Effect of the Synaptic Scaffolding Protein Homer1a on Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion
|
|
- Frederica Glenn
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Available online at Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 39, no. 1, Effect of the Synaptic Scaffolding Protein Homer1a on Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion Zheng-Liang Ma, Wei Zhu, Wei Zhang, and Xiao-ping Gu Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China Abstract. Activity-dependent plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn may underlie the development of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury. A product of an immediate early gene (IEG), the synaptic scaffolding protein Homer1a, has received increasing attention because it appears to play a critical role in synaptic plasticity. In this study, we explored the early expression of Homer1 gene in the spinal dorsal horn by using the neuropathic pain model of chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion (CCD). The levels of Homer1a mrna in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of CCD rats were markedly increased at 4 hr, remained elevated at 8 hr, and then returned to baseline values by 24 hr after CCD treatment. In contrast, there were no significant changes of Homer1a expression in the Sham-operated or Control groups. Significant thermal hyperalgesia appeared at 24 hr post-operation in the CCD rats, but not in the Shamoperated or Control groups. These data show that CCD induces a transient and rapid increase in Homer1a expression in the spinal dorsal horn. These data also suggest that the transient and rapid increase in Homer1a expression may play an important role in the thermal hyperalgesia elicited by neural injury. Keywords: spinal dorsal root ganglion compression, Homer1a, synaptic plasticity, neuropathic pain Introduction The Homer protein family is a major constituent of the postsynaptic density (PSD), and much Chronic compression of the L4 and L5 dorsal root evidence suggests an important role of Homer in ganglia (CCD) can result in neuropathic pain synaptic plasticity [8,9]. Recent studies have shown syndromes, including hyperalgesia, allodynia, and that plastic changes in the processing of nociceptive spontaneous pain. Several factors, such as MCP-1/ information in the spinal dorsal horn are involved CCR2 [1], activating transcription factor-3 [2], in the development of neuropathic pain following glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protein peripheral nerve injury [10,11]. The data also [3], and nnos [4] have been implicated in the indicate that Homer proteins play roles in this pathogenesis of this process. Changes in the process [7,12]. expression of many genes [5], which underlie injuryelicited plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn, may (Homer1a) and long (Homer1b/c, Homer2, and Homer proteins are classified as short contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability and neuropathic pain. Homer1, recent identified, appears to discovered after induction of excitatory synaptic Homer3) isoforms. Homer1a was the first isoform play a critical role in the expression of synaptic activity in cerebellar granule neurons [13]. Similar plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn [6,7]. to other immediate early genes (IEGs), Homer1a responds rapidly to neuronal activity [14]. Unlike Address correspondence to Dr. Zheng-Liang Ma, Department most IEGs that encode transcription factors, the of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical Department of Nanjing University, Nanjing , Jiangsu unique regulation of Homer1a provides important Province, China; tel ; fax ; insights into glutamatergic synaptic plasticity [15]. mazhengliang1964@yahoo.com.cn. Recently, Homer1a has received increasing attention /09/ $ by the Association of Clinical Scientists, Inc.
2 72 Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 39, no. 1, 2009 because of its action on post-synaptic structure and function [12,16,17]. A striking functional feature of Homer1a is that it contains the N-terminal Ena/ VASP Homology 1 (EVH1) domain but lacks the coiled-coil domain that mediates multimerization, so it likely functions as a naturally occurring dominant-negative form of Homer [18]. In the present study, we used the wellestablished chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion (CCD) model of neuropathic pain [19] and focused on changes in the early expression of Homer1a during CCD treatment. We also studied the potential relationship between the expression of Homer1a and the behavioral hyperalgesia elicited by CCD treatment. Methods Animal preparation. This study was performed on adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60, g at the start of each experiment). Rats were divided randomly into three groups as follows: Control group (n = 20), CCD group (n = 20), and Sham group (n=20). The rats were kept individually in pathogen-free conditions with a 12 hr light/dark cycle and were fed sterile food and water. All experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the university and were in accordance with the guidelines for the use of laboratory animals [20]. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used. Surgical procedures. In the Control group (n = 20), the surgical procedure was performed aseptically under pentobarbital anesthesia (30 mg/kg, ip). The estimated levels of Homer1a mrna in these animals served as reference baseline controls. In the CCD group (n = 20), the right L4 and L5 intervertebral foramens were exposed and a stainless steel sil (4 mm in length, 0.7 mm in diameter) was inserted to provide steady compression on the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia [19]. In the Sham group (n = 20), the right L4 and L5 intervertebral foramens were exposed without compression. In each group, there were 4 time points, selected as 48 hr before operation, and 4 hr, 8 hr, and 24 hr after operation, for behavioral testing and Homer1a analysis. Behavioral testing. Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed by the paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) to radiant heat according to the protocol of Hargreaves et al [21]. Rats were placed in clear plastic cages on an elevated glass plate and allowed to acclimatize for 30 min before testing. A radiant thermal stimulator (BME410A, Institute of Biological Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, China) was focused onto the plantar surface of the hindpaw through the glass plate. The nociceptive endpoints in the radiant heat test were the characteristic lifting or licking of the hindpaw, and the time to the endpoint was considered the PWTL [22]. To avoid tissue damage, a cut-off time of 30 sec was used [23]. There were 5 trials per rat and 5-min intervals between trials. The mean PWTL was obtained from the last 3 stimuli. Real time PCR. All animals used for Homer1a analysis were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium at 48 hr before operation and at 4 hr, 8 hr, and 24 hr after operation. The lumbar spinal cords of all animals were exposed by laminectomy at vertebral level L1 2 (spinal cord L4 5), excised, divided into dorsal and ventral halves, and the dorsal halves further subdivided into ipsilateral and contralateral quadrants. The quadrants were kept at -80 C until analysis. Homer1a expression in individual dorsal horn quadrants was determined by real time PCR based on TaqMan fluorescence methodology to quantify the full range of Homer1a mrna copy numbers. Briefly, total RNA was isolated from homogenized tissues using 1 ml of Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The total RNA (1 µg) was used for cdna synthesis. PCR primers and probes for Homer1a and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes were designed with Primer Express 2.0 software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) (Table 1) and synthesized by Genecore (Shanghai, China). For amplification of Homer1a and GAPDH genes, real-time PCR was performed in triplicate for each sample in a 20 μl reaction mixture, which consisted of template DNA (2 µl), primers (900 nmol), probe (250 nmol), Mg 2+ (5 mmol), and HoTaq PCR Reaction Mix. PCR was performed in a Stratagene Mx3005P instrument using the following thermal cycles: one cycle of 10 min at 95 C, and 55 cycles of 5 sec at 95 C and 30 sec at 60 C. Amplification efficiency of each individual sample was calculated by version Table 1. Sequences of primers and probes used in this study. Gene and oligonucleotide Sequence PCR product size (bp) GAPDH 149 Upper primer 5 -CAAGTTCAACGGCACAGTCAA-3 Lower primer 5 -TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTAGACTC-3 Probe 5 -(FAM)FTCTTCCAGGAGCGAGATCCCGCTAACP(TAMRA)-3 Homer1a 123 Upper primer 5 -CCAGAAAGTATCAATGGGACAGATG-3 Lower primer 5 -TGCTGAATTGAATGTGTACCTATGTG-3 Probe 5 -(FAM)FTGAGAGAACACCCGATGTGACACAGAACTCP(TAMRA)-3
3 Homer1a expression after compression of dorsal root ganglion of LinRegPCR program (a gift from amc. uva.nl). According to the method tested by Pfaffl [24], the relative expression ratio (RR) of a targeted gene was calculated based on Eff and the Ct compared to the reference gene (GAPDH). Statistical analysis. Differences in values for paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) and expression of Homer1a over time were tested by one-way ANOVA followed by Newman- Keuls post-tests. Student s t-test was used to identify the significant differences in PTWL and Homer1a mrna between the controls and the operated groups. All data were reported as means ± SE; p <0.05 was considered the criterion for statistical significance. Results The level of Homer1a expression of the CCD group increased significantly at 4 and 8 hr post-operation, compared to the Control group (p <0.01) and Sham group (p <0.01), respectively (Fig.1). The Homer1a expression of the CCD group was greatly increased at 4 and 8 hr post-operation compared to 48 hr pre-operation. At 24 hr post-operation, the Homer1a expression in the CCD group decreased to the baseline level at 48 hr pre-operation. Homer1a expression in the Control or Sham-operated groups did not show significant changes at the four specified time points (p >0.05). The expression of Homer1a in the contralateral side of the CCD, Control, and Sham-operated groups did not change significantly at any of the time points (p >0.05). At 4 and 8 hr post-operation, PWTL showed no significant differences in the CCD, Sham, and Control groups (p >0.05) (Fig. 2). PWTL was significantly decreased at 24 hr post-operation in the CCD group compared to 48 hr pre-operation (p <0.01), and there was also a significant decrease of PWTL compared to the Sham and Control groups (p <0.01). PWTL in the Control and Shamoperated groups showed no significant changes at 24 hr after operation. The PWTL on the contralateral side of the CCD, Control, and Sham groups did not change significantly at any of the time points (p >0.05). Discussion Glutamatergic signaling and intercellular calcium mobilization in the spinal cord are crucial for the development of nociceptive plasticity, which is associated with chronic pathological pain [4,25]. Homer1a, the short, activity-dependent splice variant of Homer1b/c, lacks the ability of linking mglur1/5 to synaptic proteins and functions as an endogenous negative modulator of the mglur1/5 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor signaling complex [14,26-30]. Recent investigations showed that Homer1a may be selectively expressed as an immediate early gene after synaptic activity [14,15,17]. The main goal of this study was to detect Fig. 1. Comparison of Homer1a mrna in CCD, Control, and Sham-operated rats at 48 hr pre-operation, 4 hr, 8 hr, and 24 hr post-operation (n = 5); Stars = p <0.01 vs CCD group at 48 hr pre-operation; ## = p<0.01 vs Control group; triangles = p<0.01 vs Sham-operated group. Data are presented as means ± SE. Fig. 2. Comparison of paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) in CCD, Control, and Sham-operated rats at 48 hr pre-operation, 4 hr, 8 hr, and 24 hr post-operation (n = 5); Stars = p <0.01 vs CCD group at 48 hr pre-operation; ## = p <0.01 vs Control group; triangles = p <0.01 vs Sham-operated group. Data are presented as means ± SE.
4 74 Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 39, no. 1, 2009 the gene expression of Homer1a in an earlier period of CCD, which would in part reflect the change of Homer1a protein levels. In our current study, we demonstrated that CCD treatment induces Homer1a rapid expression in the spinal dorsal horn. The time-dependence of changes in expression of Homer1a was similar to that reported for cerebellar granule cells in which the induction of Homer1a mrna appeared slower (peak at 4 hr) and was sustained longer than typical immediate early genes such as c-fos. Miyabe et al [6] also showed that changes in the expression of Homer1a may underlie injury-elicited plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn. Our work showed some association between the expression of thermal hyperalgesia and changes in the level of Homer1a message in the spinal dorsal horn. The Homer1a expression increased at 4 and 8 hr, but returned to baseline values at 24 hr after CCD. On the contrary, thermal withdrawal latencies were unchanged at 4 and 8 hr, but decreased significantly at 24 hr after CCD. A previous study showed that activity-dependent upregulation of Homer1a is needed to promote its accumulation at post-synaptic sites to facilitate the redistribution of Homer1b/c and reorganize postsynaptic structures to promote enhancement of synaptic function [31], ie, synaptic plasticity, and to facilitate synaptic remodeling and contribute to the long-lasting increases in synaptic efficacy. Furthermore, the endogenous Homer1a may bind directly to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), such as metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglur) [32]. Homer1a may also protect inflammatory pain in a manner that attenuates calcium mobilization as well as MAP kinase activation induced by glutamate receptors and reduce synaptic contacts on spinal cord neurons that process pain inputs [12]. In conclusion, CCD elicits early and transient up-regulation of Homer1a gene expression, which may play a role, at least in part, in the production of thermal hyperalgesia. As an immediate early gene, Homer1a may facilitate synaptic remodeling, mutate GPCR, and attenuate calcium mobilization that underlie the subsequent induction and development of pain. Acknowledgement This study was supported by the Department of Education Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant 02KJB320012). References 1. White FA, Sun J, Waters SM, Ma C, Ren D, Ripsch M, Steflik J, Cortright DN, Lamotte RH, Miller RJ. Excitatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 signaling is up-regulated insensory neurons after chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion. PNAS USA 2005;102: Huang WL, Robson D, Liu MC, King VR, Averill S, Shortland PJ, Priestley JV. Spinal cord compression and dorsal root injury cause up-regulation of activating transcription factor-3 in large-diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2006;23: Chao T, Pham K, Steward O, Gupta R. Chronic nerve compression injury induces a phenotypic switch of neurons within the dorsal root ganglia. J Comp Neurol 2008;506: Ma ZL, Zhang W, Gu XP, Yang WS, Zeng YM. Effects of intrathecal injection of prednisolone acetate on expression of NR2B subunit and nnos in spinal cord of rats after chronic compression of dorsal root ganglia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2007;37: Xiao L, Ma ZL, Li X, Lin QX, Que HP, Liu SJ. cdna microarray analysis of spinal cord injury and regeneration related genes in rat. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2005;57: Miyabe T, Miletic G, Miletic V. Loose ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats elicits transient up-regulation of Homer1a gene expression in the spinal dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett 2006;398: Tappe A, Klugmann M, Luo C, Hirlinger D, Agarwal N, Benrath J, Ehrengruber MU. Synaptic scaffolding protein Homer1a protects chronic inflammatory pain. Nat Med 2006;12: De Bartolomeis A, Iasevoli F. The homer family and the signal transduction system at glutamatergic postsynaptic density: potential role in behavior and pharmacotherapy. Psychopharmacol Bull 2003;37: Yang L, Mao L, Tang Q, Samdani S, Liu Z, Wang JQ. A novel Ca 2+ -independent signaling pathway to extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase by coactivation of NMDA receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in neurons. J Neurosci 2004;24: Ji RR, Kohno T, Moore KA, Woolf CJ. Central sensitization and LTP: do pain and memory share similar mechanisms? Trends Neurosci 2003;26: Ji RR, Strichartz G. Cell signaling and the genesis of neuropathic pain. Sci STKE 2004;252:reE14.
5 Homer1a expression after compression of dorsal root ganglion Ehrengruber, MU, Kato A, Inokuchi K, Hennou S. Homer/Vesl proteins and their roles in CNS neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2004;29: Kato A, Ozawa F, Saitoh Y, Fukazawa Y, Sugiyama H, Inokuchi K. Novel members of the Vesl/Homer family of PDZ proteins that bind metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Biol Chem 1998;273: Xiao B, Tu JC, Petralia RS, Yuan JP, Doan A, Breder CD, Ruggiero A, Lanahan AA, Wenthold RJ, Worley PF. Homer regulates the association of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors with multivalent complexes of homer-related, synaptic proteins. Neuron 1998;21: Brakeman PR, Lanahan AA, O Brien R, Roche K, Barnes CA, Huqanir RL, Worley PF. Homer: a protein that selectively binds metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature 1997;386: Tu JC, Xiao B, Yuan JP, Lanahan AA, Leoffert K, Li M, Linden DJ, Worley PF. Homer binds a novel proline-rich motif and links group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors with IP3 receptors. Neuron 1998;21: Feng W, Tu J, Yang T, Vernon PS, Allen PD, Worley PF, Pessah IN. Homer regulates gain of ryanodine receptor type 1 channel complex. J Biol Chem 2002:277: Xiao B, Tu JC, Worley PF. Homer: a link between neural activity and glutamate receptor function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000;10: Song, XJ, Hu SJ, Greenquist KW, Zhang JM, LaMotte RH. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and ectopic neuronal discharge after chronic compression of dorsal root ganglia. J. Neurophysiol 1999;82: Zimmermann M. Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 1983; 16: Hargreaves K, Dubner R, Brown F, Flores C, Joris J. A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia. Pain 1988;32: Chen J, Luo C, Li H, Chen H. Primary hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli following subcutaneous bee venom injection into the plantar surface of hindpaw in the conscious rat: a comparative study with the formalin test. Pain 1999;83: Ji GC, Ma F, Zhang YQ, Wu GC. Thermal hyperalgesic effects induced by intracerebroventricular injection of interleukin-1beta in rats. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2002;54: Pfaffl MW. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2001;29:e Sun YY, Luo C, Li Z, Chen J. Differential actions of intrathecal nociceptin on persistent spontaneous nociception, hyperalgesia and inflammation produced by subcutaneous bee venom injection in conscious rats. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2004;56: Sandkuhler J. Learning and memory in pain pathways. Pain 2000;88: Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science 2000;288: Tu JC, Xiao B, Naisbitt S, Yuan JP, Petralia RS, Brakeman P, Doan A, Aakalu VK, Lanahan AA, Sheng M, Worley PF. Coupling of mglur/homer and PSD-95 complexes by the Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins. Neuron 1999;23: Yuan JP, Kiselyov K, Shin DM, Chen J, Shcheynikov N, Kang SH, Dehoff MH, Schwarz MK, Seeburg PH, Muallem S, Worley PF. Homer binds TRPC family channels and is required for gating of TRPC1 by IP3 receptors. Cell 2003;114: Fagni L, Chavis P, Ango F, Bockaert J. Complex interactions between mglurs, intracellular Ca 2+ stores and ion channels in neurons. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23: Inoue Y, Honkura N, Kato A, Ogawa S, Udo H, Inokuchi K, Sugiyama H. Activity-inducible protein Homer1a/Vesl-1S promotes redistribution of postsynaptic protein Homer1c/Vesl-1L in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, Neurosci Lett 2004;354: Ango F, Prézeau L, Muller T, Tu JC, Xiao B, Worley PF, Pin JP, Bockaert J, Fagni L. Agonist-independent activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by the intracellular protein Homer. Nature 2001;411:
EDUCATION M.D., Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, 1999 B.S., Beijing University, College of Life Science, Beijing, China, 1994
CHAO MA, M.D. Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, 333 Cedar Street, TMP3, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Phone: 203-785-3522 (O), 203-606-7959 (C), Fax: 203-737-1528, Email: chao.ma@yale.edu
More informationAvailable online at
Available online at www.annclinlabsci.org Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, vol. 37, no. 4, 2007 349 Effects of Intrathecal Injection of Prednisolone Acetate on Expression of NR2B Subunit and nnos
More informationSpecial Issue on Pain and Itch
Special Issue on Pain and Itch Title: Recent Progress in Understanding the Mechanisms of Pain and Itch Guest Editor of the Special Issue: Ru-Rong Ji, PhD Chronic pain is a major health problem world-wide.
More informationSeizure: the clinical manifestation of an abnormal and excessive excitation and synchronization of a population of cortical
Are There Sharing Mechanisms of Epilepsy, Migraine and Neuropathic Pain? Chin-Wei Huang, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, NCKUH Basic mechanisms underlying seizures and epilepsy Seizure: the clinical manifestation
More informationCurcumin Attenuates Mechanical and Thermal Hyperalgesia in Chronic Constrictive Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain
Pain Ther (2014) 3:59 69 DOI 10.1007/s40122-014-0024-4 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Curcumin Attenuates Mechanical and Thermal Hyperalgesia in Chronic Constrictive Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain Yu Xiang Di Cao
More informationCharlie Taylor, PhD CpTaylor Consulting Chelsea, MI, USA
Contribution of Calcium Channel α 2 δ Binding Sites to the Pharmacology of Gabapentin and Pregabalin Charlie Taylor, PhD CpTaylor Consulting Chelsea, MI, USA Disclosure Information Charlie Taylor, PhD
More informationThe Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine (January 2018) Vol. 70 (12), Page
The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine (January 2018) Vol. 70 (12), Page 2172-2177 Blockage of HCN Channels with ZD7288 Attenuates Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Rats Model of Diabetic Neuropathy Hussain
More informationExpression of BDNF in dorsal root ganglion of rats with bone cancer pain and its effect on pain behavior
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2018; 18(1):42-46 Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions Original Article Expression of BDNF in dorsal root ganglion of rats with bone cancer pain and its
More informationRepeated intra-articular injections of acidic saline produce long-lasting joint pain and. widespread hyperalgesia
Repeated intra-articular injections of acidic saline produce long-lasting joint pain and widespread hyperalgesia N. Sugimura 1, M. Ikeuchi 1 *, M. Izumi 1, T. Kawano 2, K. Aso 1, T. Kato 1, T. Ushida 3,
More informationNIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Neuropathic Pain Symptom Palliation. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2007 March 26.
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: J Neuropathic Pain Symptom Palliation. 2005 ; 1(1): 19 23. Sympathetic Fiber Sprouting in Chronically Compressed Dorsal Root Ganglia
More informationNMDA-Receptor Antagonists and Opioid Receptor Interactions as Related to Analgesia and Tolerance
Vol. 19 No. 1(Suppl.) January 2000 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management S7 Proceedings Supplement NDMA-Receptor Antagonists: Evolving Role in Analgesia NMDA-Receptor Antagonists and Opioid Receptor Interactions
More informationPublished online October 10, 2016
Published online October 10, 2016 reviewed by Jim C. Eisenach, Wake Forest University; Ronald Lindsay, Zebra Biologics; Remi Quirion, McGill University; and Tony L. Yaksh, University of California, San
More informationBIPN 140 Problem Set 6
BIPN 140 Problem Set 6 1) Hippocampus is a cortical structure in the medial portion of the temporal lobe (medial temporal lobe in primates. a) What is the main function of the hippocampus? The hippocampus
More informationSigma-1 Receptor Antagonist BD1047 Reduces Allodynia and Spinal ERK Phosphorylation Following Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion in Rats
Korean J Physiol Pharmacol Vol 14: 359-364, December, 2010 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.6.359 Sigma-1 Receptor Antagonist BD1047 Reduces Allodynia and Spinal ERK Phosphorylation Following Chronic Compression
More informationIntroduction to some interesting research questions: Molecular biology of the primary afferent nociceptor
Introduction to some interesting research questions: Molecular biology of the primary afferent nociceptor NOCICEPTORS ARE NOT IDENTICAL PEPTIDE SubP/CGRP Trk A NON-PEPTIDE IB4 P2X 3 c-ret Snider and McMahon
More informationA role for uninjured afferents in neuropathic pain
Acta Physiologica Sinica, October 25, 2008, 60 (5): 605-609 http://www.actaps.com.cn 605 Review A role for uninjured afferents in neuropathic pain Richard A. Meyer 1,2,3,*, Matthias Ringkamp 1 Departments
More informationAxotomy increases NADPH-diaphorase activity in the dorsal root ganglia and lumbar spinal cord of the turtle Trachemys dorbigni
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (1999) 32: 489-493 NADPH-d after peripheral axotomy in the turtle ISSN 0100-879X 489 Axotomy increases NADPH-diaphorase activity in the dorsal root
More informationBIPN 140 Problem Set 6
BIPN 140 Problem Set 6 1) The hippocampus is a cortical structure in the medial portion of the temporal lobe (medial temporal lobe in primates. a) What is the main function of the hippocampus? The hippocampus
More informationBrian Kahan, D.O. FAAPMR, DABPM, DAOCRM, FIPP Center for Pain Medicine and Physiatric Rehabilitation 2002 Medical Parkway Suite 150 Annapolis, MD
Brian Kahan, D.O. FAAPMR, DABPM, DAOCRM, FIPP Center for Pain Medicine and Physiatric Rehabilitation 2002 Medical Parkway Suite 150 Annapolis, MD 1630 Main Street Suite 215 Chester, MD 410-571-9000 www.4-no-pain.com
More informationBIPN140 Lecture 12: Synaptic Plasticity (II)
BIPN140 Lecture 12: Synaptic Plasticity (II) 1. Early v.s. Late LTP 2. Long-Term Depression 3. Molecular Mechanisms of Long-Term Depression: NMDA-R dependent 4. Molecular Mechanisms of Long-Term Depression:
More informationSynaptic plasticityhippocampus. Neur 8790 Topics in Neuroscience: Neuroplasticity. Outline. Synaptic plasticity hypothesis
Synaptic plasticityhippocampus Neur 8790 Topics in Neuroscience: Neuroplasticity Outline Synaptic plasticity hypothesis Long term potentiation in the hippocampus How it s measured What it looks like Mechanisms
More informationDendritic and Axonal Targeting of Type 5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Is Regulated by Homer1 Proteins and Neuronal Excitation
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1, 2000, 20(23):8710 9716 Dendritic and Axonal Targeting of Type 5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Is Regulated by Homer1 Proteins and Neuronal Excitation Fabrice
More informationOpioid Receptor Trafficking in Pain States
Encyclopedia of Pain Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 10.1007/978-3-540-29805-2_2962 Robert F. Schmidt and William D. Willis Opioid Receptor Trafficking in Pain States Catherine M. Cahill 3, Anne
More informationEnhanced formalin nociceptive responses following L5 nerve ligation in the rat reveals neuropathy-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia
University of Kentucky From the SelectedWorks of Renee R. Donahue 2001 Enhanced formalin nociceptive responses following L5 nerve ligation in the rat reveals neuropathy-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia
More informationIonotropic glutamate receptors (iglurs)
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iglurs) GluA1 GluA2 GluA3 GluA4 GluN1 GluN2A GluN2B GluN2C GluN2D GluN3A GluN3B GluK1 GluK2 GluK3 GluK4 GluK5 The general architecture of receptor subunits Unique properties
More informationPostsynaptic scaffold proteins in health and disease Dr. Jonathan Hanley
Postsynaptic Scaffold Proteins in Health and Disease 1 School of Biochemistry University of Bristol, UK Talk outline Introduction to synapses, their plasticity and molecular organization Focus on excitatory
More informationThe development of the nociceptive responses in neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice
SOMATENSORY SYSTEMS, PAIN The development of the nociceptive responses in neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice Tamara E. King, 1,CA Mark J. S. Heath, 2 Pierre Debs, 3 Marion B. E. Davis, 2 Rene Hen 4 and
More informationSensory coding and somatosensory system
Sensory coding and somatosensory system Sensation and perception Perception is the internal construction of sensation. Perception depends on the individual experience. Three common steps in all senses
More informationReceived January 12, 2016; Accepted March 27, 2016; Epub June 15, 2016; Published June 30, 2016
Int J Clin Exp Med 2016;9(6):10181-10190 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0023898 Original Article The role of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein
More informationCell Communication. Cell Communication. Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule
Cell Communication Cell Communication Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the ligand binds (may be on the plasma membrane or within
More informationOriginal Article Upregulation of neuregulin-1 reverses signs of neuropathic pain in rats
Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014;7(9):5916-5921 www.ijcep.com /ISSN:1936-2625/IJCEP0001263 Original Article Upregulation of neuregulin-1 reverses signs of neuropathic pain in rats Guojun Wang 1,2*, Dawei Dai
More informationA subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch
Supplementary Information A subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch Liang Han 1, Chao Ma 3,4, Qin Liu 1,2, Hao-Jui Weng 1,2, Yiyuan Cui 5, Zongxiang Tang 1,2, Yushin Kim 1, Hong Nie 4,
More informationInternational Conference on Biological Sciences and Technology (BST 2016)
International Conference on Biological Sciences and Technology (BST 2016) Analgesic Contrast of Diverse Administrations of Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoTN/A) Using Rat Neuropathic Pain Model Qiong-Fang YANG1,3,
More informationRapamycin Suppresses Astrocytic and Microglial Activation and Reduced Development of Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.
Rapamycin Suppresses Astrocytic and Microglial Activation and Reduced Development of Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Satoshi Tateda, M.D., Haruo Kanno, M.D., Ph.D., Hiroshi Ozawa, M.D.,
More informationAnti-nerve growth factor antibody attenuates chronic morphine treatmentinduced tolerance in the rat
Cheppudira et al. BMC Anesthesiology (2016) 16:73 DOI 10.1186/s12871-016-0242-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Anti-nerve growth factor antibody attenuates chronic morphine treatmentinduced tolerance in
More informationCXCL13 drives spinal astrocyte activation and neuropathic pain via CXCR5
The Journal of Clinical Investigation CXCL13 drives spinal astrocyte activation and neuropathic pain via CXCR5 Bao-Chun Jiang, 1 De-Li Cao, 1 Xin Zhang, 1 Zhi-Jun Zhang, 1,2 Li-Na He, 1 Chun-Hua Li, 1
More informationPart 11: Mechanisms of Learning
Neurophysiology and Information: Theory of Brain Function Christopher Fiorillo BiS 527, Spring 2012 042 350 4326, fiorillo@kaist.ac.kr Part 11: Mechanisms of Learning Reading: Bear, Connors, and Paradiso,
More informationIONOTROPIC RECEPTORS
BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS ZSOLT LIPOSITS 1 NEURAL COMMUNICATION http://sciencecore.columbia.edu/s4.html 2 Post-synaptic mechanisms Receptors-signal transduction-messengers 3 TRANSMITTER
More informationRapamycin suppresses astrocytic and microglial activation and reduces development of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury in mice.
Rapamycin suppresses astrocytic and microglial activation and reduces development of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury in mice. Satoshi Tateda, MD, Haruo Kanno, MD, PhD, Hiroshi Ozawa, MD, PhD,
More informationPathophysiology of Pain
Pathophysiology of Pain Wound Inflammatory response Chemical mediators Activity in Pain Path PAIN http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter08.html Chris Cohan, Ph.D. Dept. of Pathology/Anat Sci University
More informationCentrally Mediated Anti-Hyperalgesic and Anti-Allodynic Effect of Tolperisone in Spared Nerve Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain
Centrally Mediated Anti-Hyperalgesic and Anti-Allodynic Effect of Tolperisone in Spared Nerve Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain Keyur S Patel *, Punam D Sachdeva Department of Pharmacology, A.R.College
More informationCOMMENTARY The Shank family of scaffold proteins
Journal of Cell Science 113, 1851-1856 (2000) Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 JCS1063 1851 COMMENTARY The Shank family of scaffold proteins Morgan Sheng 1, * and Eunjoon
More informationPotential for delta opioid receptor agonists as analgesics in chronic pain therapy
Potential for delta opioid receptor agonists as analgesics in chronic pain therapy David Kendall & Bengt von Mentzer; PharmNovo AB/UK Alex Conibear & Eamonn Kelly, University of Bristol Junaid Asghar,
More informationDissecting out mechanisms responsible for peripheral neuropathic pain: Implications for diagnosis and therapy
Life Sciences 74 (2004) 2605 2610 www.elsevier.com/locate/lifescie Dissecting out mechanisms responsible for peripheral neuropathic pain: Implications for diagnosis and therapy Clifford J. Woolf* Neural
More informationIntracellular signalling cascades associated with TRP channels
Gerald Thiel Intracellular signalling cascades associated with TRP channels Current state of investigations and potential applications Saarland University, Germany Campus Saarbrücken Department of Medical
More informationLigand-Gated Ion Channels
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels The Other Machines That Make It Possible... Topics I Introduction & Electrochemical Gradients Passive Membrane Properties Action Potentials Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Topics II
More informationChanges in long2term syna ptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn of neuropathic pa in rats
226 ( ) JOURNAL OF PEKIN G UNIVERSITY( HEAL TH SCIENCES) Vol. 35 No. 3 J une 2003,,, (, 100083) [ ] / ; ; ; / [ ] :, (central sensitization) :Sprague2Dawley 5/ 6 (L5/ L6), C2, C2 L TP : (1), ( 100 Hz,
More informationHEK293FT cells were transiently transfected with reporters, N3-ICD construct and
Supplementary Information Luciferase reporter assay HEK293FT cells were transiently transfected with reporters, N3-ICD construct and increased amounts of wild type or kinase inactive EGFR. Transfections
More informationWhat it Takes to be a Pain
What it Takes to be a Pain Pain Pathways and the Neurophysiology of pain Dennis S. Pacl, MD, FACP, FAChPM Austin Palliative Care/ Hospice Austin A Definition of Pain complex constellation of unpleasant
More informationWhen cells are already maximally potentiated LTP is occluded.
When cells are already maximally potentiated LTP is occluded. Stein, V et al., (2003) J Neurosci, 23:5503-6606. Also found in Rat Barrel Cortex Ehrlich & Malinow (2004) J. Neurosci. 24:916-927 Over-expression
More informationAn excessive increase in glutamate contributes to glucose-toxicity in. β-cells via activation of pancreatic NMDA receptors in rodent diabetes
An excessive increase in glutamate contributes to glucose-toxicity in β-cells via activation of pancreatic NMDA receptors in rodent diabetes Xiao-Ting Huang 1, Chen Li 1,3, Xiang-Ping Peng 1, Jia Guo 1,5,
More informationThe Brainstem Migraine Generator - PET Studies in Migraine (1995) Migraine as a Channelopathy? Research From the Genetic Perspective (1996) Meningeal
The Brainstem Migraine Generator - PET Studies in Migraine (1995) Migraine as a Channelopathy? Research From the Genetic Perspective (1996) Meningeal Sensitization, Central Sensitization, and Allodynia
More informationUpdate on the Neurophysiology of Pain Transmission and Modulation: Focus on the NMDA-Receptor
S2 Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Vol. 19 No. 1(Suppl.) January 2000 Proceedings Supplement NMDA-Receptor Antagonists: Evolving Role in Analgesia Update on the Neurophysiology of Pain Transmission
More informationReview Article Sustained Activity of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor: Homer, Arrestin, and Beyond
Hindawi Neural Plasticity Volume 2017, Article ID 5125624, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5125624 Review Article Sustained Activity of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor: Homer, Arrestin, and Beyond
More informationSocial deficits in Shank3-deficient mouse models of autism are rescued by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Articles https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0110-8 In the format provided by the authors and unedited. Social deficits in Shank3-deficient mouse models of autism are rescued by
More informationExperimental Neurology
Experimental Neurology 222 (2010) 256 266 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Experimental Neurology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yexnr Contribution of the spinal cord BDNF to the development
More informationMemory Systems II How Stored: Engram and LTP. Reading: BCP Chapter 25
Memory Systems II How Stored: Engram and LTP Reading: BCP Chapter 25 Memory Systems Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge or skills. Memory is the retention of learned information. Many different
More informationSpinal Cord Injury Pain. Michael Massey, DO CentraCare Health St Cloud, MN 11/07/2018
Spinal Cord Injury Pain Michael Massey, DO CentraCare Health St Cloud, MN 11/07/2018 Objectives At the conclusion of this session, participants should be able to: 1. Understand the difference between nociceptive
More informationModulation of TRP channels by resolvins in mouse and human
July 9, 2015, Ion Channel Retreat, Vancouver Ion Channel and Pain Targets Modulation of TRP channels by resolvins in mouse and human Ru-Rong Ji, PhD Pain Research Division Department of Anesthesiology
More informationReceptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me. Agenda. What We Know About Pain 9/7/2012
Receptors and Neurotransmitters: It Sounds Greek to Me Cathy Carlson, PhD, RN Northern Illinois University Agenda We will be going through this lecture on basic pain physiology using analogies, mnemonics,
More informationSpinal Cord Injury Induced Hyperalgesia is Associated with Increased Levels of Let-7 Family of MicroRNAs
Research Article imedpub Journals http://www.imedpub.com/ Cellular & Molecular Medicine: Open access Spinal Cord Injury Induced Hyperalgesia is Associated with Increased Levels of Let-7 Family of MicroRNAs
More informationGlycine-gated ion channels Converging mechanism and therapeutic potentials
Glycine-gated ion channels Converging mechanism and therapeutic potentials Li Zhang Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Supplementary Figure 1
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary Figure 1 The supralinear events evoked in CA3 pyramidal cells fulfill the criteria for NMDA spikes, exhibiting a threshold, sensitivity to NMDAR blockade, and all-or-none
More informationPharmacology of Pain Transmission and Modulation
Pharmacology of Pain Transmission and Modulation 2 Jürg Schliessbach and Konrad Maurer Nociceptive Nerve Fibers Pain is transmitted to the central nervous system via thinly myelinated Aδ and unmyelinated
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
METHODS Mice and rats. Behavioural experiments were performed in male and female 7 12 week old mice or in male 7 10 week old Wistar rats. Permissions for the animal experiments have been obtained from
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Figure 1. Behavioural effects of ketamine in non-stressed and stressed mice. Naive C57BL/6 adult male mice (n=10/group) were given a single dose of saline vehicle or ketamine (3.0 mg/kg,
More informationReceived 26 April 2004; revised 21 August 2004; accepted 20 September 2004 Available online 19 November 2004
Experimental Neurology 191 (2005) 128 136 www.elsevier.com/locate/yexnr Ectopic discharges from injured nerve fibers are highly correlated with tactile allodynia only in early, but not late, stage in rats
More informationPain Pathways. Dr Sameer Gupta Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management, NGH
Pain Pathways Dr Sameer Gupta Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management, NGH Objective To give you a simplistic and basic concepts of pain pathways to help understand the complex issue of pain Pain
More informationCell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Chapter 9. Communication between cells requires:
Chapter 9 Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds -may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell 2 There are four
More informationChapter 9: Biochemical Mechanisms for Information Storage at the Cellular Level. From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.
Chapter 9: Biochemical Mechanisms for Information Storage at the Cellular Level From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D. Chapter 9: Dendritic Spine Figure 1 Summary: Three Primary
More informationTriptolide Prevents and Attenuates Neuropathic Pain via Inhibiting Central Immune Response
Pain Physician 2012; 15:E995-E1006 ISSN 2150-1149 Experimental Trial Triptolide Prevents and Attenuates Neuropathic Pain via Inhibiting Central Immune Response Wei Wang, MD, PhD 1,2, Xiao-Peng Mei, MD,
More informationIntracranial Studies Of Human Epilepsy In A Surgical Setting
Intracranial Studies Of Human Epilepsy In A Surgical Setting Department of Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Presentation Goals Epilepsy and seizures Basics of the electroencephalogram
More informationName Biology 125 Midterm #2 ( ) Total Pages: 9
Name - 1 - Biology 125 Midterm #2 (11-15-07) Part 1: (30 pts) Part 2: (40 pts) Part 3: (6 pts) Part 4: (12 pts) Part 5: (12 pts) Total Pages: 9 Total Score: (100 pts) 1 Name - 2 - Part 1: True or False.
More informationByeol-Rim Kang and Chang-Beohm Ahn Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine Dong-Eui University, Busan , Korea
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 6, 987 993 2007 World Scientific Publishing Company Institute for Advanced Research in Asian Science and Medicine N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Antagonist
More informationSynaptic Plasticity and Memory
Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Properties and synaptic mechanisms underlying the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) The role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CamKII) in the induction,
More informationNeuroscience Letters 385 (2005) Zhi-Qiang Dong, Hong Xie, Fei Ma, Wei-Min Li, Yan-Qing Wang, Gen-Cheng Wu
Neuroscience Letters 385 (2005) 189 194 Effects of electroacupuncture on expression of somatostatin and preprosomatostatin mrna in dorsal root ganglions and spinal dorsal horn in neuropathic pain rats
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. The Calcium-activated Chloride Channel Anoctamin 1 acts as a Heat. Sensor in Nociceptive Neurons
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The Calcium-activated Chloride Channel Anoctamin 1 acts as a Heat Sensor in Nociceptive Neurons Hawon Cho, Young Duk Yang, Jesun Lee, Byeongjoon Lee, Tahnbee Kim Yongwoo Jang,
More informationEvaluation of Gabapentin and S-( )-3-Isobutylgaba in a Rat Model of Postoperative Pain
0022-3565/97/2823-1242$03.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 282, No. 3 Copyright 1997 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Printed in
More informationserotonin in learning and plasticity
serotonin in learning and plasticity pt.1 immediate action L P H N NRX N N R X N CDH RhoA/ROCK RAC1 DAG [Ca2+] camp GIRK2 P11 Gq CASK PICK1 VELI MINT-1 CaMK Ca2+ channel AC Gi mglur7 mglur5 Glutamate NMDAR
More informationSynaptic Communication. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Synaptic Communication Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News The first exam is next week on Friday! Be sure to checkout the sample exam on the course website. 2
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Figure 1. Normal AMPAR-mediated fepsp input-output curve in CA3-Psen cdko mice. Input-output curves, which are plotted initial slopes of the evoked fepsp as function of the amplitude of the
More informationNNZ-2566 in Rett Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders Role and Update
NNZ-2566 in Rett Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders Role and Update 1 Overview The natural growth factor IGF-1 is broken down in the body to IGF-1[1-3] NNZ-2566 is an analogue of IGF-1[1-3] developed
More informationLecture 22: A little Neurobiology
BIO 5099: Molecular Biology for Computer Scientists (et al) Lecture 22: A little Neurobiology http://compbio.uchsc.edu/hunter/bio5099 Larry.Hunter@uchsc.edu Nervous system development Part of the ectoderm
More informationSomatic Sensation (MCB160 Lecture by Mu-ming Poo, Friday March 9, 2007)
Somatic Sensation (MCB160 Lecture by Mu-ming Poo, Friday March 9, 2007) Introduction Adrian s work on sensory coding Spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia Four somatic sense modalities Touch Mechanoreceptors
More informationEtanercept attenuates pain-related behavior following compression of the dorsal root ganglion in the rat
DOI 10.1007/s00586-011-1854-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Etanercept attenuates pain-related behavior following compression of the dorsal root ganglion in the rat Kazuyuki Watanabe Shoji Yabuki Miho Sekiguchi Shin-ichi
More informationEE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015
EE 791 Lecture 2 Jan 19, 2015 Action Potential Conduction And Neural Organization EE 791-Lecture 2 1 Core-conductor model: In the core-conductor model we approximate an axon or a segment of a dendrite
More informationCellular Neurobiology BIPN140
Cellular Neurobiology BIPN140 1st Midterm Exam Ready for Pickup By the elevator on the 3 rd Floor of Pacific Hall (waiver) Exam Depot Window at the north entrance to Pacific Hall (no waiver) Mon-Fri, 10:00
More informationOriginal Article Activation of spinal alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia
Int J Clin Exp Med 2015;8(2):1871-1879 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0004738 Original Article Activation of spinal alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates remifentanil-induced postoperative
More information211MDS Pain theories
211MDS Pain theories Definition In 1986, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defined pain as a sensory and emotional experience associated with real or potential injuries, or described
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Signaling
Chapter 9 Cellular Signaling Cellular Messaging Page 215 Cells can signal to each other and interpret the signals they receive from other cells and the environment Signals are most often chemicals The
More informationHepatitis B virus X gene in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Citation Hong Kong Medical Journal, 2011, v. 17 n. 6, suppl. 6, p.
Title Hepatitis B virus X gene in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma Author(s) Ma, NF; Lau, SH; Hu, L; Dong, SS; Guan, XY Citation Hong Kong Medical Journal, 2011, v. 17 n. 6, suppl. 6, p. 44-47
More informationAdvanced Receptor Psychopharmacology
Advanced Receptor Psychopharmacology Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. 2017 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Rockville, MD February 2017 Lundbeck,
More informationMOLECULAR MEDICINE REPORTS 8: , 2013
1130 Effects of electroacupuncture on spinal α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor in rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant YOUNG-SEOK LEE 1, JUN-HYUK LEE 2, IN-SEON LEE
More informationDorsal root ganglion compression as an animal model of sciatica and low back pain
618 Neurosci Bull October 1, 2012, 28(5): 618 630. http://www.neurosci.cn DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1276-9 Review Dorsal root ganglion compression as an animal model of sciatica and low back pain Xiao-Yu
More informationSerum mirna expression profile as a prognostic biomarker of stage II/III
Serum mirna expression profile as a prognostic biomarker of stage II/III colorectal adenocarcinoma Jialu Li a,b,, Yang Liu c,, Cheng Wang d,, Ting Deng a,, Hongwei Liang b, Yifei Wang e, Dingzhi Huang
More informationGABA B Receptor Agonist Baclofen Has Non-Specific Antinociceptive Effect in the Model of Peripheral Neuropathy in the Rat
Physiol. Res. 3: 31-3, GABA B Receptor Agonist Baclofen Has Non-Specific Antinociceptive Effect in the Model of Peripheral Neuropathy in the Rat M. FRANĚK, Š. VACULÍN, R. ROKYTA Department of Normal, Pathological
More informationSynapse Formation. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Synapse Formation Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Midterm Exam Monday, Nov 13 9:30-11:30am Bring a #2 pencil!! 2 Course News Lecture schedule: Mon (Oct 31)
More informationChapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline
Chapter 11 Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Chapter Outline Module 11.1 Overview of the Nervous System (Figures 11.1-11.3) A. The nervous system controls our perception and experience
More informationEffect of Chronic Aluminum Exposure on PKC, CaMK and Neurogranin in Hippocampus of Rat
ISSN 100727626 CN 1123870ΠQ 2007 5 Chinese Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 23 (5) :410 414 PKC CaMK Ng 3,,,,,, (, 110001) (long2term potentiation, LTP) C (protein kinase c, PKC) Ca 2 + 2
More information