Transmission of Disease

Transcription

1 Transmission of Disease

2 How is infection Spread? Direct Contact Indirect Contact

3 Direct Contact Direct person-to-person contact Infected person touches or exchanges body fluids with someone else Can happen before a person is aware that they are ill Respiratory illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases Pregnant women can can transmit to the baby via the placenta Some STDs, including gonorrhea, can be passed from mother to baby during childbirth. Droplet Spread: droplets from coughing and sneezing can spread infectious disease

4 Indirect Contact Infectious diseases can also be spread indirectly through the air and other mechanisms Airborne Transmission: diseases can travel and remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time. Contaminated Objects: Some organisms can live on objects for a short time Transmission occurs when you touch your mouth, nose, or eyes before thoroughly washing your hands. Contaminated blood products and medical supplies Insect Bites: insects that suck blood

5 Food and Drinking Water: contaminated food and water / improperly handled produce or undercooked meat Animal-to-Person Contact: infected animal bites or scratches you, or when you handle animal waste. Animal Reservoirs: Animal-to-animal disease transmission can sometimes transfer to humans. Environmental Reservoirs: Soil, water, and vegetation containing infectious organisms can also be transferred to people.

6 Infection Control Cycle 1. Infectious Agent: When germs enter the body they can cause illness 2. Reservoir: Where germs live and multiply 3. Portal of Exit: How germs leave the body 4. Transmission: How germs are spread 5. Portal of entry: How germs enter the body 6. Susceptible host: A person who gets an infection because he or she is unable to successfully fight the infection

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8 Prevention is important!! 7/10 chronic diseases are caused by preventable circumstances/diseases ½ of adults have chronic diseases Racial and ethnic minority communities experience higher rates of obesity, cancer, diabetes and AIDS Preventing disease = healthier homes, workplaces, schools and communities = in lifespan and a in lifetime healthcare costs.

9 Better health = more wealth! With better health, children are in school more days and learn more. More education = higher chance of being prepared to go to college College degree = more wealth With better health, adults are more productive at work and take less time off. More productivity = more goods and services for employers More goods and services = more wealth! With better health, senior citizens keep their independence. Support for independent seniors helps to promote and maintain positive menta health.

10 Early Intervention Early intervention promotes a child s growth and development Supports the family during the critical first 3 years of a child s life Not a cure for disabilities or risk conditions Can have significant positive effects on the cognitive and social development of young children with disabilities

11 Early Diagnosis Prevents misdiagnosis, unnecessary and invasive workups, unnecessary procedures, and trial and error with medication Diseases are easier to treat with less long term side effects Time for the patients to educate themselves on their condition Make informed choices and plan accordingly

12 Ways to prevent! Illness: When you re sick avoid direct contact with other people Cover your nose and mouth when you sneeze and cough. Wash your hands thoroughly and often When caring for an ill person, use disposable gloves and wash your hands frequently

13 Ways to prevent! Food: Avoid cross-contamination of food by keeping raw meats and produce separate Freeze or refrigerate perishable foods and leftovers promptly. Be careful about sources of food when visiting foreign countries..

14 Ways to prevent! Insects and Animals: When camping or enjoying wooded areas, wear long pants and long sleeves (not practical but more power to you!) Use insect repellent and mosquito netting. Don't touch animals in the wild.

15 Ways to prevent! Vaccinations: Stay up to date on vaccinations Especially when traveling Don't forget to keep your pet's vaccinations current Don t put yourself in the position to get sick from something preventable!!!

16 Integrated Systems Approach: 1. Prevention: Use measures to stop the disease from infecting people before it spreads 2. Diagnosis: Correctly diagnose a patient immediately so treatment can begin 3. Pathology: Clinical tests confirm the suspected diagnosis and enable the patient to begin treatment immediately 4. Treatment: Prevent your disease from getting worse, and to restore health and functionality. All aspects work together to enable patients to stay healthy!

17 Reimbursement Systems in Healthcare: The costs of running an independent medical practice while medical reimbursements are Many doctors have opted-out of accepting Medicare and Medicaid Closed their practices and joined larger healthcare organizations Left medicine all together costs for malpractice insurance premiums and in reimbursements from government plans like Medicare make it hard for practices to survive

18 Fee for Fee Medical Reimbursement Each consult, test, appointment, or other procedure administered gives physicians a boost in earnings through reimbursements Provides physicians an incentive to perform more, and sometimes unnecessary, procedures to increase their profits Driving force behind physician-lead healthcare fraud

19 Value Based Purchasing Medical Reimbursement Shifts medical reimbursements away from paying for services rendered Focuses on maintaining a high-quality, low-cost practice Additional incentive to produce the best care Allows consumers to make informed decisions about their health care Lets them see information regarding care quality and cost