Foot-and-Mouth Disease situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report

Transcription

1 Foot-and-Mouth Disease situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report May 2013 I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D: Databases: *OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database* *FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)* Other sources: *FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks* *FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers* The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page Please, note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status. 1

2 Contents I. GENERAL OVERVIEW... 3 II. HEADLINE NEWS... 5 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS... 6 A. POOL 1 Central / East Asia... 6 B. POOL 2 South Asia C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa F. POOL 6 Southern Africa G. POOL 7 South America IV. OTHER NEWS V. REFERENCES

3 I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) distribution by Serotype and the seven virus pools, (Map 1) Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1). Map 1: Foot-and-mouth disease virus pools distribution,

4 Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation POOL REGION/COUNTRIES SEROTYPES 1 CENTRAL/EAST ASIA (Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR),China (Taiwan Province), Japan, Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian O, A, Asia 1 Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam) 2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A, Asia 1 3 WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST (Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) O, A, Asia 1 4 EASTERN AFRICA O, A, SAT 1, SAT (Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, 2 Rwanda, Somalia, North Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen) WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R., Congo R., Cote d'ívoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo) SOUTHERN AFRICA (Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe) SOUTH AMERICA (Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela) O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 {O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS OVERSPILL FROM POOL 4 Egypt and Libya are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the recent past (4 years). O, A 4

5 II. HEADLINE NEWS POOL 1 China 1 Serotype O outbreak in pigs was reported in Jiangsu province. Outbreaks of serotype A in Tibet and Xinjiang are still continuing. An outbreak of serotype O in Tibet, which started in February, was reported to be finished on the 2 nd of May. Korea (Rep of) 1 a simulation exercise on FMD in accordance with the contingency plan (Emergency Response Plan) took place on 15 May POOL 2 Nepal 2 serotype O outbreaks have been reported in the Kathmandu valley. POOL 3 Iran FMD outbreaks were diagnosed clinically. Kazakhstan 1 an outbreak in cattle and small ruminants was reported in Urdzharsky, East Kazakhstan. Turkey outbreaks were reported in May in the Anatolian region (serotypes 0, A and Asia1 are still circulating) POOL 6 Zimbabwe 1 a clinical suspicion of an outbreak in cattle was reported in Masvingo province. POOL 7 Peru 1 declared free of FMD at the OIE general session in Paris. COUNTER *** 17 MONTHS SINCE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA HAS BEEN REPORTED *** 104 MONTHS SINCE LAST C SEROTYPE OUTBREAK HAS BEEN REPORTED 5

6 III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation A. POOL 1 Central / East Asia China 1, 21 Several outbreaks of serotype A FMD were reported by the Ministry of Agriculture in China in May: Northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; control measures reported as culling and disinfection (map 2). Xinjiang province (Xiaoquzi village, Gangou, Urumchi, Xinjiang); control measures reported as culling (map 3). An outbreak of serotype A in the province of Qinghai (Chengbei district, Xining, Qinghai) which started on the was resolved on the cattle and 78 sheep have been culled to prevent spreading of the disease. Other measures applied included vaccination of the susceptible population in this area. Altogether, 1010 cattle and sheep were vaccinated (map 4). South west China s Tibet Autonomous Region: 145 cattle affected. The National FMD Reference Laboratory confirmed the cases as type A FMD on the 2 nd of May. The initial outbreak started on 12 April Control measures reported as sealing off the infected area, and culling. According to OIE reports, China s policy in regard to this new FMD virus (serotype A, topotype: ASIA, genotype/strain SEA 97) is stamping out without vaccination (map 6). Other type A outbreaks in Tibet were reported in Jiesha village, Naidong, Shannan, Tibet (56 head of livestock, cattle (25) sheep (28) and swine (3), map 7); in Yongjiu village, Bayi, Linzhi, Tibet, (51 out of 207 cattle have been affected) (map 8); in Qudengyangge village, Dangxiong, Lasa, Tibet, (8 out of 70 cattle (map 9)). In all cases, stamping out and movement control with no vaccination were listed as control measures Map 2 shows outbreaks, which occurred in this year. Red circle indicates the outbreak which was confirmed on the 7 th of May, while the yellow circle shows a previous outbreak of FMD in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which occurred in a cattle farm in Hotian on 8 April Map 2: FMD outbreaks occuring from to (EMPRESi) 6

7 Map 3: FMD outbreaks of A serotype in Xiaoquzi village, Gangou, Urumchi, Xinjiang (Wahid, OIE) Map 4: Outbreak resolved in Chengbei district, Xining, Qinghai (Wahid, OIE) Furthermore, an outbreak of serotype O was resolved in Tibet (Deji Village, Qushui, Lasa, Tibet). All results of ELISA and RT PCR submitted by the Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute were negative. Map 5: outbreak resolved in Deji Village, Qushui, Lasa, Tibet (Wahid, OIE) 7

8 Map 6: Outbreak on Map 7: Outbreak on Map 8: Outbreak on Map 9: Outbreak on Confirmed FMD serotype O outbreak in pigs 1 : On 20 May 2013, three sick pigs were identified in a slaughter house in the Zhonglou District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province (yellow circle on map 10). After the disease occurred, the Government of Jiangsu Province has followed the requirement of the Contingency Plan and Technical Standard for Disease Prevention and Control and took a series of active control measures, including: strictly isolate the affected area, cull sick animals and animals from the same herd, strengthen disinfection and eradication, as well as continue to carry out disease screening. 8

9 Map 10: Map showing serotype O and A occurring from to Yellow circle indicates an outbreak of serotype O in Jiangsu province in pigs (EMPRESi) Confirmed FMD serotype O positive serology in pigs in province of Taiwan 1 : Positive findings of FMD serotype O antibodies were identified on 17 May 2013, in 10 out of 106 pigs on a farm in Baozhong Township, Yun- Lin, through routine active FMD serological surveillance (map 11, red circle). Serum and throat swab samples for serological tests and virus isolation were collected and sent to the national laboratory (Animal Health Research Institute). The virus isolation and RT-PCR were all negative. The serotype O was identified using the FMD ELISA kit. The monitoring and epidemiological investigation of the index farm and those surrounding farms that keep cloven-hoofed animals (a total of 49 pig farms, and 2 goat farms within 3-km radius of the index farm) have been completed; it is reported that no clinical or epidemiological evidence of infection was found. Map 11: Outbreak in Taiwan (EMPRESi) 9

10 Korea (Rep of) 1 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) of the Republic of Korea informed the OIE of a field simulation exercise on FMD, which took place on 15 May The simulation exercise involved staff from multiple agencies such as the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Provincial Veterinary Authorities, Ministry for National Defense and National Police Agency. The objectives of this simulation exercise were: - Evaluate the effectiveness of the current FMD Emergency Response Plan, - Test and improve the capabilities of MAFRA, local government and support agencies to correctly understand and consistently implement the FMD ERP, - Examine MAFRA s communications and interagency liaison in the event of FMD outbreak related with serotype for which vaccination is not practiced against in the Republic of Korea. FMD in most central and eastern Asia countries is endemic (Map 12). Brunei and Japan are the only countries in this region with the free FMD status where vaccination is not practiced. There is a zone covering the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia which is designated as FMD free without vaccination. In China, the main threat comes from O (O/Mya-98) strain and PanAsia strain. The O (O/Mya-98) strain mainly affects pigs, although cattle and goat/sheep can also show clinical signs in some field cases. However, the type O (O/PanAsia) strain mainly affects cattle. Map 12: FMD distribution by serotypes Epidemiological analysis indicates that animal movements associated with trade are the main factors for the spread of the FMD and for transmission between provinces in China. Both Mya- 98 and PanAsia strains of FMDV sequences from PR China had a close relationship with those sequences from outbreaks in Southeast Asian nations 6. FMD history in the past 2 years for this pool is given in Table 2. 10

11 Table 2: Pool 1 FMD history Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS CAMBODIA, 2011 CHINA (PEOPLE'S REP. OF), 2011, ½ 2012 CHINA (HONG KONG, SAR), 2011 CHINA (TAIWAN PROVINCE), NO OIE DATA JAPAN, , 2012 NOT TYPED 1 OCT 2012/NOT TYPED 1 DISEASE PRESENT 2011, 2012, 2013 A, O 1, 16 MAY 2013/A 1 DISEASE PRESENT 2011 O 1, O 3 NOV 2012/O 3 DISEASE PRESENT O O 1 MAY 2013/O 1 UNKNOWN 2011, NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JULY 2010/O 1, 5 FREE WITHOUT VACCINATION KOREA (DPR), O 1, 5 MARCH 2011/O 1 ½ 2011-PRESENT 2/22011 NOT REPORTED KOREA (REP. OF), O 1, 5 APR 2011/O 1 ½ 2011-PRESENT 2/22011 NOT REPORTED LAOS PDR, 2011, 2012, O 9 MARCH 2013/O 9 UNKNOWN NO SUBM. REPORTS MALAYSIA, 2011, ½ O, A 1, O, A 1, NOT TYPED 9 JAN 2013/NOT TYPED 9 FMD FREE ZONE WHERE VACCINATION IS NOT PRACTISED MONGOLIA, O /O 10 MORE ZONES, 2/ NOT ½ 2011 LIMITED ON ONE OR REPORTED MYANMAR, O 1 FEB2012/O 9 DISEASE PRESENT RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 2011 THAILAND, 2011, ½ 2012 VIET NAM, O O 1 MAR 2013/A 1 ½ 2011 NOT REPORTED, 2/ A 1 -DISEASE PRESENT 2011 O, A 1, O, A 1, 5 OCT 2012/A, O 1 DISEASE PRESENT 2011 O 1, A, O 5 APR 2013/A 18 DISEASE PRESENT 2013 A 18 11

12 B. POOL 2 South Asia Nepal 2 serotype O outbreaks have been reported in the Kathmandu valley. South Asia is known to be an FMD endemic area but very limited data on serotypes is available (Map 13). Map 13: FMD distribution by serotypes The PD-FMD at Mukteswar (FMD Reference laboratory for South Asia) is active in this region and is requested to provide information on FMD circulation that will assist improved understanding of virus circulation. FMD history in the past 2 years is given in Table 3. Table 3: Pool 2 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS BANGLADESH, O, A, Asia 1 6 NOT AVAILABLE ½ 2011DISEASE PRESENT, 2/ LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES BHUTAN, , 2012 O 5 NOV 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT INDIA, , 2012, 2013 MAR 2013/O,A, Asia 1 3, O, A, Asia 1 1, LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES NEPAL, O, A, Asia 1 1, 6 MAR 2013/O 2 DISEASE PRESENT SRI LANKA, , 2012 O 1, /O 5 ½ DISEASE PRESENT 2/22011 NOT REPORTED 12

13 C. POOL 3 West Eurasia & Middle East Iran FMD outbreaks were diagnosed clinically. Out of this, 83 samples were analyzed, and more than 80% of outbreaks were type A (table 4). Table 4: FMD sample results in Iran No samples Negative Unsuitable Total positive A O Asia Kazakhstan 1, 2 - an outbreak of FMD serotype A was reported in Akshoka Village, Akshokinsky, Urdzharsky, East Kazakhstan. The outbreak started on 11 May A total of 40 cattle were affected out of a population of 900 cattle and sheep/goats (map 14, see the tip of the red arrow on the map). The animals affected were destroyed and the susceptible animals were vaccinated in response to the outbreak. Map 14: FMD outbreaks from to , red arrow showing the recent outbreak (EMPRESi) Turkey outbreaks occurred up to the end of May in The numbers of outbreaks increased gradually after February, mostly caused by serotype O. Table 5 below shows the distribution of outbreaks which occurred in 2013 according to the serotype. 13

14 Table 5: FMD outbreaks in 2013 in Turkey, by serotype. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Serotype No. of outbreaks Type Type A 219 Type Asia1 32 Unidentified 104 Total 624 Serotype O (PanAsiaII) has been circulating increasingly in the last three months and causing lots of outbreaks, which spread predominantly in the inner and east Anatolia region. Three sublineages of the serotype O PanasiaII/FAR09 have been detected genetically: O PanAsiaII/FAR09/GUM-12, O PanAsiaII/FAR09/ADA-13 and O PanAsiaII/FAR09/AGR-13. O PanAsiaII/FAR09/GUM-12 has been more predominant in the last month. Serotype A (Iran05) has been spreading mostly in the Eastern Anatolia region lately, whereas in the beginning of the year it was spreading in the west and middle of Black sea region. A Iran05/SIS10/BAB-12 sub-lineage has been circulating throughout Anatolia. Serotype Asia-1 has caused outbreaks sporadically in a limited area of the eastern part of Anatolia region. 14

15 FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 6 and Map 15. Map 15: FMD distribution by serotypes Table 6: Pool 3 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS FMD HISTORY (past LAST OUTBREAK REPORTING TO OIE 2 years) REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS AFGHANISTAN, O, A, Asia 1 1, 5 DEC DISEASE PRESENT ARMENIA, , 2012 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 NOT AVAILABLE NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD AZERBAIJAN, 2011 BAHRAIN, 2011 BULGARIA, 2011, ½ 2012 EGYPT, 2011, ½ 2012 GEORGIA, 2011 IRAN, 2011 IRAQ, 2011 ISRAEL, 2011 JORDAN, 2011 KAZAKHSTAN, , 2012 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 JUN NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD 2011 O, A, Asia O 5 MAR 2012/O 5 LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES 2011 O 1, 5 JUN 2011/O 1 2/22011, NOT REPORTED ½ 2011 DISEASE PRESENT, IN THIS PERIOD 2011 A, O 1, O, A, SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT NOT REPORTED, DISEASE PRESENT 2011, 2012 NO REPORTED NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD OUTBREAKS , 2012, 2013 APR 2013/O 5, A 2, Asia O 2, A 2, Asia DISEASE PRESENT 2011 O,A A DISEASE PRESENT /A 2011 O O 5 MAR 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT 2011, 2012 NO REPORTED NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD OUTBREAKS O, A O, A 5 MAY 2013/ A 1 DISEASE PRESENT 15

16 KUWAIT, , 2012 O 5 FEB 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT KYRGYZSTAN, O, A 1 NOV 2011/O, A 1 LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES LEBANON, , 2012 NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS 1 03/ NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD LIBYA, 2011 O 5 NO SUBM. REPORTS 2012 O, SAT 2 5 APR , 5 DISEASE PRESENT OMAN, NO DATA AVAILABLE DEC DISEASE PRESENT PAKISTAN, Asia 1, O 2012 O, A, Asia 1 5, NOV 2012/O, Asia 1, 5, A LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIES PALESTINE, O, A, Asia SAT 2 1, 5 MARCH LIMETED TO ONE OR MORE A 2 ZONES ½ 2011 NOT REPORTED, QATAR, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE 2/22011DISEASE PRESENT SAUDI ARABIA, O 5 JULY 2012/O 5 DISEASE PRESENT SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC, , 2012 NO REPORTED 03/ NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD OUTBREAKS 1 TAJIKISTAN, Asia 1 1 NOV 2011/Asia 1 1 ½ 2011 NOT REPORTED, 2/ DISEASE PRESENT TURKEY, 2011, ½ 2012 MONTHLY REPORTS REGULARLY SUBMITTED TO EUFMD TURKMENISTAN NO SUBM. REPORTS UZBEKISTAN NO SUBM. REPORTS 2011 Asia 1, A, O 5, Asia 1, A 5, O 1 DEC 2012/O, A 5, Asia 1 1 DISEASE PRESENT NO DATA AVAILABLE NO DATA AVAILABLE UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 16

17 D. POOL 4 Eastern Africa Ethiopia 5 Five virus isolates were submitted to the WRL for analysis. The samples had been taken as part of a survey conducted from 2010 to 2012, and all five samples were serotype O: four of topotype EA-3, and one of topotype EA-4. EA-3 was found in samples from Oromia and Amhra region in the East of Ethiopia. The EA-4 isolate from South Ethiopia was closely related to viruses that occurred in Kenya in 2010, Ethiopia in 2005 and Uganda in East Africa is known to be FMD endemic area but with limited available data (Map 16). Map 16: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 7 below. Table 7: Pool 4 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS LAST OUTBREAK FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) REPORTING TO OIE REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS BURUNDI, O, A, SAT 1, SAT UNKNOWN COMOROS, DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED 1 1 SUSPECTED NOT 2010 CONFIRMED CONGO D. R., , 2012 O, A, SAT 1 4 APR LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE /NOT TYPED ZONES DJIBOUTI, ABSENT 1 NOT AVAILABLE NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD EGYPT, 2011 A, O 1, , ½ A, O SAT 2 1, 5 JUN 2012/SAT NOT REPORTED, DISEASE PRESENT ERITREA, NO SUBM. REPORTS 2011 O 5 DEC 2011/O 5 UNKNOWN ETHIOPIA, A, SAT 1, O 5, O /O5 DISEASE PRESENT KENYA, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 1, , 2013 SAT 2, A 7 JAN 2013/A, SAT2 7 DISEASE PRESENT LIBYA, 2011 O 5 NO SUBM. REPORTS 2012 O, SAT 2 5,7 APR , 5 DISEASE PRESENT RWANDA, 2011 ABSENT 7 NO SUBM. REPORTS 2012 NOT TYPED 2 NOV 2012/NOT TYPED 2 UNKNOWN SOMALIA, NO DATA AVAILABLE DISEASE PRESENT NORTH SUDAN, A, O 1 DEC DISEASE PRESENT 17

18 SOUTH SUDAN, 2011 TANZANIA, 2011 UGANDA, 2011 YEMEN, NO SUBM. REPORTS MAR 2013/O 2011, 2012 O, SAT 1, SAT 2, A DISEASE PRESENT 2011 SAT 1(buffalo), SAT 2 (cattle), O 7, SAT3 1, A, O, SAT 1, SAT DISEASE PRESENT 2013 O O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2, 7, 2, 1 SAT APR 2013/A DISEASE PRESENT A 19 NO AVAILABLE DATA E. POOL 5 West / Central Africa No new events have been reported for this reporting period. Foot and mouth disease is endemic in West Africa (Map 17). In Gabon, Sierra Leone, Mauritania, Guinea, Guinea Biss. FMD has not been reported at least in the last 3 years. Map 17: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 8. Table 8: Pool 5 FMD history COUNTRY/6 MONTHS FMD HISTORY (past 2 LAST OUTBREAK REPORTING TO OIE years) REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS BENIN, A, O, SAT 1, SAT DEC 2011/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, DISEASE PRESENT BURKINA FASO, , 2012 O, A, SAT NO PRECISE DATA, 2 4 DEC DISEASE PRESENT CAMEROON, O, A, SAT 2 4, DISEASE PRESENT CAPE VERDE, NO SUBM. REPORTS NO DATA AVAILABLE CENTRAL AFR. REP NO DATA AVAILABLE DISEASE PRESENT CHAD, 2011, 2012 A, SAT /2012 4, NO PRECISE UNKNOWN NO SUBM. REPORTS DATA CONGO D. R., , 2012 O, A, SAT 1 4 APR LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE /NOT TYPED ZONES 18

19 CONGO R., NO SUBM. REPORTS NO DATA AVAILABLE COTE D'ÍVOIRE, SAT 1, A 1, O, SAT LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES EQUATORIAL GUINEA, 2011 NO DATA AVAILABLE DISEASE SUSPECTED, NOT CONFIRMED GABON, ABSENT 1 NO IN PERIOD 1 NEVER REPORTED GAMBIA, 2011, 2012 O, A, SAT NO SUBM. REPORTS /O DISEASE PRESENT GHANA, O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /O 1 DISEASE PRESENT GUINEA BISS., 2011, ½ 2012 GUINEA, 2011, ½ 2012 LIBERIA, NO SUBM. REPORTS 2011, 2012 ABSENT 1 NO IN PERIOD 1 NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD 2011, 2012 ABSENT 1 NO IN PERIOD 1 NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD 2011, 2012 A, SAT /2012 4, NO PRECISE UNKNOWN DATA 2011/2012 O, A, SAT 2011/2012 4, NO PRECISE LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE MALI, , SAT 2 4, 1 DATA ZONES MAURITANIA, , 2012 ABSENT 1 NO IN PERIOD 1 NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD NIGER, 2011 NIGERIA, 2011, ½ 2012 SAO TOME PRINCIPE, NO SUBM. REPORTS SENEGAL, /2012 O, A, SAT NO PRECISE DATA, 1, SAT 2 4, 1 OCT LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES 2011/2012 O, A 4, 1 OCT/NOV 2012/A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 4 DISEASE PRESENT NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011/2012 O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 4, /O, A, SAT 1 4 DISEASE PRESENT SIERRA LEONE, , 2012 ABSENT 1 OCT NOT REPORTED IN THIS PERIOD 2011, 2012 O, SAT 1 1, TOGO, , /O 4 DISEASE PRESENT F. POOL 6 Southern Africa Botswana 1 no new outbreaks have been reported within FMD control zones of Ngamiland (map 18). FMD cases were detected in different crushes during routine vaccinations carried out in February to April Flooding of the area, which made some animals inaccessible for vaccination and damaged cordon fences, led to contact between buffaloes and cattle and thereby precipitating outbreaks. Samples were collected and submitted to Botswana Vaccine Institute (OIE Reference laboratory) and results are awaited. 19

20 As an FMD control zone, no movement of cloven-hoofed animals and their derived fresh products and other FMD risk material has been allowed out of the zone, therefore the outbreak does not affect the status of FMD free zones. A total of 315,292 cattle were vaccinated so far, to control the outbreaks. Further epidemiological investigations are still on-going. Map 18: Outbreak location in Ngamiland (Wahid, OIE) Following an outbreak in veterinary disease control zone 6 (map 19, red circle) in 2011, the government of Botswana took a decision to eradicate the epidemic by establishing a containment zone and depopulating cattle in the entire zone. A series of FMD surveys in the disease susceptible animals remaining in the zone revealed that small stock (goats and sheep) as well as wild animals have also been affected. The disease is restricted to the eastern part of Zone 6 and the number of small stock targeted for depopulation is estimated at 30,000. The affected areas are the entire communal area of Matsiloje, Matshelagabedi, Matopi, Patayamatebele, Ditladi and several other farms in the north eastern part of the country. According to the Ministry, the depopulation exercise will start immediately. Map 19 22; 24 : Red circle showing containment are of Zone 6 in Botswana (Botswana Government) 20

21 Zimbabwe 1 a clinical suspicion of an outbreak in cattle was reported in Masvingo province (map 20). A beef cattle herd on a self-contained farm in Mkwasine, Chiredzi, Masvingo, close to a wildlife conservancy with wild buffaloes, was found positive for FMD, according to clinical signs; 51 out of 158 cattle are affected. The potential sources are considered to be infected wild buffaloes. Map 20: Outbreaks in Zimbabwe from to as recorded in the EMPRESi red circle shows the recent outbreak Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. Also, there is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia which is FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively (Map 21). Map 21: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table 9. 21

22 Table 9: Pool 6 FMD history Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation COUNTRY/6 MONTHS FMD HISTORY LAST OUTBREAK REPORTING TO OIE (past 2 years) REPORTED/TYPE OIE FMD STATUS ANGOLA, NO REPORTED NO SUBM. REPORTS OUTBREAKS DEC. 2010/ SAT 2 1 UNKNOWN 2011 SAT 2 5 SAT BOTSWANA, FMD FREE ZONE WHERE APR SAT 1, SAT VACCINATION IS NOT PRACTISED 2, SAT 3 1 CONGO D. R., , 2012 O, A, 2011/2012 9, NO PRECISE SAT 1 4 DATA LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES MALAWI, SAT 2 1 OCT DISEASE PRESENT MOZAMBIQUE, SAT 2 1 JUN 2011/SAT 2 1 DISEASE PRESENT NAMIBIA, SAT 1 1 FMD FREE ZONE WHERE 2012 SAT 1 1 JAN 2012/SAT 1 1 VACCINATION IS NOT PRACTISED SOUTH AFRICA, 2011 ZAMBIA, 2011 ZIMBABWE, SAT 1 1 SAT SAT 2 1 APR 2012/SAT 2 1 DISEASE PRESENT 2012 SAT 1 5, SAT 2 1 JUN 2012/SAT 1 5 DISEASE PRESENT 2011 SAT /NOT TYPED 12 May 2013/NOT TYPED 12 DISEASE PRESENT 22

23 G. POOL 7 South America Peru 1 OIE has officially declared Peru free of FMD at its meeting held in Paris on 27 May Serological study to demonstrate a lack of FMD virus movement on the border with Peru and Ecuador in : A joint study of viral circulation and immunity population was conducted between Peru and Ecuador to assess the risk of FMD in the common border area. A two stage sampling design was chosen (first stage herds and in a second stage the animals within herds). In Peru, a total of 460 samples were taken from cattle on 57 farms (. An additional 55 samples were taken from goats on 17 farms, all showing negative results. In Ecuador, 1741 samples were collected from 102 selected farms, whereby 45 (3 %) were 3ABC ELISA reactors, 40 (2.3 %) were suspected reactors. Therefore, 88 samples were subject to the EITB, where 77 (91%) were non-reactive and 8 (9%) were undetermined. An epidemiological follow up was done on the undetermined results, which included tracking, clinical inspections during specified time, immobilization of animals, timing verification of herd management and a new serological survey. No EITB test reactors were obtained in the border with Peru and Ecuador. Through this study, the absence of virus circulation in the parishes and districts bordering Ecuador and Peru was determined. This indicates the progress in the control and eradication of FMD in the Andean region. Most South America countries are FMD free with (Uruguay)/without (Chile, Guyana) vaccination or with free zones with/without vaccination. Small areas of the continent are considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 22). Map 22: FMD distribution by serotypes FMD history in past 2 years is given in Table

24 Table 10: Pool 7 FMD history Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation COUNTRY/6 MONTHS REPORTING TO OIE ECUADOR, 2011, ½ 2012 FMD HISTORY (past 2 years) LAST REPORTED/TYPE COUNTRY FMD STATUS O 1, 8 AUG 2011/O 1, DISEASE PRESENT, 2012 NOT REPORTED PARAGUAY, O 1, 8 DEC 2011/O 1, 8 2/ LIMITED TO ONE ½ 2011 NOT REPORTED, OR MORE ZONES VENEZUELA, NO SUBM. REPORTS 2011 O 8 A /O, A 8 UNKNOWN CONTROL MEASURES ROUTINE VACCINATION - CATTLE ROUTINE VACCINATION CATTLE, BUFFALOES In 2012 was the first year without FMD outbreaks in half a century in the Andean region. The progress made in the eradication of FMD in the Andean region contributes to the reduction of poverty and to food security. According to official reports submitted to the World Organization for Animal Health, OIE, in 2012 Peru completed more than eight years without the presence of the disease, Bolivia Colombia 4 and 6, respectivly

25 IV. OTHER NEWS Angola 23 : Namibia and Angola sign MOU - The Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Angola's Ministry of Agriculture to help strengthen the collaborative effects between the two countries to boost the status of animal health and prevent the spread of animal diseases along the common border by vaccinating livestock on both sides of the border. Australia-NZ action plan targets FMD threat 25 A new action plan between Australia and New Zealand will see defenses strengthened against the threat of FMD. Australia and New Zealand will work together to develop a Trans Tasman FMD action plan. 25

26 V. REFERENCES The key to the superscripts is below: 1. WAHID Interface OIE World Animal Health Information Database 2. Reports from FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers 3. Dr. Esther TO: Foot and Mouth Disease Hong Kong Situation, Update; Animal Management Division Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, 10 August FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (RESOLAB-FMD West Africa) 5. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), 6. Conference on Scientific Developments and Technical Challenges in the Progressive Control of FMD in South Asia, New Delhi, India, February FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks (EARLN-FMD Eastern Africa) 8. SENASA, Argentina 9. SEAFMD 10. Open session of the EuFMD, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain October Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries. National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre (NADDEC) P.o. BOX 513, Entebbe, Uganda 12. Dr C Njagu (Division of Veterinary Field Services): Current status of the livestock sector in Zimbabwe, ACWG MEETING OF 31STMAY Pakistan FMD Bulletin, Vol 1 (1-2), January-June, Laboratorie veterinarie de Goma, DRC 15. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mukteswar Nainital Uttrakhand, OIE/China national FMD reference laboratory 17. Center for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania, Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Nelson Mandela/Temeke Yombo roads junction 18. FMD news, Ministry of Agriculture Animal industry and fisheries, Uganda Web article: Map of zones in Botswana, Government of Botswana: 20Zones%20version%202_02_11.pdf 23. Web article in AllAfrica: Web article in Mmegionline: Web article in The New Zealand Herald: 26