Chapter 1: The Microbial World & You Oral bacteria Note shapes & sizes

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1 Chapter 1: The Microbial World & You Oral bacteria Note shapes & sizes 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 1

2 Quiz What do you think? NIH video listen for the answers to the following questions: 1. Which of the following has been recognized since antiquity? AIDS, Ebola, guinea worm disease, or Legionnaire disease? 2. In the 1700s and 1800s, a terrible, wasting disease killed thousands of European and American city dwellers. It was? AIDS, lung cancer, polio, or tuberculosis? 3. What infectious disease causing severe fever & chills plagued settlers in the Southern & Midwestern U.S. during 1800s & early 1900s? Legionnaire disease, Lyme disease, malaria, or shistosomiasis? 4. Most deaths among U.S. servicemen in 1918 were due to what cause? Automobile accidents, flu, World War I injuries, plague 5. In 1994, a terrible disease nearly killed an 18-year-old high school student in California. Which of the following was it? AIDS, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, or tuberculosis? 6. According to the World Health Organization, which of the following diseases caused more deaths in 1998 than the others? AIDS, diabetes, lung cancer, or pneumonia? 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 2

3 Quiz Answers #1 1. Which of the following has been recognized since antiquity? AIDS, Ebola, guinea worm disease, or Legionnaire disease? AIDS, Ebola, guinea worm disease, or Legionnaire disease? Pipe filter, eradicate? Possible if stop human stage of infection 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 3

4 Quiz Answers #2 2. In the 1700s and 1800s, a terrible, wasting disease killed thousands of European and American city dwellers. It was? AIDS, lung cancer, polio, or tuberculosis? AIDS, lung cancer, polio, or tuberculosis? Killed 1 of every 4 Americans in 1800s. Still leading killer globally, close quarters Had decreased in U.S. until AIDS, multidrug resistance, TB test 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 4

5 Quiz Answers #3 3. What infectious disease causing severe fever & chills plagued settlers in the Southern & Midwestern U.S. during 1800s & early 1900s? Legionnaire disease, Lyme disease, malaria, or shistosomiasis? Legionnaire disease, Lyme disease, malaria, or shistosomiasis? 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 5

6 Quiz Answers #4 & 5 4. Most deaths among U.S. servicemen in 1918 were due to what cause? Automobile accidents, flu, World War I injuries, plague Automobile accidents, flu, World War I injuries, plague 5. In 1994, a terrible disease nearly killed an 18-year-old high school student in California. Which of the following was it? AIDS, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, or tuberculosis? AIDS, breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, or tuberculosis? 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 6

7 Quiz Answers #4 & 5 6. According to the World Health Organization, which of the following diseases caused more deaths in 1998 than the others? AIDS, diabetes, lung cancer, or pneumonia? AIDS, diabetes, lung cancer, or pneumonia? 4 th highest in 2012 Ischaemic = reduced blood flow 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 7

8 1. Chapter 1 2. White book, 7 Objectives th edition: p.35, , Black book, 8 th edition: p. 34, , Objectives 1. Recognize the two-name nomenclature system and the proper way to write: genus and specific species/epithet shapes of bacteria 3. Differentiate (compare/contrast) microbe groupings: uni vs. multicellular, pro vs. euk, cell wall composition, reproduction (sexual/asexual/binary fission), ease of treatment/drug availability & why, other uniqueness: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, viruses, multicellular animal parasites/helminths 5. Identify and discuss the contributions to microbiology made by Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Jenner, and Fleming. 6. List, describe and give examples of Koch s 4 Postulates & 4 Exceptions. 7. Define, differentiate, compare/contrast, prokaryote, eukaryote, aseptic technique, fermentation, pasteurization, vaccination, immunity (passive/active & artificial/natural), antibiotics, bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, virology, normal microbiota, pathogen, pathogenicity, virulent, vector, emerging, reemerging, host, vector, reservoir, Mad Cow, E. coli Define, differentiate, compare/contrast, and identify causes in given scenarios and graphs: emerging, reemerging, eradication, endemic, epidemic, pandemic 9. Additional concepts from Lab #0 School Environment: aseptic technique, contaminant, condensation concerns and prevention, hyphae, mycelia 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 8

9 Golden Age of Microbiology /2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 9

10 Early History of Microbiology Medieval times: disease was punishment Anton van Leeuwenhoek late 1600s: Animalcules in pond water 1898: Infectious disease agent for foot-and-mouth disease passes through bacterial filter 1932 Electron microscope visualizes & identifies the small infectious agents viruses Spontaneous Generation: Life from nonliving 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 10

11 Spontaneous Generation - Disproved Brief History of Microbiology Biogenesis: Living from living 1. Pasteur: Show Pasteur video A. Disproved Spontaneous Generation i. Microbes in air cause growth 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 11

12 B. Conclusions i. Microbes from microbes ii. Heat destroys iii. Block microbe access & remains sterile Pasteur continued iv. How were the 3 things above done by Pasteur?? C. Basis for aseptic techniques i. Meaning? Procedures used to prevent contamination from microbes. ii. Negative air flow, autoclaving w/sealed bags, iii. Other examples at home, school, hospitals, our upcoming labs? iv. Discuss nosocomial & nose swabs post surgery, decreased immunity 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 12

13 Aseptic Technique in Microbiology Overview Lab Techniques: spray table, autoclave media before & after culture, incubate agar side up, wash hands, aprons, flame needles before & after 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 13

14 Pasteur - Pasteurization & Fermentation D. Pasteurization: Heat enough to kill spoilage bacteria in beverages milk, wine E. Fermentation: Microbes (yeast) convert sugar to alcohol to make wine & beer 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 14

15 Intro to Joseph Lister 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 15

16 2. Lister, English surgeon, 1860s: Lister Built on Hungarian physician s observation: Childbirth fevers carried to next patient if didn t wash hands A. 1 st aseptic surgery: Sprayed surgical rooms with phenol to reduce wound infections. Also applied on wound post-op. 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 16

17 Koch & Koch s Postulates 3. Koch, German doctor, 1876: A. ID ed cause of anthrax in cattle & TB in humans B. Koch s Postulates link a specific microbe with specific disease i. Same pathogen in every case ii. Pathogen isolated & grown in pure culture iii. Isolated pathogen causes the disease when injected iv. Pathogen reisolated In race against Pasteur to discover cause of anthrax in cattle. Koch won! Rodshaped bacteria in blood of all cattle with that died w/disease. 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 17

18 Koch s Postulates Diagram Note Healthy still has normal bacteria 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 18

19 Koch s Postulates-Exceptions C. Postulate Exceptions. Can you list examples for each exception? i. Too fastidious : some microbes cannot be grown on artificial media in lab ii. Syphilis, leprosy (Darkfield stain of discharge, armadillos) One disease can be caused by a number of microbes Diarrhea, pneumonia, urinary tract infection iii. Some microbes may cause several diseases Group A Strep: sore throat, scarlet fever, skin infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Disease of lungs, skin, bones, internal organs E. coli: Urine infection, wound infection, peritonitis iv. Ethical issues when the disease requires human host. Example: Is it ethical to inject a person for testing with diseases such as HIV, smallpox, polio? 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 19

20 4. Jenner, British doctor, 1796: Jenner A. Vaccination/Immunization: Immunity acquired by vaccine administration What is the Spanish word for cow? i. Jenner used cowpox to protect against smallpox Diseases you ve been vaccinated against? DPT (P=Pertussis, whooping cough), tetanus, MMR, flu How often? Why yearly for flu? Totally prevent? Cross-reactivity. Epidemics? East coast Native Americans 90% died. Why? 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 20

21 How Vaccines Work 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 21

22 Jenner, Vaccinations & Immunity B. Vaccine: Killed, inactivated or attenuated microbes to induce artificially acquired immunity C. Immunity: Specific resistance by body s defense against a particular pathogen (Vs. WBC, stomach acid..) i. Active vs. Passive a) Active: YOU make ab post disease or vaccine b) Passive: Given ab, DON T make, short term protection Placenta, breast milk (few weeks to months till own immune system matures) Rhogam, gamma globulin (about 3 weeks) ii. Natural vs. artificial (Artificial = Shot or nose spray) a) Example of natural active? Natural passive? Artificial active? Artificial passive? D. Immunology Polio Vaccination Video possible eradication? 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 22

23 Fig 17.1 p.477 Acquired Immunity Categories 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 23

24 Table 18.1 p.501 Vaccines-Bacterial Diseases 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 24

25 Table 18.2 p. 502 Vaccines-Viral Diseases 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 25

26 Table 18.3 p. 502 Immunization Schedule 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 26

27 Video Links /2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 27

28 Fig 18.1 p. 503 Viral Egg Cultures 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 28

29 Ring vaccination = A strategy to control spread of a highly infectious disease. 1. General overview: Ring Vaccinations A. When an infection occurs, all people who may have been exposed are vaccinated. B. Then a "ring" area around those people are vaccinated. 2. Small pox ERADICATED. A. The last naturally occurring case was in B. 2 known storage sites in U.S. & Russia. Accident & outbreak? Steal & biological weapon? 3. Polio: Eradication efforts began in 1988 and are on-going. A. 1998: 350,000 cases B. 2015, 74 cases reported Pakistan, Afghanistan & Nigeria. Other countries still at risk of outbreaks. (World rate has decreased >99%.) C. Past: Special Chem instructor during Med Tech training. Nigeria rumors contam w/aids. India educated woman. 4. Why are Smallpox and Polio possible to eradicate when almost all other infectious diseases cannot? A. Humans only host. (No animal or environmental reservoir.) B. 2/2/2018 If break person to person Chap transmission, 1 The Microbial World & You disease dies out. 29

30 Polio Map 1988 & /2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 30

31 5. Fleming Scottish physician & bacteriologist, 1928: A. Discovered 1 st antibiotic: Penicillin Fleming Thought contam toss? Noticed clear zone cause? Not clinically tested till 1940s extract, purify, produce, research.. Miracle drug. Resistance. Other miracle drugs - & stopped research. Resistance & playing catch up 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 31

32 Common Terms Pathogen, Virulence 1. Normal flora/microbiota = microbes usually present in particular site w/o causing disease 2. Pathogen = Microbe capable of causing disease 3. Pathogenicity/Virulence = Ability of a microbe to overcome the defenses of a host Most worrisome are microbes that are both very contagious and very virulent. 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 32

33 Activity Determination of Endemic, Emerging, Reemerging Definitions: 1. Endemic = disease constantly present in a specific geographic area 2. Emerging = New among humans. (Relatively new) 3. Reemerging = Diseases that were a problem, then they declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems Use the definitions above to sort your disease cards to create and complete the following table: Emerging Reemerging Endemic Did you end up with the following? If not, what were your reasons? AIDS, cholera, CJD, tuberculosis pneumonia, polio influenza, schistosomiasis guinea worm, Legionnaire, Lyme plague, strep throat 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 33

34 Common Terms Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic 3. Endemic = disease constantly present in a specific geographic area, never significantly declining 4. Epidemic = sudden increase in a disease in a specific location 5. Pandemic = worldwide epidemic (several countries or continents) 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 34

35 Common Terms Emerging 6. Emerging = New among humans. (Relatively new) A. Examples? HIV, Ebola, Lyme disease, E.coli O157, SPECIFIC Flu strains B. Causes? Humans encroaching into what were previously wilderness areas jungles leading to contact with new bacteria found in those areas 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 35

36 Diagram Hot Spots for Emerging Diseases 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 36

37 6. Reemerging = Diseases that were a problem, then they declined dramatically, but are again becoming health problems A. Examples?Tuberculosis, Whooping Cough B. Causes? Any possible reasons based on diagram? Increasing resistance of microbes to antibiotics due to genetic mutation or exchange (plasmids) and long-term use of antibiotics select for the ones with microbial resistance genes. Lower percentage of vaccinated persons, resulting in an increase in the proportion of susceptible individuals Increased number of individuals with weak immune systems due to stress of famine, war, crowding or disease Common Terms Reemerging 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 37

38 Common Terms - Eradicated 8. Eradicated: Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed. Example: smallpox. A. Also hope to eradicate polio soon. B. Requirements to be able to attain eradication?(previously discussed) 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 38

39 Check on Term Understanding For each of the following situations, identify whether it reflects: A. Sporadic disease B. Endemic disease C. Pandemic disease D. Epidemic disease cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0 or 1 per year) 2. Over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a community 4. About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 39

40 Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature 1. Genus: Capitalized. 2. Species/Specific Epithet: lower-case 3. Italicize or underline 4. Examples: A. Entamoeba coli vs. E. coli B. Escherichia coli vs. E.coli C. Staphylococcus aureus E. coli shows why must use entire genus 1 st 1 is parasite, other bacteria. Both CAN be in digestive tract as normal flora, with some exceptions. What E. coli has been in the news? First outbreak Jack in the Box. How get? What harm? How prevent? Why named Escherichia? Names scientist, habitat, morphology description What element has symbol Au? What does it look like. ie:staphylococcus aureus. 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 40

41 Classification-Viruses Viruses: 1. Non-living. A. NOT a cell. B. No metabolism or reproduction apart from host cell. 2. Consist simply of: A. Protein coat (capsid) B. Nucleic acid genome (EITHER DNA OR RNA not both). C. Some viruses have an envelope. 3. Obligatory intracellular parasites 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 41

42 Viruses Continued - Reproduction Viruses: 4. Viral Reproduction : A. Virus attaches to the host cell via receptors on the virus surface B. Virus inserts its nucleic acid into the host cell C. DNA viruses: Use host cell enzymes to copy its DNA and express it to create new virus particles. D. RNA viruses: RNA can be used directly to make viral proteins E. Retroviruses are a subtype of RNA viruses: In the host cell, an enzyme copies its RNA into DNA. The DNA integrates/inserts itself into the host cell genome. Each time cell divides, the viral genome is copied and present in the daughter cells. 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 42

43 Viruses Lab Growth, Oncogenic Viruses: 5. Lab growth: Won t grow on regular media. Requires cell cultures, eggs, animals, extra time etc. 6. Some are oncogenic. Examples: A. HPV & cervical cancer abnormal PAP smear? Tested and if + closely watched, B. Hepatitis & Liver. C. HIV & Kaposi s Sarcoma 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 43

44 Viruses -Treatment Viruses: 7. Treatment is difficult: A. Usually toxic to host cell, since virus is inside the cells B. Interferon antiviral protein produced by cells. Species specific. Recombinant DNA induce bacteria to produce interferons. C. Some viral treatments help treat/affect cancers/tumors. 8. Virology 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 44

45 HPV & Cervical Cancer 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 45

46 Size Diagram-Viral vs. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Besides size, how else do prokaryotes & eukaryotes differ? 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 46

47 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Complexity Diagrams & Pictures 2/2/2018 Chap 1 The Microbial World & You 47