation of Xenobiotics and Hormones - Osmo Hanninen BIOTRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS AND HORMONES
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF XENOBIOTICS AND HORMONES Osmo Hänninen Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Finland Keywords: foreign compounds, xenobiotics, bioactivation, detoxification, oxidation, cytochrome
More informationBile acid metabolism. doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc.
Bile acid metabolism doc. Ing. Zenóbia Chavková, CSc. Bile acid metabolism Importance: Availability for fat & cholesterol absorption Regulates total body pool of cholesterol Factors that synthesis promote
More informationBiochemical Oxidation
iochemical xidation An important part of metabolism is oxidation. An estimated 75% of oxidative reactions are performed by a family of enzymes called cytochrom P-450. ombustion reactions are necessary
More informationCarboxylic Acids. The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H)
Carboxylic Acids The Importance of Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) Starting materials for acyl derivatives (esters, amides, and acid chlorides) Abundant in nature from oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols in
More informationAlcohols, Phenols, Ethers And Thiols Lec:3
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers And Thiols Lec:3 The word alcohol refers to a class of compounds that contain an group called a hydroxyl or hydroxyl group, bounded to an alkyl group. Alcohols can be viewed as
More informationReview of Biochemistry
Review of Biochemistry Chemical bond Functional Groups Amino Acid Protein Structure and Function Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each amino acids in a protein contains a amino group, - NH 2,
More informationCells extract energy from their environment and use the energy for a host of biological activities including biosynthesis.
ATP=cellular energy Cells extract energy from their environment and use the energy for a host of biological activities including biosynthesis. The reactions of energy extraction and energy use are called
More informationPHARMACOKINETICS: DRUG ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ELIMINATION
CHAPTER 3 PHARMACOKINETICS: DRUG ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ELIMINATION AMANDA J. JENKINS, PH.D. AND EDWARD J. CONE, PH.D. INTRAMURAL RESEARCH PROGRAM, NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE, NATIONAL INSTITUTES
More informationHydrolytic transformations involving amide-, ester bonds are the easiest to perform
Hydrolytic reactions Hydrolytic transformations involving amide-, ester bonds are the easiest to perform Proteins used for these reactions are proteases, esterases or lipases. A favourite class of enzymes
More informationExcretion of Drugs. Prof. Hanan Hagar Pharmacology Unit Medical College
Excretion of Drugs Prof. Hanan Hagar Pharmacology Unit Medical College Excretion of Drugs By the end of this lecture, students should be able to! Identify main and minor routes of excretion including renal
More informationTOXICOKINETICS; DISPOSITION OF XENOBIOTICS (Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of xenobiotics)
TOXICOKINETICS; DISPOSITION OF XENOBIOTICS (Absorption, Distribution and Excretion of xenobiotics) Benay Can Eke, Ph.D., ERT Professor of Toxicology Department of Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara
More informationD9G : Oro-Mucosal Dosage Forms Development Background Paper
D9G : Oro-Mucosal Dosage Forms Development Background Paper Introduction This background paper is intended to provide a basic rationale for initial formulation efforts, and define some of the terminology
More informationApplication of Pharmacogenetics Supplementary Worksheet
Application of Pharmacogenetics Supplementary Worksheet Section 1 Health Care Problem Section 2 Drug Metabolism Section 3 Phase I & II metabolism Section 4 Inhibitors and Inducers Section 5 DNA & Drug
More informationADME Review. Dr. Joe Ritter Associate Professor of Pharmacology
ADME Review Dr. Joe Ritter Associate Professor of Pharmacology 828-1022 jkritter@vcu.edu What percent of a weak base (pka = 7.5) and weak acid (pka = 3.5) will be respectively ionized in urine of ph 5.5?
More informationFatty acid breakdown
Fatty acids contain a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. Most contain between 14 and 24 carbon atoms. The chains may be saturated or contain double bonds. The complete oxidation of
More informationADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS: ALPHA RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
Jack Deuiter, Principles of Drug Action 2, Fall 2000 ADEEGIC ECEPT ATAGISTS: ALPA ECEPT BLCKES General PC/MC: Understand the term "antagonist" and how an antagonist is similar to an agonist, and how an
More informationReactions and amino acids structure & properties
Lecture 2: Reactions and amino acids structure & properties Dr. Sameh Sarray Hlaoui Common Functional Groups Common Biochemical Reactions AH + B A + BH Oxidation-Reduction A-H + B-OH + energy ª A-B + H
More informationPAPER No. : 16 Bioorganic and biophysical chemistry MODULE No. : 25 Coenzyme-I Coenzyme A, TPP, B12 and biotin
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 16, Bio organic and Bio physical chemistry 25, Coenzyme-I : Coenzyme A, TPP, B12 and CHE_P16_M25 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
More informationDefine the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability.
Pharmaceutics Reading Notes Define the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability. Biopharmaceutics: the area of study concerning the relationship between the physical, chemical, and biological sciences
More informationBabylon university college of pharmacy
Metabolic Changes of Drugs Babylon university college of pharmacy drug metabolism 3 rd class second semester Dr. Abdulhussien Aljebory 2015 Books: 1. Wilson and Gisvold s Textbook of rganic Medicinal and
More informationIntroduction to the Toxicology of the Liver (9-Aug-1999)
In: Veterinary Toxicology, V. Beasley (Ed.) Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service (www.ivis.org), Ithaca, New York, USA. Introduction to the Toxicology of the Liver (9-Aug-1999) V. Beasley
More informationLecture: 26 OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
Lecture: 26 OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS Fatty acids obtained by hydrolysis of fats undergo different oxidative pathways designated as alpha ( ), beta ( ) and omega ( ) pathways. -oxidation -Oxidation of fatty
More informationChapter 5. The Actions of Drugs. Origins of Drugs. Names of Drugs. Most drugs come from plants or are chemically derived from plants
Chapter 5 The Actions of Drugs Origins of Drugs Most drugs come from plants or are chemically derived from plants Names of Drugs Chemical name: Complete chemical description of the molecule Example: N'-[2-[[5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-furyl]
More information1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 C
I. Carbon atoms form an enormous variety of structures A. Carbon has 4 valence electrons in the outer shell and therefore may form up to 4 covalent bonds B. Carbon tends to bond to C, H, O, N, S, and P
More informationR 3 NH + + H 2 O R 3 N + H 3 O +
KEY BAS PARMAEUTAL SEE FR TE PRATG PARMAST MED 527, Fall 2008 Exam #1, Dr. Desai, 200 points; ctober 7, 2008 STUDET AME (in APTAL (Signature) Letters LY) R Pledge V V V V 2 F 3 Si P S 4 Ge As Se Br 5 1.
More informationBCH302 [Practical] 1
BCH302 [Practical] 1 Amino acids play a central role: i. As building blocks of proteins. ii. As intermediates in metabolism, converted to specialized products. There are 20 natural amino acids that are
More informationPharmacokinetics in Drug Development. Edward P. Acosta, PharmD Professor & Director Division of Clinical Pharmacology Director, CCC PK/PD Core
Pharmacokinetics in Drug Development Edward P. Acosta, PharmD Professor & Director Division of Clinical Pharmacology Director, CCC PK/PD Core Finding new drugs: A crap shoot Clinical Development Phase
More information3/20/2007 Page Mechanisms of Drug Action. The Liver and Metabolism September 30, 2005
3/20/2007 Page 1 20.201 Mechanisms of Drug Action The Liver and Metabolism September 30, 2005 Distribution of Chemicals to Liver 3/20/2007 Page 2 Chemicals entering blood are distributed in the general
More informationEVE 491/591 Toxicology. Toxicant Distribution 2/20/2014
EVE 491/591 Toxicology Lecture #8 1. Distribution, Storage, Elimination, and Biotransformation of Toxicants 2. Case study #2 Part II Toxicant Distribution Distribution: the process in which a chemical
More informationMETABOLISM -Introduction- Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof.
METABOLISM -Introduction- Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof. Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry serkan.sayiner@neu.edu.tr Overview Living organisms need
More informationChapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
Chapter 18 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. Nucleophilic Addition- Elimination at the Acyl Carbon Introduction The carboxyl group (-CO 2 H) is the parent group of a family of compounds called acyl
More informationLIPID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
LIPID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Lipid metabolism is concerned mainly with fatty acids cholesterol Source of fatty acids from dietary fat de novo
More informationNOTE: For studying for the final, you only have to worry about those with an asterix (*)
NOTE: For studying for the final, you only have to worry about those with an asterix (*) (*)1. An organic compound is one that: a. contains carbon b. is slightly acidic c. forms long chains d. is soluble
More information