CONTENTS. Preface... I Contents...1 List of Figures...5 List of Tables...7 List of Abbreviations...8

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1 CONTENTS Preface... I Contents...1 List of Figures...5 List of Tables...7 List of Abbreviations...8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION General introduction Sustainability science in sustainable poultry production Rationale and background Research questions and objectives of the study General approach and conceptual framework Outline of the dissertation CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY General introduction Secondary data Primary data Definition of quantitative and qualitative research Background of quantitative and qualitative research Quantitative research techniques Qualitative research methods The Delphi method Characteristics of the Delphi method Advantages and disadvantages of the Delphi method Application of the Delphi method Considerations in using the Delphi method The process of Delphi study on sustainability concerns in poultry production Summary of research methodology for data collection and analysis CHAPTER 3: SUSTAINABILITY: AN OUTLOOK FOR THE POULTRY INDUSTRY Introduction The sustainability concept The emergence of sustainability and sustainable development Overview of sustainability definitions and concepts Sustainable agriculture and the concept of sustainable intensification Sustainable agriculture The concept of sustainable intensification Assessment of sustainability in agriculture and poultry production Conclusion

2 CHAPTER 4: CURRENT SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN POULTRY PRODUCTION Introduction Use of antibiotics in poultry production Contamination of meat and eggs with zoonotic microorganisms Outbreak of avian influenza Regional concentration of production De-beaking Killing of day-old male layer chicks Conclusion CHAPTER 5: POULTRY PRODUCTION IN GERMANY AND THAILAND Introduction Structure of poultry production in Germany Structure of broiler production Structure of turkey production Structure of laying hen husbandry Structure of poultry production in Thailand Structure of broiler production Structure of laying hen husbandry Other poultry production in Thailand Geographical concentration of poultry production Geographical concentration of poultry production by federal state in Germany Geographical concentration of poultry production by province in Thailand Discussion of Gini coefficient as an instrument for sustainability Production and trade in Germany Thailand Organisational models in the poultry industry Single entity Horizontal integration Vertical integration Comparison of poultry production between Germany and Thailand Conclusion CHAPTER 6: CONCERNS ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY IN POULTRY PRODUCTION: A COMPARATIVE DELPHI STUDY BETWEEN GERMANY AND THAILAND Introduction The process of Delphi Results for the case study in Germany Composition of the Delphi panel Identification of major sustainability concerns in poultry production Identification of major sustainability concerns in poultry production by stakeholder groups Results for the case study in Thailand

3 6.4.1 Composition of the Delphi panel Identification of major sustainability concerns in poultry production Identification of major sustainability concerns in poultry production by expert groups Comparison of results between current situation of poultry production in Germany and Thailand CHAPTER 7: THE ROLE OF NGOS, ANIMAL WELFARE GROUPS AND LEADING INTEGRATED POULTRY FIRMS IN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF POULTRY PRODUCTION Introduction The process of data collection and analysis Background information on the selected NGOs, animal welfare groups and poultry companies Greenpeace BUND (Friends of the Earth Germany) Deutscher Tierschutzbund e.v Vier Pfoten Germany PROVIEH PHW-Group Heidemark Mästerkreis GmbH & Co. KG Charoen Pokphand Foods Public Company Limited (CPF) GFPT Public Company Limited The role of NGOs, animal welfare groups and leading integrated poultry companies in the sustainability of poultry production in Germany Actions taken by NGOs and animal welfare groups Policy changes or production strategy alterations adopted by leading integrated poultry companies Discrepancies between actions taken by NGOs/animal welfare groups and production strategies adopted by the poultry companies The role of NGOs, animal welfare groups and leading integrated poultry companies in the sustainability of poultry production in Thailand Actions taken by NGOs and animal welfare groups Production strategies adopted by the leading integrated poultry companies Discrepancies between actions taken by NGOs/animal welfare groups and production strategies adopted by the poultry companies Comparison of the roles of NGOs, animal welfare groups and leading integrated poultry companies in the sustainability of poultry production in Germany and Thailand CHAPTER 8: DISCUSSION Introduction The Delphi study on sustainability concerns in poultry production The Delphi method

4 8.2.2 Comparison of sustainability concerns in poultry production in Germany and Thailand Role of NGOs, animal welfare groups and the leading integrated poultry companies in the sustainability of poultry production Discussion of the overall results Poultry production in the period of sustainability trends Newly identified sustainability issues in poultry production Implications for the sustainability of poultry production Key drivers of change Limitations Recommendations for future research CHAPTER 9: SUMMARY Summary of the study on sustainability in poultry production Conclusions References The author

5 List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The conceptual framework for the study of sustainability in poultry production Figure 1.2 The road map and conceptual model of the study on sustainability in poultry production in Germany and Thailand Figure 2.1 Classification of secondary data Figure 2.2 A classification of survey techniques Figure 2.3 A classification of observation techniques Figure 2.4 A classification of scaling techniques Figure 2.5 A classification of qualitative research techniques Figure 2.6 Stages of qualitative data analysis Figure 2.7 The process of the Delphi study Figure 2.8 The procedure for selecting expert panel Figure 3.1 Timeline of sustainability and sustainable development Figure 3.2 Sustainability practices Figure 3.3 Sustainability relations Figure 3.4 Basic components of sustainable agriculture Figure 3.5 The role of innovation in sustainable livestock production Figure 3.6 The complexity of agricultural systems Figure 3.7 Sustainable intensification in relation to food demand, waste, governance and population Figure 3.8 Framework for sustainable pig and poultry industries in Santa Catarina, Brazil Figure 4.1 Regional distribution of therapeutic antibiotic sales in Germany (2014) Figure 4.2 Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks between December 2014 and November Figure 4.3 Major global flyways for waterbirds Figure 4.4 Confirmed cases of human avian influenza A (H5N1) between 2003 and Figure 5.1 Regional distribution of broilers in Germany by state (2013) Figure 5.2 Regional distribution of turkeys in Germany by state (2013) Figure 5.3 Regional distribution of laying hens in Germany by state (2013) Figure 5.4 Regional distribution of broilers in Thailand by province (2013) Figure 5.5 Regional distribution of laying hens in Thailand by province (2013) Figure 5.6 Regional distribution of poultry in Thailand by region (2013) Figure 5.7 Regional distribution of laying ducks in Thailand by province (2013) Figure 5.8 Regional distribution of meat ducks in Thailand by province (2013) Figure 5.9 Regional distribution of native chickens in Thailand by province (2013) Figure 5.10 Example of the Lorenz curve for the Gini coefficient calculation Figure 5.11 Lorenz curves for the geographical concentration of poultry production in Germany (2013)

6 List of Figures Figure 5.12 Lorenz curves for the geographical concentration of poultry production in Thailand (2013) Figure 5.13 Vertical integration model in the German broiler production Figure 5.14 Vertical integration model in the German egg production Figure 5.15 Vertical integration model in the Thai broiler production Figure 5.16 Vertical integration model in the Thai egg production Figure 6.1 Levels of concern for sustainability issues in poultry production in Germany Figure 6.2 Major issues in poultry production in Germany categorised into the 5 dimensions of sustainability Figure 6.3 The most concerning issues identified by the three stakeholder groups Figure 6.4 Levels of concern for sustainability issues in poultry production in Thailand Figure 6.5 Major issues in poultry production in Thailand categorised into the 5 dimensions of sustainability Figure 6.6 The most concerning issues identified by the three stakeholder groups Figure 6.7 The 10 most concerning issues identified by experts from Germany and Thailand Figure 6.8 The 10 least concerning issues identified by experts from Germany and Thailand Figure 6.9 Environmental issues as rated by experts from Germany and Thailand Figure 6.10 Economic issues as rated by experts from Germany and Thailand Figure 6.11 Political issues as rated by experts from Germany and Thailand Figure 6.12 Social issues as rated by experts from Germany and Thailand Figure 6.13 Animal welfare issues as rated by experts from Germany and Thailand Figure 8.1 Compartmentalisation procedure

7 List of Tables LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Paradigm features Table 2.2 A comparative evaluation of survey techniques Table 2.3 A comparative evaluation of observation techniques Table 2.4 Levels of measurement and their appropriate statistics Table 2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of interviewing Table 2.6 The interpretation of mean value in identifying the level of concerns Table 2.7 Decision criteria for the level of consensus reached in the Delphi study Table 2.8 Interpretation of Kendall s W Table 3.1 The main issues for sustainable agriculture and rural development Table 3.2 Indicators and analysis areas of sustainability certification systems in agriculture Table 4.1 Veterinary antibiotic sales from 2011 to 2014 in tonnes Table 5.1 Regional distribution of the German broiler production (2013) Table 5.2 Regional distribution of the German turkey production (2013) Table 5.3 Regional distribution of the German laying hen husbandry (2013) Table 5.4 Regional distribution of the Thai broiler production (2013) Table 5.5 Top 5 provinces with the highest number of broiler places (2013) Table 5.6 Regional distribution of the Thai laying hen husbandry (2013) Table 5.7 Top 5 provinces with the highest laying hen places (2013) Table 5.8 Regional distribution of the Thai native chicken, meat duck and laying duck husbandry (2013) Table 5.9 Estimated Gini coefficients for the geographical concentration of poultry production in Germany (2013) Table 5.10 Estimated Gini coefficients for the geographical concentration of poultry production in Thailand (2013) Table 5.11 Production and trade of poultry products in Germany (2013) Table 5.12 Production and trade of poultry products in Thailand (2013) Table 5.13 Comparative data on poultry production in Germany and Thailand (2013) Table 6.1 Response rates across the panellists and rounds for the case study in Germany Table 6.2 Summary of first- and second-round Delphi results for Germany Table 6.3 Kendall s W across the sustainability dimensions Table 6.4 Response rates across the panellists and rounds for the case study in Thailand Table 6.5 Summary of first- and second-round Delphi results for Thailand Table 6.6 Kendall s W across the sustainability dimensions Table 7.1 Contentious issues raised by NGOs and animal welfare group campaigns Table 7.2 Comparative roles of stakeholders in the sustainability of poultry production