Ecology of La Crosse Encephalitis in endemic western North Carolina
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1 In Collaboration with: Ecology of La Crosse Encephalitis in endemic western North Carolina MARCELO SCHWARZ UNC GREEENSBORO - BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT MARCH 2014
2 La Crosse Encephalitis (LACE) No treatment. No vaccine. Wide range of symptoms. Symptoms High proportion asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms. Mild cases: nausea, headache, vomiting, lethargy. Severe cases: meningitis, encephalitis, seizures, paralysis, coma, behavioral changes, learning disabilities, and cognitive deficits. Other Pediatric: Children under 16 years of age. Mean LACE case = $35,000 LACE case life-long sequelae = $48,000 to $3.1 million
3 Transmission Amplifying hosts (Gray & Fox Squirrels and Eastern Chipmunks). Vertical/Ovarial. Horizontal: venereal and host-feeding. Focal transmission: Forested or peridomestic areas. Virus maintenance LAC Virus in winter maintained in dormant eggs. M.K. Borucki et al. / Microbes and Infection 4 (2002)
4 La Crosse Encephalitis
5 LACE INCIDENCE 2011 LACE INCIDENCE 2012
6 LACE EMERGENCE POTENTIAL HYPOTHESES: - Improved reporting - Population growth: 38% population increase, 1980 to Human disturbance - Invasive mosquitoes (Ae. albopictus & Ae. japonicus introduction) Non-mutually exclusive Source: Brian Byrd Ph.D., NC State Report, 2012.
7 Epidemiological triad (LACE) Squirrels/Chipmunks Host Squirrels/Chipmunks Vector Vector? Pathogen LACv Environment LACv Environment Sylvatic Highly disturbed
8
9 Methods 6 rural sites 2 parallel transects, 15 ovitraps/transect 100 m field & 100 m forest. Emphasis on oviposition as an index for relative abundance. Resting adult mosquito aspirations Gravid mosquito traps Nasci Aspirator
10 Sites: Forest-to-Field Ecotone
11 Forest-to-Field Ecotone Forest Edge Field
12 2011 Ovitrap Collections Ae. japonicus Ae. albopictus Ae. triseriatus Forest Edge Field
13 2011 Ovitrap Collections
14 2012 Ovitrap collections Ae. albopictus Ae. japonicus Ae. triseriatus Forest Edge Field
15 2012 Ovitrap Collections Forest Edge Field
16 2012 Ovitrap Collections May Jun Jul Aug Sep May Jun Jul Aug Sep May Jun Jul Aug Sep
17 Tire introduction Evaluate the effect of artificial container (i.e., tires) introduction Tire introduction: 2 control, 2 field, 2 forest. Tire sampling (100 ml samples from 6 tires/site) Forest Edge Field
18 Future study: Waynesville Highly disturbed Suburban Urban Forested Rural Sylvatic
19 Future study: Waynesville Residential Ecotone study. Assess: Mosquito-Disturbance-SES associations. 36 study sites: - 3 Socio-economic status - 4 Land Use - 3 Replicates
20 Thank you! Questions? Comments?
21 References AMCA (2014) Mosquito-Borne Diseases, Vol American Mosquito Control Association. Benedict, R. (2009) Pools become mosquito havens in foreclosure. Daily reporter. Borucki, M., Kempf, B., Blitvich, B., Blair, C., & Beaty, B. (2002) La Crosse virus: replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Microbes and Infection, 4, CDC (2005) Information on Aedes japonicus - CDC Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases (DVBID), Vol CDC. Easterling, L. (2012) Mosquito Mistake, Spudcomics.com. Elkhart (2014) Environmental Health Services: Insect, Vector, and Rodent Control, Vol Elkhart County Health Department. EPA (2012) Mosquito Management: How to Avoid Mosquitoes in your Backyard Greening The Apple, Vol Environmental Protection Agency. Eva, J. (2011) World Science Forum, Vol Foote, K.E. & Molch, K.E. (1995) A Biography of Waller Creek: A case study in Urbanization and Environment, Vol University of Colorado Boulder. HopkinsTechnology (2014) Arboviral Encephalitides, Vol. 2014, Hoptechno. 59. Kampen, H. & Werner, D. (2014) Out of the bush: the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera, Culicidae) becomes invasive. Parasites & Vectors, 7, Lifencanvas (2014) Why Didn't Noah Swat Those Two Mosquitoes?, Vol Marin/Sonoma (2014) Mosquitoes. Marin/Sonoma Mosquito & Vector Control District. MosquitoExterminationCommission (2014) Asia Tiger Mosquito, Vol Ocean County New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Commission. NASA (2002) NASA researchers developing tools to help track and predict West Nile Virus, Vol NASA, Earth Observatory. Oxitec (2014) Mosquito-borne diseases, Vol Reisen, W.K. (2013) Ecology of West Nile Virus in North America. Viruses, 5, American Smith, J.L. Journal & Fonseca, of Tropical D. M. (2004) Medicine Rapid and assays Hygiene, for identification 70, of members of the Culex (Culex) pipiens complex, their hybrids, and other sibling species (Diptera: Culicidae). Australia. Trewin, B.J., Int Kay, Health, B.H., 5, Darbro, J.M., & Hurst, T.P. (2013) Increased container-breeding mosquito risk owing to drought-induced changes in water harvesting and storage in Brisbane, UCANR (2012) Bug Squad - Agriculture and Natural Resources Blogs, Vol VersatileMgmt (2014) Office Support, Pest Control Services & Housekeeping Service Provider from Chandigarh, India, Indiamart. Wikipedia (2011) Mosquito-feeding, Vol Pratheepps (talk) (Uploads).
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