Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: 1 Jeddah City: SAC by sex F Jeddah City: SAC by sex M

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1 Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration SAUDI ARABIA Last Updated: Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex Age (years) Sample size 70 Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: Haemoglobin (g/l) Notes Mean SD Method Reference General Line L 2000 Jeddah City: SAC: Total B D Jeddah City: SAC by sex F Jeddah City: SAC by sex M Jeddah City: SAC by age B Jeddah City: SAC by age B Jeddah City: SAC by age B L 1999P Riyadh City: School girls F A L 1997P Riyadh City: SAC: Total F 7.00-NS A Riyadh City: SAC by age F Riyadh City: SAC by age F Riyadh City: SAC by age F Riyadh City: SAC by age F Riyadh City: SAC by age F Riyadh City: SAC by age F Riyadh City: SAC by age F Riyadh City: SAC by age F NS L 1996P Riyadh: Female university students F NS A 2051 L 1996P Riyadh: PW F NS NS L 1994P Jeddah: PW F NS C L 1993P Riyadh: PW F C Riyadh: Newborns B L Tabuk: Infants B D L 1992 Abha: PW by age and pregnancy number: 1 F NS NS 9.6 A Abha: PW by age and pregnancy number: 1 F NS 12.0 Abha: PW by age and pregnancy number: >1 F NS NS 12.9 Abha: PW by age and pregnancy number: >1 F NS 14.9 R Asir Region (Southwest): PW F A 1992 NS 1856

2 Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration SAUDI ARABIA Last Updated: Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex Age (years) Sample size Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: Haemoglobin (g/l) Notes Mean SD Method Reference General Line L 1991P Riyadh: Children: Total B 1.00-NS D Riyadh: Children by age B Riyadh: Children by age B Riyadh: Children by age B Riyadh: Children by age B NS L Riyadh: Infants: Total B C Riyadh: Infants by sex F Riyadh: Infants by sex M L Riyadh: Newborns by sex F C 2170 Riyadh: Newborns by sex M L Abha: SAC: Total B D 2282 Abha: SAC by socioeconomic status: Low B Abha: SAC by socioeconomic status: Middle B Abha: SAC by socioeconomic status: High B L 1987P Jeddah: Newborns by sex F C Jeddah: Newborns by sex M Jeddah: Infants by sex and age F Jeddah: Infants by sex and age M Jeddah: Infants by sex and age F Jeddah: Infants by sex and age M Jeddah: Infants by age B Jeddah: Infants by age B Jeddah: Infants by sex and age F Jeddah: Infants by sex and age M Jeddah: Infants by sex and age F Jeddah: Infants by sex and age M Jeddah: Infants by sex and age F Jeddah: Infants by sex and age M Jeddah: SAC by sex and age F NS Jeddah: SAC by sex and age M NS Jeddah: SAC by sex and age F NS 132 9

3 Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration SAUDI ARABIA Last Updated: Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex Age (years) Sample size 70 Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: Haemoglobin (g/l) Notes Mean SD Method Reference General Line L 1987P Jeddah: SAC by sex and age M NS C 5018 Jeddah: SAC by sex and age F NS Jeddah: SAC by sex and age M NS Jeddah: SAC by sex and age F Jeddah: SAC by sex and age M L Jeddah: PW F C

4 NOTES SAUDI ARABIA Reference No: 3643 Line note 1 Line note 2 Line note 3 Line note 4 Line note 5 Line note 6 Reference No: 1716 Line note 7 Reference No: 2040 Line note 8 Facility based study (governmental and private schools); method: Refletron (Boehringer Mannheim); sampling: 42 boys' and 42 girls' schools were selected out of 692 governmental and 327 private schools using the stratified sampling technique with proportional allocation to type of school and educational level, followed by random selection of classes; exclusion of subjects with sickle cell anaemia and thalassemia; inclusion only of Saudi population; Hb determination only for subsample (800 school children out of 2850). Prevalence of anaemia 20.5% (Hb <115 g/l both sexes 9-11 yrs, Hb <120 g/l both sexes yrs, females >=15 yrs, Hb <130 g/l males >=15 yrs); 95% CI: 17.7%, 23.3%; mean (SD) age 14.0 (2.6) yrs; disaggregated data by type of school, mother education/working status, age of mother at child at birth, school grade, body mass index, menarche, dietary habits, vitamin and iron intake. Prevalence of anaemia 22.4% (Hb <115 g/l 9-11 yrs, Hb <120 g/l >=12 yrs); 95% CI: 18.3%, 26.4%. Prevalence of anaemia 18.4% (Hb <115 g/l 9-11 yrs, Hb <120 g/l yrs, Hb <130 g/l >=15 yrs); 95% CI: 14.5%, 22.3%. 95% CI: 5.4%, 15.2%. 95% CI: 16.1%, 25.1%. Prevalence of anaemia 24.6% (Hb <120 g/l females, Hb <130 g/l males); 95% CI: 20.1%, 29.1%. Facility based study (25 primary schools). Disaggregated data by age. Facility based study (girls' primary schools) in Riyadh City; sampling: first random sampling of 10% (n=25) of schools followed by random selection of 1117 children. Reference No: 2051 Facility based study (King Saud University). Reference No: 2253 Facility based study (antenatal clinic); location not specified. Line note 9 Prevalence of anaemia 6.0% (Hb <90 g/l). Reference No: 1811 Facility based study (hospital). Line note 10 PW 2nd trimester. Reference No: 1814 Facility based study (hospital). Line note 11 PW at delivery; Hb cut-off levels PW not according to WHO recommendations (please see 'Key to the data tables'). Reference No: 1812 Facility based study (Well Baby Clinic of North West Armed Forces Hospital); children attending for measles vaccination; method: Technitron H2 analyzer.

5 Reference No: 1854 Facility based study (Primary health care centers). Line note 12 Total sample size Reference No: 1856 Reference No: 4963 Line note 13 Line note 14 Line note 15 Line note 16 Facility based study (69 health care centers); values for other Hb cut-off levels; disaggregated data by pregnancy number, gestational age without sample size indication. Facility based study (varies from nursery to secondary school); method: Hycel Counter 555; sampling: design not explained, 1426 children of different age groups were included; Hb determination only for 954 subjects; inclusion only of apparent healthy subjects; same Hb cut-off level applied to different age groups; Hb cut-off level both sexes 1-11 yrs, males >15 yrs not according to WHO recommendations (please see 'Key to the data tables'). Reference No: 1810 Facility based study (University Hospital); children attending for immunization. Line note 17 Disaggregated data by age. Reference No: 2170 Reference No: 2282 Reference No: 5018 Line note 18 Line note 19 Line note 20 Line note 21 Line note 22 Line note 23 Line note 24 Line note 25 Line note 26 Line note 27 Line note 28 Facility based study (hospital). Facility based study (schools); method: spectrophotometry. Facility based study (King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Well Baby Clinic, primary and secondary schools); sampling: consecutive newborns born in the hospital and consecutive babies attending the Well Baby Clinic were enrolled, schoolage children were randomly selected; inclusion only of newborns who were clinically normal, were those from a normal singleton pregnancy and delivery (gestational age wks), of babies 2-52 wks of age who were healthy and of schoolage children aged 5-18 yrs who were free of gross disease and who had adequate information; only mean Hb values. Blood sample was taken from the placental part after early ligation of the cord. Blood sample was taken from the placental part after early ligation of the cord. Neonatal unit of King Abdulaziz University Hospital; babies 1-3 days old. Neonatal unit of King Abdulaziz University Hospital; babies 1-3 days old. Well Baby Clinic; babies 2-4 weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies 2-4 weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies 5-7 weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies 8-10 weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies weeks old.

6 Line note 29 Line note 30 Line note 31 Well Baby Clinic; babies weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies weeks old. Well Baby Clinic; babies weeks old. Reference No: 4802 Line note 32 Retrospective cohort study; facility based study (Armed Forces Hospital); sampling: design not explained, 127 and 90 PW were enrolled in August/September 1981 and in March 1982 respectively, patient's medical records were examined to obtain Hb levels in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester and on the 2nd day postpartum; Hb cut-off level not according to WHO recommendations (please see 'Key to the data tables'). Mean age 25 yrs; anaemia at some stage in pregnancy; disaggregated data by gestational age.

7 SAUDI ARABIA R E F E R E N C E S Reference 1716 Reference 1810 Reference 1811 Reference 1812 Reference 1814 Reference 1854 Reference 1856 Reference 2040 Reference 2051 Reference 2170 Reference 2253 Reference 2282 Reference 3643 Reference 4802 Reference 4963 Reference 5018 Al-Othaimeen A, Osman AK, Al Orf S. Prevalence of nutritional anaemia among primary school girls in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1999, 50 : Al Fawaz IM. Surveillance for iron deficiency anemia at a well baby clinic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 1993, 14 : Khoja SEA. Iron status in pregnant Saudi Arabia women in the Jeddah area. Saudi Medical Journal, 1994, 15 : Al-Hifzi I, Pejaver RK, Qureshi I. Screening for iron deficiency anemia in a well baby clinic. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 1996, 16 : Hawa L, Rowland AK, Ahmed GS, Dery JP. Haemoglobin and iron status in mothers and their babies at delivery. Saudi Medical Journal, 1993, 14 : Mahfouz AA, El-Said MM, Al-Erian RA, Hamid AM. Teenage pregnancy: are teenagers a high risk group?. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 1995, 59 : Mahfouz AA, El-Said MM, Alakija W, Badawi IA, Al-Erian RA, Moneim MA. Anemia among pregnant women in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia: an epidemiologic study. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 1994, 25 : Osman AK, Al Othaimeen AA. Prevalence of anaemia among primary school girls in Riyadh city. Research Centre Bulletin, 1997, 7 : Al-Shagrawi R, El-Masry EA, EI-Shayeb IE, El-Badr NA. Prevalence of anaemia among Saudi female university students: dietary factors. Bulletin of the High Institute of Public Health, 1997, 27 (1 Suppl): Niazi GA. Haematological profile of Saudi newborns. Saudi Medical Journal, 1994, 15 : al-momen AK, al-meshari A, al-nuaim L, Saddique A, Abotalib Z, Khashogji T, Abbas M. Intravenous iron sucrose complex in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 1996, 69 : Ahmed MM, el Hady HM, Morsy TA. Parasitic infections and haemoglobin level among school children of different socioeconomic classes in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1990, 20 : Abalkhail B, Shawky S. Prevalence of daily breakfast intake, iron deficiency anaemia and awareness of being anaemic among Saudi school students. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2002, 53 : Smart ISM, Duncan ME, Kalina JM. Haemoglobin levels and anaemia in pregnant Saudi women. Saudi Medical Journal, 1983, 4 : Ahmed MM. Haematological values and parasitic infections in school children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, : Ghafouri HM, Al Fares AM, Islam SI, Ahmed AO, Jan MY. Haematological reference values assessed from birth to adolescence in Saudi subjects in the area of Jeddah. Saudi Medical Journal, 1987, 8 :

8 SAUDI ARABIA ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Reference 818 Reference 946 Reference 950 Reference 954 Reference 1717 Reference 1808 Reference 1809 Reference 1852 Reference 1853 Reference 1857 Reference 1858 Reference 1860 Reference 2044 Reference 2271 Reference 2288 Reference 3897 Reference 4706 Reference 4894 Reference 4939 Khoja TAM. Anaemia in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 1995, 15 : [Anonymous]. Iron deficiency in children in Saudi Arabia. Nutrition Reviews, 1969, 27 :6-7. Al-shoshan AA. Saudi Arabia: the country nutrition profile. FAO/WHO International Conference on Nutrition; 1992 Dec; Rome, Italy. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Joint Secretariat, McNiel J. Variations in the response of childhood iron deficiency anemia to oral iron. Blood, 1968, 31 : Babiker MA, Bahakim HM, Al-Omair AOI, Al-Jishi N, Al-Habib SA. Prevalence of iron deficiency in Saudi children from birth to 15 months of age. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 1989, 9 : El Sheikh SA. A study of anaemia in infancy and childhood in the south western province of Saudi Arabia. Gazette of the Egyptian Paediatric Association, 1982, 30 : Harakat MS. Pernicious anemia in Saudi Arabs. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 1992, 12 : El-Hazmi MAF, Warsy AS. The pattern for common anaemia among Saudi children. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1999, 45 : Lawoyin TO. The relationship between maternal weight gain in pregnancy, hemoglobin level, stature, antenatal attendance and low birth weight. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 1997, 28 : El-Hazmi MA. Care for people with haemoglobin disorders. World Health Forum, 1994, 15 : Stevens DW, Wainscoat JS, Ketley N, Timms P, Ayoub D, Shah R. The pathogenesis of hypochromic anaemia in Saudi infants. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1989, 35 : Sebai ZA. Nutritional disorders in Saudi Arabia: a review. Family Practice, 1988, 5 : Badawood A, Salem KA. Epidemiology of anemia among attendants of primary health care, Jeddah. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 1996, 71 : El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, Addar MH, Babae Z. Fetal haemoglobin level - effect of gender, age and haemoglobin disorders. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1994, 135 : El-Hazmi MA, Lehmann H. Human haemoglobins and haemoglobinopathies in Arabia: Hb O Arab in Saudi Arabia. Acta Haematologica, 1980, 63 : Farrag OL. The status of child nutrition in the Gulf Arab States. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1983, 29 : Madani KA, Kumosani TA. Micronutrients status in Saudi Arabia. Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 2001, 23 : Madani KA, Nasrat HA, Al-Nowaisser AA, Khashoggi RH, Abalkhail BA. Low birth weight in the Taif Region, Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, : El-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS. Anemias in Saudi population. Saudi Medical Journal, 1998, 19 :

9 SAUDI ARABIA ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Reference 5034 Reference 5785 Al-Othaimeen AI, Sawaya WN, Tannous RI, Villanueva BP. A nutrition survey of infants and preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 1988, 9 : Abou-Zeid AH, Abdel-Fattah MM, Al-Shehri AS, Hifnawy TM, Al-Hassan SA. Anemia and nutritional status of schoolchildren living at Saudi high altitude area. Saudi Medical Journal, 2006, 27 :

Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: * Adolesent girls by governorate: Jahra F

Proportion (%) of population with haemoglobin below: * Adolesent girls by governorate: Jahra F Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Anaemia The database on Anaemia includes data by country on prevalence of anaemia and mean haemoglobin concentration Last