Naorem Binita Devi Faculty member, department of psychology, Mzu, Tanhril, Aizawl

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1 Personality traits, generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress, depression, eating disturbance, suicide, interpersonal problems, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, substance abuse, anger violence proneness, academic problem among the Meitei, Muslim and Tribal adolescents in Manipur: A factor analytic approach Naorem Binita Devi Faculty member, department of psychology, Mzu, Tanhril, Aizawl Abstract This paper is about the study of personality traits ( i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness), generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress, depression, eating disturbance, suicide, interpersonal problems, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, substance abuse, anger violence proneness, academic problem among the Meitei,muslim and tribal adolescents in Manipur. The main objective of the study is to find out the correlation of personality traits of Manipur adolescents; to find out the correlation of personality and measures of adolescent personality scale-short form; to find out the factor structure of all the variables of Manipur adolescents. Trying to fulfil these objectives, the investigator randomly selected 180 participants from the normal population of Meitei, Muslim and tribal adolescents ranging age level of years. Results were evaluated by mean, standard deviation and factor analysis to find out factor structure for the participants. For 180 subjects, the correlation coefficients of.15 and.20 are significant at.05 and.01 levels of significant respectively. From the result, in general, the intercorrelations among five measures of personality are low ranging between -.16 to.28. out of 10 intercorrelations,three correlations are significant at or beyond.05 level. In general the correlations between five measures of personality and twelve measures of APS-SF are low ranging from -.15 to.29. Out of the 70 correlations, only 29 correlations are significant at or above -05 level of significance. In general, the intercorrelations among twelve measures of APS-SF are low ranging between.15 to.69. out of 66 intercorrelations, 59 correlations are significant at or above.05 level. In this study, the investigator found five factors; namely factor of neurotic tendency, bi-polar factor, factor of anxiety, factor of Personality and factor of substance use Key words: Trait, internalizing, externalizing, extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness. Introduction The term adolescence is used to denote a period during which the growing person makes the transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence may be viewed as beginning roughly when young people begin to show signs of puberty and continuing until most of them are sexually mature, have reached their maximum growth in height, and have approximately reached their full mental growth as measured by intelligence tests. The goals of adolescent development are determined to an important degree by the young person s innate capacities and by the pattern of relationships that has developed within the family. Goals are determined also by the cultural demands placed on the individual. Cultures differ in the support given to adolescents and in the demands made on them (Mead,1953).According to Erik Erickson (1985),because of the difficult transition from childhood to adulthood, on the one hand, and of a sensitivity to social and historical change, on the other, the adolescent during the stage of identity formation is likely to suffer more deeply than ever before ever again from a confusion of roles, or identity confusion. This state can cause one to feel isolated, empty, anxious, and indecisive. Researchers like Atkins, David C.; Desmidian, Sona; Bedics, Jamie D.; Christensen, Andrew had studied personality trait like Neuroticism played a complex, moderating role between depression and relationship distress depending on the sample and gender, replicating previous findings. From the Findings of Collins, Katrina and Bell, Robert. Indicate that higher levels of aggression are exhibited > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 76

2 by personality types who have the tendency to harbour thoughts and feelings of vengeance with passage of time, when presented with a provoking situation. Results are discussed in relation to the cognitive factors that affect the aggressive behaviour of individuals. Researchers like Prinzie, Peter found that Higher levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness and lower levels of Neuroticism were related to more warmth and behavioral control, whereas higher levels of Agreeableness and lower levels of Neuroticism were related to more autonomy support. Several factors moderated the relationship between specific personality dimensions and parenting: child and parental age, reliability of observational assessment of parenting behavior, and study design. Taken together, these results indicate that personality can be seen as an inner resource that affects parenting. Objective of the study: The main objective of this study is to find out the correlation of personality traits i.e., Neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness (O), conscientiousness (C), agreeableness (A) of Meitei, Muslim and Tribal adolescents in Manipur; to find out the correlation of personality traits and measures of the internalizing i.e., generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post traumatic stress disorder(pts), depression (DEP), eating disturbance (EAT), suicide (SUI), self concept(scp), interpersonal problems (IPP) and externalizing i.e., conduct disorder (CND), oppositional defiant disorder(opd), substance abuse SUB), anger violence proneness(avp), academic problems (ADP); to find out the correlation of internalizing and externalizing measures of Meitei, Muslim and tribal adolescents residing in Manipur; to find out the factor structure of all the variables i.e., N,E,O,C,A,CND,OPD,SUB,AVP,ADP,GAD,PTS,DEP,EAT,SUI,SCP,AND IPP. Method Participants: For this study, a sample of 180 participants ranging age level years old including male and female are randomly selected from Sora school, Keirak School, Pallel and Kakching. Instrument: Following tests were used in the study: 1. NEO-five factor inventory; 2. APS-SF Brief description of the test is as follows: NEO-five factor inventory: Paul T.Costa, Jr. and Robert R. McCrae,. developed this inventory. It measures five personality domain. Here the investigator used Form-s for the present study. This questionnaire(form-s) contains 60 statements. For each statement response, there is five answer keys, such as SD, strongly disagree, D, disagree, N, neutral, A, agree, and SA, strongly agree. The subjects have to choose one answer out of these five keys. The revised Neo-personality inventory is a concise measure of five major dimensions or domains. The Neo PI-R embodies a conceptual model is a measure of normal personality trait that has demonstrated its utility in both clinical and research settings. The five dimensions or domains are:1. Neuroticism; 2. Extroversion; 3. Openness; 4.Agreeableness; and 5.Conscientiousness APS-SF: The Adolescent Psychopathology Scale-Short Form (APS-SF) stems from the development of the Adolescent Psychopathology Scale (APS; Reynolds, 1998a). The Adolescent Psychopathology Scale-Short Form (APS-SF) is a multidimensional measure of psychopathology measure of psychopathology and personality characteristics designed for use with adolescents age 12 to 19 years. The 115 items on the APS-SF are derived from the Adolescent Psychopathology scale (APS; Reynolds, 1998a), a 346-item measure of adolescent psychopathology and psychosocial problems. The items on the APS-SF directly evaluate specific symptoms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) clinical and personality disorders, as well as other psychological problems and behaviours that interfere with successful psychosocial > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 77

3 adaptation and personal competence. The APS-SF is composed of 12 clinical and 2 validity scales. The 12 clinical scales are: Conduct disorder (CND,15 items); Oppositional Defiant disorder (OPD,9 items); Substance abuse (SUB,9 items); Anger/Violence Proneness (AVP,14 items); Academic Problems (ADP,9 items); Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD,11 items); Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTS, 11 items); Major depression (DEP,14 items); Eating disturbance (EAT,8 items); Suicide (SUI, 6 items); Self-Concept (SCP, 9 items); Interpersonal problems (IPP, 11 items). The 2 validity scales are: Defensiveness (DEF, 6 items) and Consistency Response (CNR,14 items).: To check the response protocol. Procedure: The selected participants were administered tests of NEO-five factor inventory and APS-SF that measures internalizing and externalizing variables. Scoring of Test: Hand scoring was done by using prescribed scoring keys for NEO-FFI. For APS-SF, computer scoring was done. Statistical Analysis: Data can be analyzed quantitatively through the use of SPSS package. Result: The results have been discussed under the following headings: 1. Mean and standard deviation of the present study; 2. Correlational Analysis: 2.1. Intercorrelation among five variables of personality traits i.e., N,E,O,C and A Correlations between measure of personality traits and measures of APS-SF (i.e., internalizing and externalizing); 2.3. To compare the facture structure of all the variables. Result: TABLE-1 Mean, Standard deviation of all the variables of Meitei, muslim,tribal adolescent in Manipur. Variables Mean Standard Deviation Analysis N N E O C A CND OPD SUB AVP ADP GAD PTS DEP EAT SUI SCP IPP Intercorrelation matrix of all the variables on Meitei,Muslim,& Tribal adolescent in Manipur > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 78

4 n e o c a cnd opd svb avp adp gad pts dep eat sui scp ipp n **-16* 05 21**-08 25**33**27**20**21**16* 27**06 23** e - 28** o ** 07 21**17* 16* ** c ** **-23** **-17** a - -15* 29**-05-19* **-27**-21** cnd * 59**30**34** 25**32**33**35**26**38** opd - 23**53**48**26**25**29**19*35** 20** 37** sub * 09 15* 17* 20**23**13 13 avp - 47**51**45**57**39**47**40**69** adp - 58**41**47**46**35**21**39** gad - 60**53**47**44**18* 51** pts - 55**53**45**12 50** - dep - 56**57**40**61** eat - 44** 10 43** sui - 25**52** scp - 32** ipp - - note: decimal point omitted - TABLE-III Rotated Latent Roots for Principal Component Analysis for all the variables of Meitei, Muslim and Tribal Adolescents in Manipur. Root No. Latent Root % of Variance % of Cumulative Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis TABLE-IV Rotated Description of factors of all variables of Meitei, Muslim and Tribal Adolescents in Manipur. > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 79

5 Factor-I PTS (+) Post traumatic stress disorder.821 DEP (+ ) Depression.795 EAT (+) Eating disturbance.759 GAD (+) Generalized Anxiety disorder.745 IPP (+) Interpersonal problems.666 SUI (+ ) Suicide.655 AVP (+) Anger violence proneness.572 ADP (+) Academic Problems.543 CND (+) Conduct disorder.271* N ( +) Neuroticism.256* SUB (+) Substance Abuse.151* Factor-II A (-) Agreeableness.712 SCP (+) Self-concept.710 AVP (+) Anger Violence Proneness.443 C (-) Conscientiousness.416 CND (+) Conduct disorder.400 IPP (+) Interpersonal problems.386 SUI (+ ) Suicide.317 DEP (+) Depression.262* Factor-III N (+ ) Neuroticism.688 C (-) Conscientiousness.654 ADP (+) Academic Problems.571 OPD (+) Oppositional defiant disorder.493 GAD (+) Generalized Anxiety Disorder.287* AVP (+) Anger Violence Proneness.267* > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 80

6 Factor-IV E (+) Extraversion.762 O (+ ) Openness.692 AVP (+) Anger violence Proneness.341 OPD (+) Oppositional defiant disorder.313 A (+) Agreeableness.294 ADP (+) Academic Problem.211* IPP (+) Interpersonal problem.174* SCP (+) Self Concept.169* Factor-V SUB (+) Substance abuse.810 N (-) Neuroticism.423 CND (+) Conduct disorder.385 E (-) Extraversion.297 ADP (+) Academic Problem.177* A (+) Agreeableness.151* Discussion: The results have been discussed under the following headings: Mean and Standard deviation for all the variables incorporated in the study were set up for the total group of 180 participants and informed in the result table. It shows in result table-i. Correlational analysis: Product Moment Correlations were computed among raw scores of 180 participants for all the variables. The intercorrelation matrix for all the variables is reported in Table 2. For the 180 participants, the correlation coefficients of.15 and.20 are significant at.05 and.01 levels of significance respectively. A. Intercorrelation among the five variables of personality: Intercorrelation among five measures of variables of personality traits i.e., N, E, O, A and C are low ranging between -.16 to.28. Out of the 10 intercorrelations, three correlations are significant at or beyond.05 level. The intercorrelation matrix for all the variables is reported at Table-II. B. Correlations between measures of personality and measures of internalizing and externalizing variables: In general, the correlation between five measures of personality variables i.e., N,E, O, A and C and 12 measures of APS-SF i.e.,gad,pts,dep,eat,sui,scp,ipp (internalizing variables), CND,OPD,SUB,AVP,ADP (externalizing variables) are low ranging from -.15 to.29. out of 70 correlations, only 29 correlations are significant at or above.05 level of significance. C. Intercorrelation among the internalizing and externalizing measures of APS-SF : > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 81

7 In general, the intercorrelations among 12 measures of internalizing and externalizing are low ranging between.15 to.69. Out of 66 intercorrelations, 59 correlations are significant at or above.05 level. Table -IV shows the descriptions of the rotated factor of the present study. In this study, the investigator found five factors, namely factor of neurotic tendency (factor-i), bi-polar factor (Factor-II), factor of anxiety (Factor-III), factor of Personality (Factor-IV)and factor of substance use ( Factor-V). Description of factors is as follows: Persual rotated factor matrix reveals that this factor loads on APS-SF that mainly measures internalizing and externalizing variables. One measure of personality trait, i.e., N has yielded positive loading approaching to significant level. The measure of PTS has yielded the highest positive loading of.82 followed by positive loading of DEP (.79); followed by positive loading of EAT (.75); followed by positive loading of GAD, IPP,SUI,AVP,ADP,and CND (.74;.66;.65;.57;.54; and.33) respectively. Considerable positive loading of OPD has also contributed in those factors (.27); followed by SUB (.15). one personality measure,i.e. N has considerable positive loading on this factor (.25). it has accounted for 25.03% of total Variance. It may be noted out of significant markers of this factor on internalizing i.e., PTS; DEP; EAT; GAD; IPP; SUI; and externalizing measures i.e., AVP, ADP, CND, OPD. One variable of personality trait, N has loaded positively in considerable amount on this factor. Keeping in view the markers of this factor, it can be labelled as factor of neurotic tendency. In terms of the structure of APS-SF is a concise measure of the 12 major dimensions based on internalizing (i.e., GAD, PTS, DEP, EAT,SUI,SCP,IPP) and externalizing variables i.e., CND, OPD,SUB,AVP AND ADP). Inspection of rotated factor reveals that out of the 12 major dimensions of APS-SF, ten are loaded positively on this factor. High positive loading on the post traumatic stress disorder (PTS) implies that participants may be suggested a pervasive and generalized response to stress with impairment, may be associated pathological guilt with the traumatic event; may include the participant s distress and anxiety. High positive loading on depression (DEP) may report sadness, withdrawal or disinterest in activities and alienation from friends. Such adolescents may show significant symptom severity across the range of depression such as generalized distress and feelings of subjective misery. High positive loading on eating disturbance (EAT) may report fear and worry about being overweight and again they may engage in bulimic symptom behaviour. High positive loading on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) may report significant complaints of nervousness, tension and worry and somatic complaints such as dizziness, aches, pains and fatigue. Such adolescents may experience significant life stress or may be obsessive about personal and social matters. High GAD means high in PTS and DEP also. High positive loading on IPP (interpersonal problems) may imply problems in interpersonal relationships, having few friends, social introversion and may report that they are going wrong in their lives. High loading on suicide (SUI) implies that significant levels of suicidal ideation and may have a history of a suicide attempt. Positive loading on Anger violence proneness (AVP) may have anger, hostility, loss of temper, using a weapon in a fight, destroying property and may be they are lacking control over one s anger. Positive loading on academic problem (ADP) may have academic difficulties, getting into trouble in school. Positive loading on Conduct disorder (CND) may imply stealing, fighting, lying, use weapon in a fight, not following rules at home and at school. Positive loading on oppositional defiant disorder (OPD) may imply disobedience, hostile behaviour toward authority figures. One personality factor, neuroticism (N) contributes considerable positive loading on this factor may imply the experience feeling of guilt, anger or sadness by the participants. In this factor-ii, it has been defined by measures of personality factor, agreeableness (A) has highest negative loading on this factor (.71) as well as conscientiousness (C ) has also negative loading on this factor (.41). Other factor contributes positive loading as measured by adolescent personality scale-short form (APS-SF) i.e., self concept (SCP), anger violence proneness (AVP), Conduct disorder (CND), Interpersonal problem (IPP), suicide (SUI) and depression (DEP) with respective loadings of (.71;.44;.40;.38;.31; and.26) respectively. Keeping in view the nature of primaries having opposite significant loadings on this factor. It can be named as bi-polar factor. > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 82

8 It has accounted for % of total variance. The obtained factor structure portrays that participants may have hard-headed, sceptical, proud, and competitive, tend to express their anger directly. Again participants may report significant low self worth and esteem, loss of temper, excessive anger at home and school, lack of control over one s anger, careless, not to make plans, easygoing; not well organized, lying, non-compliances with rule at home and at school, trouble with police or school authorities, stealing, may have interpersonal problems in relationship with others, lack of friends, social withdrawal, shyness, losing one s temper, difficulty controlling one s behaviour, wishing one had never been born, may have indicative level of depression that nevertheless has clinical relevance. In this factor-iii, it has highly loaded on personality measure and externalizing measures of APS- SF. Factor N (neuroticism) has the highest positive loading on this factor (.68); followed by negative loading of conscientiousness (C,.65); followed by positive loading of academic problem (ADP,.57); oppositional defiant disorder (OPD,.49). it has been noted that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and anger violence proneness (AVP) also contribute considerable amount on this factor (.28, and.26) respectively. Keeping in view the high loading of factor N, a measure of personality traits, this factor can be named as a factor of anxiety:. It has accounted for 9.931% of total variance. Factor structure indicates that participants in this study may have sensitive, emotional, prone to experience feelings that are upsetting, careless, not well organized, not to make plans, academic difficulties, learning related problems, disobedience, hostile behaviour toward authority figures, irritability, impairment in daily functioning, loss of temper, lack of control over one s anger. In this factor-iv, personality measures of extraversion (E) has loaded highest positively; followed by positive loading of openness (.69); followed by anger violence proneness (AVP), and oppositional defiant disorder (OPD) and their loadings are.34 and.31 respectively. Agreeableness (A), academic problem (ADP), interpersonal problem (IPP), and self-concept (SCP) also contribute considerable amount of positive loading (.29;.21;.17;.16) respectively on this factor. It has accounted 9.309% of total variance. Keeping in view of the high loading of personality factors, this factor can be named as factor of Personality. The obtained factor structure hereby portrays the participants are outgoing, active, high-spirited, prefer to be around people most of the time, open to new experiences, have broad interests and are very imaginative, argumentativeness, anger, hostility, become easily angered, competitive, tend to express their anger directly. In this factor-v, substance abuse (SUB), a variable in adult adolescent personality scale-short form (APS-SF) has highest positive loading. SUB is followed by negative loading of Neuroticism (N,.42); followed by positive loading of OPD (.36). in this factor extraversion (E) has also contribute negative loading in considerable amount (.29); followed by academic problem (ADP,.17) and followed by agreeableness (A,.15) respectively. It has accounted 8.092% of total variance. Keeping in view of high positive loading of substance abuse (SUB), this factor can be named as factor of substance use. The obtained factor structure hereby portrays that the participants may have two or more substance use, like alcohol, inhalants, opioids etc; they also show themselves as secure, hardy, relax even under stressful conditions. They may also be portrayed as lying, fighting, non-compliances with rules at home and at school; disobedience, hostile behaviour toward authority figures. They may also portray as introverted, reserved, serious, prefer to be alone or with a few close friends. Conclusion: From the above study, the investigator wants to conclude that adolescents have some form of behavioural problems. This study makes the investigator a thinking process to deal with the adolescents in a particular setting. After having been analysing such adolescents problem during this period, the investigator strongly suggest opening counselling centre to each school and the counsellor must know how to deal with such adolescent periods in a particular society. > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 83

9 References: 1. Arthur T. Jersild, Judith S, Brook, and David W. Brook. The psychology of Adolescence (third edition),macmillan Publishing Co.,Inc. ISBN X (Hardbound), ISBN ( International Edition), New York, Atkins, David C.; Dimidjian, Sona; Bedics, Jamie D.; Christensen, Andrew (Dec 2000).Couple discord and depression in couples during couple therapy and in depressed individuals during depression treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 77(6), Prinzie, Peter; Stams, Geert Jan J. M.; Deković, Maja; Reijntjes, Albert H. A.; Belsky, Jay (Aug 2009). The relations between parents Big Five personality factors and parenting: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 97(2),, Costa, Paul T. and McCrae Robert R. (aug.,1995). Primary traits of Eysenck s P-E-N system: three and five factor solutions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69 (2), Collins, Katrina and Bell, Robert. (may 1997). Personality and aggression: The dissipationrumination scale. Personality and individual differences, 22(5), Costa,P.T., and McCrae,R.R. The NEO PI/NEO-FFI manual supplement, psychological assessmenr resources, Odessa FL, Reynolds,W.M. Adolescent Psychopathological Scale-SF, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa,FL, 1998c. > RJSSM: Volume: 04, Number: 01, May 2014 Page 84