Ades, A.; Joondeph, D.R.; Little, R.M.; Chapko, M.K. (1990) A long-term study of the relationship

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1 REFERENCES Ades, A.; Joondeph, D.R.; Little, R.M.; Chapko, M.K. (1990) A long-term study of the relationship of third molars to mandibular dental arch changes. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 97: Allred, K. (1986) Stability and relapse of maxillary anterior alignment: a post-retention study of premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics (Masters Thesis). Seattle: University of Washington, School of Dentistry). Amott, R.D. (1962) A serial study of dental arch measurements on orthodontic subjects: 55 cases at least 4 years post-retention (MSD Thesis). Chicago: Northwestern University Dental School. Andersen, G.M.; Dewey, M. (1942). Practical Orthodontics. The C.V. Mosby Co, St. Louis, 6 th edition: page 6. Andrews, L.F. (1972) The six keys to normal occlusion. American Journal of Orthodontics, 62: Angle, E.H. (1899) Classification of malocclusion. Dent. Cosmos, 41: Pages , Angle, E.H. (1907) Malocclusion of the teeth. Philadelphia, 7 th edition. SS White Dental 171

2 Manufacturing. Artun, J.; Krogstad, O.; Little, R.M. (1990) Stability of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism. The Angle Orthodontist, 60: Berg, R. (1983) Stability of deep overbite correction. European Journal of Orthodontics, 5: Bergstrom, K.; Jensen, R. (1961) Responsibility of the third molar for secondary crowding. Dental Abstracts, 6: 544. Bishara, S.E.; Chadha, J.M.; Potter, R.B. (1973) Stability of intercanine width, overbite, and overjet correction. American Journal of Orthodontics, 62: Bishara, S.E.; Jakobsen, J.R.; Treder, J.E.; Stasi, M.J. (1989) Changes in the maxillary and mandibular tooth size-arch length relationship from early adolescence to early adulthood. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 95: Bjork, A.; Skieller, V. (1976) Postnatal growth and development of the maxillary complex. Craniofacial Growth Series, Monograph no. 6. The University of Michigan. 6: Bjork, A.; Skieller, V. (1983) Normal and abnormal growth of the mandible. A synthesis of 172

3 longitudinal cephalometric implant studies over a period of 25 years. European Journal of Orthodontics, 5: Blake, M.; Bibby, K. (1998) Retention and stability: A review of the literature. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 114: Boese, L.R. (1980) Fiberotomy and reproximation without lower retention 9 years in retrospect: Parts I and II. The Angle Orthodontist, 50: 88-97, Brain, W.E. (1969) The effect of surgical transsection of the free gingival fibres on the regression of orthodontically rotated teeth in the dog. American Journal of Orthodontics, 55: Bresonis, W.L.; Grewe, J.M. (1974) Treatment and postretention changes in orthodontic cases: overbite and overjet. The Angle Orthodontist, 44: Broadbent, B.H. (1941) Ontogenic development of occlusal angle. Journal of Orthodontics, 11: Brodie, A.G. (1934) Present status of knowledge concerning movement of tooth germ through the jaw. Journal of the American Dental Association, 21: Brown, V.P.; Daugaard-Jensen, I. (1951) Changes in the dentition from the early teens to the early 173

4 twenties. Acta Odontologica Scandinavia, 9: Burzin, J.; Nanda, R. (1993) The stability of deep overbite correction. (Cited by Nanda and Burstone, 1993). Chaconas, D.S.; Gardner, S.J. (1976) Post-treatment and post-retention changes following orthodontic therapy. The Angle Orthodontist, 46: Cole, H.J. (1948) Certain results of extraction in the treatment of malocclusion. The Angle Orthodontist, 18: Cookson, A. (1971) Space closure following loss of lower first premolars. Dental Practitioner, 21: Cotton, L.A. (1978) Slow maxillary expansion: skeletal versus dental response to low magnitude force in Macaca Mulatta. American Journal of Orthodontics, 73: Dake, M.L.; Sinclair, P.M. (1989) A comparison of the Ricketts and Tweed-type arch levelling techniques. American Journal of Orthodontics, 95: Davis, T. (1971) A comparison of intercanine and intermolar width during treatment and three to five years post-retention. Masters Thesis, Ohio State University. (Cited by Nanda and Burstone, 1993). 174

5 DeKock, W.H. (1972) Dental arch depth and width studies longitudinally 12 years of age to adulthood. American Journal of Orthodontics, 62: De La Cruz, A.; Sampson, P.; Little, R.M.; Artun, J.; Shapiro, P.A. (1995) Long-term changes in arch form after orthodontic treatment and retention. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 107: Dewey, M. (1917) Third molars in relation to malocclusion. International Journal of Orthodontics, 3: Edwards, J.G. (1968) A study of the periodontium during orthodontic rotation of teeth. American Journal of Orthodontics, 54: Edwards, J.G. (1970) A surgical procedure to eliminate rotational relapse. American Journal of Orthodontics, 57: Edwards, J.G. (1988) A long-term prospective evaluation of the circumferential supra-crestal fiberotomy in alleviating orthodontic relapse. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 93: Elms, T.N.; Buschang, M.A.; Alexander, R.G. (1996) Long term stability of Class II Division I nonextraction cervical face-bow therapy: I. Model analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and 175

6 Dentofacial Orthopedics, 109: Fisk, R.O. (1966) Normal mandibular arch changes between the ages of 9 and 16. CDA Journal, 32: Freitas, K.M.S.; de Freitas, M.R.; Henriques, J.F.C.; Pinzan, A.; Janson, G. (2004) Postretention relapse of mandibular anterior crowding in patients treated without mandibular premolar extraction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 125: Fricke, L.L.; Rankine, C.A.N. (1990) Comparison of electrosurgery with conventional fiberotomies on rotational relapse and gingival tissue in the dog. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 97: Gardner, S.D.; Chaconas, S.J. (1976) Post-treatment and postretention changes following orthodontic therapy. The Angle Orthodontist, 46: Gilmore, C.; Little, R.M. (1984) Mandibular incisal dimensions and crowding. American Journal of Orthodontics, 86: Glenn, G.; Sinclair, P.; Alexander, R. (1987) Nonextraction orthodontic therapy: Post-treatment dental and skeletal stability. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Ortopedics, 92:

7 Goulden, C.H. (1956) Methods of Statistical Analysis. 2 nd Edition. New York: Wiley. Pages Grieve, G.W. (1944) The stability of a treated denture. American Journal of Oral Surgery, 30: 171. Haas, A.J. (1961) Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening of the mid-palatal suture. The Angle Orthodontist, 31: Haas, A.J. (1980) Long term post-treatment evaluation of rapid palatal expansion. The Angle Orthodontist, 50: Harradine, N.W.T.; Pearson, M.H.; Toth, B. (1998) The effect of extraction of third molars on late lower incisor crowding: A randomizes controlled trial. British Journal of Orthodontics, 25: Hernandez, J.L. (1969) Mandibular bicanine width relative to overbite. American Journal of Orthodontics, 56: Hicks, E.P. (1978) Slow maxillary expansion; a clinical study of the skeletal versus dental response to low magnitude force. American Journal of Orthodontics, 73: Houston, W. J. B.; Edler, R. (1990) Long-term stability of the lower labial segment relative to the A-Pog. line. European Journal of Orthodontics, 12:

8 Humerfelt, A.; Slagsvold, O. (1972) Changes in occlusion and craniofacial pattern between 11 and 25 years of age. Trans. Eur. Orthod. Society. Pages Kahl-Nieke, B.; Fischbach, H.; Schwarze, C.W. (1995) Post-retention crowding and incisor irregularity: a long-term follow-up evaluation of stability and relapse. British Journal of Orthodontics, 22: Kaplan, R. (1974) Mandibular third molars and post-retention crowding. American Journal of Orthodontics, 66: Keane, A.; Engle, G. (1979) The mandibular dental arch. Part 4. Prediction and prevention of lower anterior relapse. The Angle Orthodontist, 49: Kinaan, B.K.; Burke, D.H. (1981) Quantitative assessment of occlusal features. British Journal of Orthodontics, 8, 3: Kuftinic, M.; Strom, D. (1975) Effects of edgewise treatment and retention on mandibular incisors. American Journal of Orthodontics, 68: Lande, M.J. (1952) Growth behaviour of the human bony facial profile as revealed by serial cephalometric roentogenelogy. The Angle Orthodontist, 22:

9 Lenz,G.J.; Woods, M.G. (1999) Incisal changes and orthodontic stability. The Angle Orthodontist, 69 (5): Lifshitz, A.B. (1982) An evaluation of the mandibular third molar influence on the arch length and post-retention crowding. (Masters Thesis). University of Iowa. Lindqvist, B.; Thilander, B. (1982) Extraction of third molars in cases of anticipated crowding in the lower jaw. American Journal of Orthodontics, 81: Little, R. (1975) The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. American Journal of Orthodontics, 68: Little, R.M. (1999) Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment: University of Washington studies. Seminars in Orthodontics, 5: Little, R.M.; Riedel, R.A.; Artun,J. (1988) An evaluation of changes in mandibular anterior alignment from years post-retention. American Journal of Orthodontics, 93: Little, R.M.; Riedel, R.A.; Engst, E.D. (1990) Serial extraction of first premolars - postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. The Angle Orthodontist, 60: Little, R.M.; Riedel, R.A.; Stein, A. (1990) Mandibular arch length increase during the mixed 179

10 dentition: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 97: Little, R.M.; Wallen, T.; Riedel, R. (1981) Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment: first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics, 80: Lopez-Gavito, G.; Wallen, T.R.; Little, R.M.; Joondeph, D.R. (1985) Anterior open-bite malocclusion: a longitudinal 10 year post-retention evaluation of orthodontically treated patients. American Journal of Orthodontics, 87: Lundstrom, A. (1969) Changes in crowding and spacing of the teeth with age. Dental Practitioner, 19: Magill, M. (1960) Changes in anterior overbite relations following orthodontic treatment in extraction cases. The Angle Orthodontist, 46: Mark, J. (1994) Stability of Class I extraction cases. Masters Thesis. Baylor University. Waco, Texas. McCauley, D.R. (1944) The cuspid and its function in retention. American Journal of Orthodontics, 30:

11 McHorris, W.H. (1979) Occlusion. Part one and two. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, XVIII; 9: , and XVIII; 10: McReynolds, D.C.; Little, R.M. (1991) Mandibular second premolar extraction - postretention evaluation of stability and relapse. The Angle Orthodontist, 61: Mills, L.F. (1964) Arch width, arch length and tooth size in young adult males. The Angle Orthodontist, 34: Mills, R. J. E. (1966) The long term results of proclination of lower incisors. British Dental Journal, 120: Moorrees, C.F.A. (1959) The quality of occlusion. Angle Orthodontist, 47: (Cited by De Kock, 1972). Moorrees, C.F.A.; Gron, A.; Lebret, L.M.L.; Yen, P.K.J.; Frohlich, F.J. (1969) Growth studies of the dentition: a review. American Journal of Orthodontics, 55: Moorrees, C.F.A.; Lebret, L.M.L.; Efstratiades, S.S.; Kent, R.L. (1990) The stability of the permanent dentition after second molars are present. Nederlandse Vereniging voor Orthodontische Studie. Studeweek, Pages

12 Moussa, R.; O Reilly, M.T.; Close, J.M. (1995) Long-term stability of rapid palatal expander treatment and edgewise mechanotherapy. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 108: Moyers, R.E. (1973) Handbook of orthodontics for the student and general practitioner. 3 rd edition. Chicago Yearbook. Page 442. Nanda, S.K. (1988) Patterns of vertical growth of the face. American Journal of Orthodontics, 93: Nanda, R.; Burstone, C.J. (1993) Retention and stability in orthodontics. W.B. Saunders Company. Nanda, R.S.; Nanda, S.K. (1992) Considerations of dentofacial growth in long-term retention and stability: is active retention needed. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 101: Nordeval, K.; Wisth, P.J.; Boe, O.E. (1975) Mandibular anterior crowding in relation to tooth size and craniofacial morphology. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 83: Payne, G.W. (1964) A cephalometric analysis of the effects of growth on certain anatomical facial planes after orthodontic treatment. Thesis. University of Washington. 182

13 Peck, S.; Peck, H. (1972) Crown dimensions and mandibular incisal alignment. The Angle Orthodontist, 42: Puneky, P.J.; Sadowsky, C.; Begole, E.A. (1984) Tooth morphology and lower incisal alignment many years after orthodontic therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics, 86: Redlich, M.; Rahamim, E.; Gaft, A.; Shoshan, S. (1996) The response of supraalveolar gingival collagen to orthodontic rotation movement in dogs. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 110: Reitan, K. (1958) Tissue rearrangement during retention of orthodontically rotated teeth. The Angle Orthodontist, 29: Richardson, M.E. (1980) The aetiology of lower incisor crowding. Journal Irish Dental Association, Richardson, M.E. (1982) Late lower arch crowding in relation to primary crowding. The Angle Orthodontist, 52: Richardson, M.E. (1983) The effect of lower second molar extraction on late lower arch crowding. The Angle Orthodontist, 53:

14 Richardson, M.E,; Mills, K. (1990) late lower arch crowding: The effect of second molar extraction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98: Richardson, M.E. (1995) Late lower arch crowding: The role of the transverse dimension. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 107: Richardson, M.E. (1996) Late lower arch crowding in relation to skeletal and dental morphology and growth changes. British Journal of Orthodontics, 23: Richardson, M.E. (1997) Orthodontic implications of lower third molar development. Dental Update, February: Richardson, M.E.; Mills, K. (1990) Late lower arch crowding: The effect of second molar extraction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 98: Riedel, R.A. (1960) A review of the retention problem. The Angle Orthodontist, 30: Rogers, A.P. (1922) Making facial muscles our allies in treatment and retention. Dental Cosmos, 64: Roth, R.H. (1981) Functional occlusion for the orthodontist. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, XV; 1:

15 Sadowsky, C.; Sakols, E.I. (1982) Long term assessment of orthodontic relapse. American Journal of Orthodontics, 82; 6: Sadowsky, C.; Schneider, B.J.; BeGole, E.A.; Tahir, E. (1994) Long-term stability after orthodontic treatment: nonextraction with prolonged retention. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 106: Salzman, J.A. (1965) An evaluation of retention and relapse following orthodontic therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics, 51; 10: Sandstrom, R.; Klapper, L.; Papaconstantinou, S. (1988) Expansion of the lower arch concurrent with rapid maxillary expansion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 94: Sandusky, W.C. (1983) A long-term post-retention study of Tweed extraction treatment. Masters Thesis. University of Tennessee. (Cited by Nanda and Burstone, 1993). Schaeffer, A. (1949) Behaviour of the axes of human teeth during growth. The Angle Orthodontist, 19: Seedat, A.K. (1984) The assessment of the stability of the dentition following orthodontic treatment. Unpublished M.Dent Thesis. Department of Orthodontics, University of the Witwatersrand, 185

16 Johannesburg. Shanley, L.S. (1962) The influence of mandibular third molars on mandibular anterior teeth. American Journal of Orthodontics, 48: Shapiro, P.A. (1974) Mandibular dental arch form and dimension: treatment and post-retention changes. American Journal of Orthodontics, 66: Shapiro, P.A.; Kokich, V.G. (1981) The rationale for various modes of retention. Symposium in Orthodontics. The Dental Clinics of North America. 25: Shenaman, J.R. (1968) Third molar teeth and their effect upon the lower anterior teeth: a survey of forty nine orthodontic cases five years after band removal (Masters Thesis). St. Louis: St. Louis University. Shields, T.E.; Little, R.M.; Chapko, M.K. (1985) Stability and relapse of mandibular anterior alignment: a cephalometric appraisal of first premolar extraction cases treated by traditional edgewise orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics, 87: Simons, M.E.; Joondeph, D.R. (1973) Changes in overbite: a ten year post-retention study. American Journal of Orthodontics, 64:

17 Sinclair, P.; Little, R.M. (1983) Maturation of untreated normal occlusions. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 83: Sinclair, P.; Little, R.M. (1985) Dentofacial maturation of untreated normals. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 88: Smith, R.J.; Davidson, W.M.; Gripe, G.P. (1982) Incisor shape and incisor crowding; a re-evaluation of the Peck and Peck ratio. American Journal of Orthodontics, 82: Sondhi, A.; Cleall, J.F.; BeGole, E.A. (1980) Dimensional changes in the dental arches of orthodontically treated cases. American Journal of Orthodontics, 77; 1: Southard, T.E.; Southard, K.A.; Weeda, L.W. (1991) Medial force from unerupted third molars. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 99: Stein, A. (1974) A long term evaluation of the mandibular arch in nonextraction patients whose arch lengths were held constant or increased in dimensions. Masters Thesis. Seattle: University of Washington. Strang, R.H. (1952) Factors associated with successful orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics, 38:

18 Strang, R.H. (1959) The fallacy of denture expansion as a treatment procedure. The Angle Orthodontist, 19: Subtelny, J.D.; Sakuda, M. (1966) Muscle function, oral malformation, and growth changes. American Journal of Orthodontics, 52: Tulley, W.J. (1962) Long term studies of malocclusion. European Orthodontic Society, 37: Tweed, C.H. (1936) The applications of the principles of the Edgewise arch in the treatment of Class II Division I malocclusions. The Angle Orthodontist, 6: ; Tweed, C.H. (1944) Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedures. American Journal of Orthodontics, 30: Tweed, C.H. (1952) Why I extract teeth in the treatment of certain types of malocclusion. Alpha Omegan. Uhde, M.D.; Sadowsky, C.; BeGole, E.A. (1983) Long-term stability of dental relationships after orthodontic treatment. The Angle Orthodontist, 53: Vego, L. (1962) A longitudinal study of mandibular arch perimeter. The Angle Orthodontist, 32:

19 Walter, D.C. (1953) Changes in the form and dimensions of dental arches resulting from orthodontic treatment. The Angle Orthodontist, 23: Weinstein, S.; Haack, D.C.; Morris, L.Y.; Snyder, B.B.; Attaway, H.E. (1963) On an equilibrium theory of tooth position. The Angle Orthodontist, 33: White, L.W. (1982) The clinical use of occlusogram. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, Vol. XVI; 2: Wilcoxon, F. (1945) Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods. Biometrics1. Pages Woodside, D.G. (1970) Round table: extra oral force. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 4:

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