Development and Validation of the Yin Deficiency Scale
|
|
- Blaise Burke
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Volume 19, Number 1, 2013, pp ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: /acm Development and Validation of the Yin Deficiency Scale Young-Jae Park, KMD, PhD, 1,2 Sang-Won Cho, KMD, 1 Byoung-Hee Lee, KMD, 1 and Young-Bae Park, KMD, PhD 1 Abstract Objectives: Yin Deficiency (YD) is a pathophysiologic pattern that manifests with emaciation, dry mouth, tidal fever, Five Center Heat, night sweats, and malar flushing. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a new YD metric, the Yin Deficiency Scale (YDS), to define an optimum cutoff point for the YDS, and to examine the relationships between YD and Cold Heat patterns. Methods: A total of 169 outpatients and 83 college students were asked to complete the YDS. The college students were also asked to complete the Yin Deficiency Questionnaire (YDQ) and Cold Heat Questionnaire (CHQ). Twelve clinicians determined whether or not the 169 outpatients had YD. YDS and YDQ data were used to estimate the internal consistency, construct validity, and concurrent validity of the YDS. CHQ data were used to examine the relationships between YDS and CHQ subscale scores. Total YDS scores and the clinicians diagnoses of the outpatients were used to define an optimum cutoff score for the YDS. Results: The 27-item YDS had satisfactory internal consistency (a = 0.885) and concurrent validity, with correlations between the YDS and YDQ subscale scores. A total of eight factors were extracted in the test of construct validity, using principal component analysis, and the overall variance explained by all factors was 63.1%. Among the eight factors, cough, fever, and skin-related factors were associated only with Heat pattern, whereas pain, urine, and fatigue-related factors were associated with both Cold and Heat patterns. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of the YDS were 73.7%, 84.8%, and 0.875, respectively. The optimum cutoff score was defined as 10 points. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the YDS is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating YD. Introduction In East Asian medicine, a pattern is a diagnostic conclusion based on pathologic changes at a certain stage of a disease. 1 Identifying patterns is important in clinical cases, because patterns not only give practitioners information about the origins and lesions of pathogens, but also guide these practitioners toward treatment principles, such as those involving acupoints or herbal formulae. 2 Among the methodologies available for identifying diverse patterns, the Eight Guiding Principles (EGP) classify diseases or syndromes into eight subpatterns grouped in opposing pairs: Yin Yang; Exterior Interior; Cold Heat; and Deficiency Excess. 1 The EGP are brief, well-combined with each subpattern, and emphasize the balance between healthy qi and each pathogen, which is important for holistic treatment of pathologic patterns or diseases. For example, the combination of Cold and Deficiency patterns refers to weak Healthy-Qi, and the combination of Heat and Exterior patterns refers to a strong pathogen. For these reasons, the EGP are frequently used in clinical cases to determine the fundamental characteristics of diseases or syndromes. 3 Yin Deficiency (YD), a subpattern of the EGP, indicates fever caused by insufficient Yin and the consequent failure of Yin to control Yang. 4 Clinical manifestations of YD are mainly associated with Heat Deficiency, such as emaciation, dry mouth or throat, tidal fever, palpitations, insomnia, Five Center (the palms, soles, and chest) Heat, night sweats, malar flushing, a red tongue with little coating, and a thready pulse. 4 However, it is generally accepted that the clinical spectra of YD are broader than those related to Heat Deficiency. 3,5 YD originally results from the Kidney. However, Two-Viscera groups such as the Lungs and Kidney, Liver and Kidney, Spleen and Kidney, and Heart and Kidney are often involved simultaneously and can induce YD. 3 Therefore, in addition to the typical symptoms related to Heat Deficiency, cough, fatigue, and tinnitus resulting from viscera other than the Kidney can occur in YD. Complex YD can 1 Department of Diagnosis and Biofunctional Medicine, School of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. 2 Department of Diagnosis and Biofunctional Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea. 50
2 YIN DEFICIENCY SCALE 51 also affect other regions of the body such as the joints, bone, and skin which are considered to be linked with the Five Viscera through meridians and the Triple Energizer. For example, Lungs have the function of disseminating Fluid and activating Defending Energy to the skin so that the surface of the skin can be kept moist and bright. 6 When this function does not work properly because of Lung and Kidney YD, the skin becomes itchy and rough. Many studies have shown that Liuwei Dihuang Wan (a bolus of six drugs, including rehmannia), one of most frequently used prescriptions for treating YD, is effective for treating broad clinical manifestations such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, dermatologic, urinary, arthritic, spinal, musculoskeletal, hormonal, and gynecologic diseases. 7 Therefore, to identify YD in clinical cases, Liuwei Dihuang Wan may be beneficial not only for treating symptoms and signs associated with Heat Deficiency but also for determining if a patient s symptoms and signs are associated with other viscera or regions of the body. Lee et al. developed and validated the Yin Deficiency Questionnaire (YDQ) 8 to assess YD in clinical settings. In their study, two factors were extracted, using a principal component analysis (PCA): Heat Deficiency and accompanying symptoms. However, these factors did not include broad clinical manifestations. Moreover, the optimum cutoff point for the YDQ was not defined. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to develop and validate a new Yin Deficiency Scale (YDS; see Appendix) that includes broad clinical manifestations and to define an optimum cutoff point for the YDS. The newly developed YDS may be beneficial for identifying YD when treating broad clinical manifestations associated with YD. The relationships between YD and Cold Heat patterns were also examined in this study. Although YD mainly results from Heat Deficiency, other subpatterns, such as dual Deficiency of Yin and Yang, and pure YD without Heat Deficiency also exist. 9 In Lee s study, symptoms or signs other than Heat-Deficiency factor were grouped together rather than being classified separately. 8 Kim et al. reported the development of the Cold Heat Questionnaire (CHQ), 10 and Ryu et al. developed and validated another version of the CHQ. 11 However, few studies have addressed the relationships between YD and Cold Heat patterns. Given that the Cold score of the CHQ refers to a Yang Deficiency pattern and the Heat score of the CHQ refers to Yang Excess caused by YD, 10 examining these relationships may be beneficial to clarify the following features of YD: Heat Deficiency; dual Deficiency of Yin and Yang; and pure YD without Heat Deficiency. The current authors previous study presented a pilot version of the YDS consisting of 30 items using the Delphi method. 5 That study examined the reliability and validity of the pilot version of the YDS and defined optimum cutoff criteria using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Finally, the relationships between YD and Cold Heat patterns were examined. Methods Subjects and data collection One hundred and sixty-nine outpatients (169; group A) who were able to understand and answer the YDS questionnaire items were asked to complete the YDS from May 2009 to June A separate group of 83 college students (group B) was asked to complete the YDQ and CHQ in addition to the YDS during November Table 1 lists the age and gender distributions of groups A and B. Twelve clinicians who were all members of the Society of Korean Medical Etiology and had > 8 years of clinical experience determined the presence or absence of YD for each patient in group A in the clinicians East Asian medicine clinics. Among the 169 outpatients, 57 were diagnosed with YD and 112 were defined as non-yd. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to enrollment in the study. Measures YDS. For the current authors previous study, the medical literature was searched, including Yi Xue Ru Me 12, Dong Eui Bo Gam 13, and Bing Yin Lun 14 for YD references, and 75 questionnaire items were identified. 5 The Delphi method was utilized to refine the questionnaire by asking 50 clinicians with an average of 8 years of clinical experience each to rate the importance of each item for YD. Through two iterations of the Delphi method, using or fax, all of the clinicians agreed upon the final 30 items included in the pilot version of the YDS (Table 2). Each item was rated on a 7-point Likert scale: 1 = disagree very strongly; 2 = disagree strongly; 3 = disagree; 4 = neither agree nor disagree; 5 = agree; 6 = agree strongly; and 7 = agree very strongly. The scores of each item were used to examine reliability, construct validity, and concurrent validity. Additional scoring of the YDS was carried out using a dichotomous response system similar to the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 15 and Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire (PPQ). 16 On the basis of the dichotomous response system, the current authors transformed Likert scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 to 0 point and Likert scores of 5, 6, and 7 to 1 point. The dichotomous scoring method has the advantage of eliminating errors caused by to end-users and middle-users, because this method will yield the same score irrespective of whether end-users and middle-users tend to prefer endpoints (such as 1, 2, 6, and 7) or middle points such as (3, 4, and 5). 16 The totals of the 169 outpatient dichotomous YDS scores and YD determinations from the clinicians were used to examine the sensitivity and specificity, and to define an optimum cutoff score for the YDS. YDQ 8 and CHQ. 10 The YDQ consists of ten items rated on a 100-mm visual analogue scale. In the current study, the total scores of the two factors (Deficiency Heat and accompanying symptoms) suggested by Lee et al. 8 were calculated to examine the relationships between YDS and YDQ subscale scores in group B. The CHQ consists of seven Heat pattern related and eight Cold pattern related items rated on a 7- point Likert scale: 1 = disagree very strongly; 2 = disagree strongly; 3 = disagree; 4 = neither agree nor disagree; Table 1. Age and Gender Distributions of the Subjects Group A (n = 169) Group B (n = 83) Variable Men/women Men/women Number 39/130 58/25 Age (years) / /
3 52 PARK ET AL. Table 2. Pilot Version of the 30-Item Yin Deficiency Scale (YDS) Pathologic etiology Condition Symptom Urine-related I urinate frequently Frequent urination My urine is dark yellow Dark yellow urine I feel residual urine Residual urine I can t contain my urine Difficulty containing urine I wake to urinate in the night Wake due to night urination Dryness My stool is hard Hard stool pattern-related My hair falls out Falling-out hair I have a rough skin Rough skin I have an itch in the night Night itch I have a dry mouth Dry mouth My heel is dry and cracked Dry and cracked heel I do not gain weight despite eating fully Weight maintenance Fire flare-up I have a fever in the night Night fever related I have a fever in the afternoon Afternoon fever I have a flush in the afternoon Afternoon flush My soles are hot in the night Night hot soles I feel hot deep in the body, e.g., in the bone Bone steaming I prefer cold beverages to warm beverages Cold beverage preference I am susceptible to heat and cold Susceptibility to heat and cold I sweat during sleep Sweating during sleep My ear rings Ringing ear Cough-related I have a cough in the afternoon Afternoon cough I have a cough in the night Night cough My cough lasts for a long time Persistent cough Fatigue-related I feel tired or languid Fatigue I feel tired in the morning Morning fatigue Pain-related I feel low back pain Low back pain I feel dull pain in my ankle or knee Dull pain of the ankle or knee I feel heavy or weak in my lower limbs Weakness of the lower limbs I feel dull pain in my heel Dull pain of the heel 5 = agree; 6 = agree strongly; and 7 = agree very strongly. The total scores of the Cold and Heat subscales were used to examine the relationships between the YDS and CHQ. Statistical analyses Reliability is concerned with the repeatability or reproducibility of measurement. 17 Among the reliability tests, internal consistency reliability is defined as the extent to which tests or procedures assess the same characteristic, skill, or quality. 18 Item total correlations are concerned with the relationship between each item and the total scores of all items. 19 Higher item total correlations may suggest higher discriminant ability for the issues of interest, compared with other items, and this parameter is known to be associated with reliability. 19 In this study, internal consistency reliability was examined using Cronbach s coefficient-a, and the corrected item total correlations were calculated together with Cronbach s coefficient-a. A low a-value (a < 0.600) or item total correlation (r < 0.300) suggested that some items either had very high variability or were not all measuring the same thing. 20 Validity is concerned with the accuracy of data; that is, ensuring that responses are a true reflection of the issues of interest. 17 Among the validity-related parameters, construct validity is used to examine how many latent variables or factors all of the measurement variables have. 19 Concurrent validity is used to demonstrate the accuracy of a measure by comparing it with another measure considered to be valid. 19 In this study, construct validity was examined using a PCA with varimax rotation. The Kaiser criterion was used, and only factors with eigenvalues > 1.0 were retained. Concurrent validity was examined by Pearson s correlations between the YDS and YDQ subscale scores. Pearson s correlations were also used to examine the relationships between the YDS and CHQ subscale scores. Finally, the accuracy of a diagnostic test is characterized by its sensitivity and specificity. 21 The ROC curve is widely accepted as a method for selecting an optimal cutoff point for a test. In this study, the cutoff point for the YDS was determined at the maximum Youden index (J = sensitivity + specificity - 1) level that corresponds to the maximum accuracy level. 21 Together with the Youden index, the area under the curve (AUC) was examined; the AUC expresses discriminative ability to determine YD. It is generally accepted that a test with an AUC > 0.9 has high accuracy, indicates moderate accuracy, and indicates low accuracy. 21 All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 15 for Windows. Values were presented as mean standard deviation, and p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results Cronbach s coefficient-a was for the 30 items for group A. However, two items, cold beverage preference and weight maintenance, not only led to an increased Cronbach s coefficient-a if deleted but also produced an item total correlation below 0.3. One item, hard stool,
4 YIN DEFICIENCY SCALE 53 yielded an item total correlation below 0.3. These results indicated that these three items did not measure the same things as the other items and, therefore, the three items were removed from the validity tests. Cronbach s coefficient-a was for these items. To examine construct validity, 27 items (excluding cold beverage preference, weight maintenance, and hard stool ) were subjected to a PCA, using the data obtained from group A. As a result, eight factors were extracted, and the total percentage of variance was 63.1% (Table 3). The eight factors extracted can be described as follows: factor 1 consisted of cough-related items (cough factor); factor 2 was made up of fever-related items occurring in the afternoon and night (fever factor); factor 3 consisted of pain- and weakness related items in the lower limbs (pain-weakness factor); factor 4 consisted of four urine-related items (urine factor); factor 5 consisted of fatigue-related items (fatigue factor); factor 6 consisted of pain- and Heat related items mainly in the feet and bones (feet-bone steaming factor); factor 7 consisted of Kidney- and Liver related items (Kidney-Liver Deficiency factor); and factor 8 was made up of dermatologic items (skin hair factor). Table 4 lists the Pearson s correlations between the eight YDS, two YDQ, and two CHQ subscale scores. All scores for the YDS factors were positively correlated with those of Heat Deficiency and accompanying symptoms of the YDQ. This indicated that the YDS was satisfactory in terms of concurrent validity. The Heat score of the CHQ was positively correlated with all the scores for the YDS factors except for factor 7 (Kidney-Liver Deficiency). However, scores for factor 3 (pain-weakness), factor 4 (urine), and factor 5 (fatigue) were positively correlated with both the Cold and Heat scores of the CHQ. This indicated that factors 3, 4, and 5 could be grouped into the dual Deficiency of Yin and Yang category. In the ROC curve analysis, the calculated AUC value was This indicated that the YDS had moderate discriminative ability to determine YD. 18 Table 5 lists the sensitivity, specificity, and corresponding Youden index cutoff points. Based on the maximum Youden index, the optimum cutoff point of the YDS score was determined to be 10 points, and the sensitivity and specificity at that level were 73.7% and 84.8%, respectively. Discussion In this study, the 27-item YDS yielded satisfactory reliability (Cronbach s coefficient-a = and Pearson s correlations were > 0.300). The total variance explained using PCA was 63.1%, and the eight factors of the YDS were significantly related to the two factors of the YDQ. Through ROC analysis, the optimum cutoff point was defined as 10 points, and the sensitivity and specificity at that level were 73.7% and 84.8%, respectively. The AUC of the ROC was 0.875; therefore, the discriminative ability of the YDS was considered to be moderate. In summary, these results Table 3. Factor Loadings for the 27 Items of the Yin Deficiency Scale (YDS) and the Variance Explained by the Eight Factors Item Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 Factor 6 Factor 7 Factor 8 Night cough Persistent cough Afternoon cough Afternoon fever Afternoon flush Dry mouth Night fever Weakness of the lower limbs Dull pain of the ankle or knee Low back pain Wake due to night urination Frequent urination Residual urine Difficulty containing urine Morning fatigue Susceptibility to heat and cold Fatigue Dry and cracked heel Night itch Dull pain of the heel Bone steaming Night hot soles Sweating during sleep Ringing ear Falling-out hair Rough skin Dark yellow urine Variance explained 10.0 (%) 9.9 (%) 9.1 (%) 7.4 (%) 7.3 (%) 7.3 (%) 6.1 (%) 6.0 (%) Bolding indicates factor loading >
5 54 PARK ET AL. YDS Table 4. Correlation Coefficients (r) Between the YDS, YDQ, and CHQ Subscale Scores Heat Deficiency YDQ Accompanying symptoms Heat score CHQ Cold score Factor 1 a 0.411** 0.455** 0.322** Factor 2 b 0.643** 0.570** 0.391** Factor 3 c 0.500** 0.610** 0.439** 0.270* Factor 4 d 0.434** 0.482** 0.450** 0.234* Factor 5 e 0.218* 0.447** 0.387** 0.548** Factor 6 f 0.404** 0.458** 0.226* Factor 7 g 0.334** 0.480** Factor 8 h 0.294** 0.263* 0.278* *p < 0.05; **p < Subscales are as follows: a Cough, b Fever, c Pain-weakness, d Urine, e Fatigue, f Feet-bone steaming, g Kidney-Liver Deficiency, h Skin-Hair. Yin Deficiency Scale; Yin Deficiency Questionnaire; Cold Heat Questionnaire. suggest that the YDS is a reliable and valid questionnaire to determine YD. Cold beverage preference, weight maintenance, and hard stool were removed from the reliability analysis because they did not appear to measure YD. The removal of cold beverage preference may have occurred because it is more closely related to individual taste than to Heat Deficiency. In YD, Fluid, Blood, and Essence are burned by Heat Deficiency, causing emaciation. 3 In a previous study using the Delphi method, most clinicians considered emaciation itself to be rare in clinical cases and, therefore, inappropriate to use as a questionnaire item. Instead, the clinicians proposed using I do not gain weight despite eating fully. 5 However, this item was excluded from the reliability test. Cutoff score Table 5. Cutoff Score, Sensitivity, and Specificity of the Total YDS Score for Determining Yin Deficiency Pattern Using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Youden index (J) a a Optimum cutoff point corresponds to the maximum Youden index (J = sensitivity + specificity - 1). Therefore, it appears that emaciation is not correlated with meal size or weight. Hard stool is considered one of the main symptoms of YD. 3 5 However, hard stool actually manifests within diverse patterns: Qi Deficiency; Qi Stagnation; Stomach Heat; Dry Blood; Condensed Cold; and YD. 21 Although hard stool is considered an important clue for YD, these diverse etiologies may decrease item total correlation. Eight factors were extracted from the YDS in the construct validity test using PCA. As expected, not only symptoms and signs related to Heat Deficiency, but also cough, pain, fatigue, and skin-related symptoms and signs were found to be independent factors. These results suggest that, in addition to Heat Deficiency symptoms or signs caused by YD, other symptoms or signs related to complex YDs such as symptoms related to Lung-Kidney, Spleen-Kidney, and Liver-Kidney should be considered when determining YD in clinical cases. It is interesting that dark yellow urine was grouped into the skin hair factor and not into the urine factor. For Lung-Kidney YD, the body Fluid decreases, the skin becomes rough, and the urine is condensed. This may explain why dark yellow urine was grouped into the skinhair factor. In examining Pearson s correlations between the YDS and CHQ subscale scores, cough, fever, and skin hair factors were related only to Heat score, not to Cold score. This may have been because these three factors are pure factors related to Heat Deficiency. However, it is interesting that pain-weakness, urine, and fatigue factors were related to both Heat and Cold scores. Because the Cold score of the CHQ refers to a Yang Deficiency pattern, and the Heat score of the CHQ refers to Yang Excess such as Heat Deficiency caused by YD, 10 these three factors may be associated with a dual Deficiency of Ying and Yang and not with only YD. The Kidney-Liver Deficiency factor was not related to the Cold or Heat score. This suggests a pattern of pure YD that is not associated with Heat Deficiency caused by YD or with a dual Deficiency of Ying and Yang. In summary, the results suggest that Cold and Heat scores may be beneficial for clarifying the characteristics of YD in clinical cases. The ROC results indicate that the optimum cutoff of the YDS is 10 points. This cutoff point (10/27) is much lower than that of the Chalder Fatigue Scale (3/4). 23 For this reason, it appears that the YDS, like the PPQ, 16 consists of many factors and that one or two factors may be in agreement with clinician decisions. It is generally accepted that YD becomes prevalent in patients with febrile or obstinate diseases, such as cancer. 3,24 Therefore, the definition of a cutoff point for the YDS may be beneficial for identifying appropriate Yinnourishing treatment for these clinical cases. This study refined and verified the reliability of the YDS; however, the study had some limitations. First, this study was conducted using a sample collected entirely in Seoul, Korea; therefore, the study has limited population validity. Second, data to examine correlations among the YDS, YDQ, and CHQ were not obtained from the patient group; therefore, concurrent validity and relationships between the YDS and CHQ for the outpatient group could not be assessed. Third, each outpatient was not examined by all of the clinicians; therefore interobserver reliability could not be evaluated. Fourth, the YDS was not analyzed by the test retest reliability method; therefore, repeatability of the
6 YIN DEFICIENCY SCALE 55 questionnaire items could not be evaluated. Further studies are needed to overcome the limitations of population validity and to examine concurrent validity, interobserver reliability, and repeatability for the patient group. Conclusions In this study, the current authors developed and validated the YDS for 169 outpatients and 83 college students. The 27- item YDS yielded satisfactory reliability (Cronbach s coefficient-a = and Pearson s correlations were > 0.300). The total variance explained using PCA was 63.1%, and the eight factors of the YDS were significantly related to the two subscale scores of the YDQ. Results for the relationships between the YDS and CHQ suggested the following categories of YD: Deficiency Heat; dual Deficiency of Ying and Yang; and pure YD without Deficiency Heat. Through ROC analyses, the optimum cutoff point was defined as 10 points, and sensitivity, specificity, and the AUC at that level were 73.7%, 84.8%, and 0.875, respectively. Further studies are needed to overcome the limitations of population validity and to examine concurrent validity, interobserver reliability, and repeatability for the patient group. Disclosure Statement No competing financial interests exist. References 1. World Health Organisation, ed. WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region. Manila: WHO Western Pacific Regional Office, Berle CA, Cobbin D, Smith N et al. A novel approach to evaluate Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment outcomes using pattern identification. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16: Zhu WF, Gao EX, Ji SL, eds. Textbook of Traditional Chinese Medical Diagnosis [in Chinese]. Beijing: Ren Min Wei Sheng Chu Ban She, 2002: Zou J, Tian D, Cong L, eds. Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Differentiation of Syndromes. Shanghi: Shanghi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999: Cho SW, Park YJ, Kim MY, et al. Development of questionnaire for pathogenesis analysis of Yukmijiwhang-tang symptom. J Korean Inst Orient Med Diagn 2009;12: Zhang E, Shi L, Zhang W, eds. Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (II): The Theory of Viscera and Bowels. Shanghi: Shanghi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1999: Liu DJ, Xiao W, Dai XL, eds. Contemporary Studies and Applications of Liuwei Dihuang Wan. Beijing: Ren Min Wei Sheng Chu Ban She, Lee S, Park J, Lee H et al. Development and validation of Yin-Deficiency Questionnaire. Am J Chin Med 2007;35: Leng FN, Wang YX, Wang QN, eds. Criteria for Chinese Medical Pattern Identification. Beijing: Ren Min Wei Sheng Chu Ban She, Kim SK, Park YB. Development of questionnaire for Cold Heat patternization [sic] [in Korean]. J Korean Inst Orient Med Diagn 2003;7: Ryu H, Lee H, Kim H et al. Reliability and validity of a Cold Heat pattern questionnaire for Traditional Chinese Medicine. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16: Li Chan, eds. An Introduction to Medicine. Seoul: Dae Sung Press, Heo Joon, eds. An Oriental Medical Treasure. Seoul: Nam San Dang Press, Kim KY. Oriental Medical Pathology. Seoul: Sun Press, Goldberg DP, Williams P. A User s Fuide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, Canada: NFER-Nelson, Park YJ, Park JS, Kim MY et al. Development of a valid and reliable Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17: Smith, F. Survey Research: Instruments, Validity and Reliability. In: Smith F, eds. Research Methods in Pharmacy Practice. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2002: Writing@CSU. Reliability and Validity. Colorado State University. Online document at: Accessed Nov 21, Tak JK. Psychological testing:understanding of development and evaluation of the psychological testing. In: Tak JK, eds. Item Analysis, Seoul: Hak-Ji Press, 2001: Yun YH, Wang XS, Lee JS et al. Validation study of the Korean version of the Brief Fatigue Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005;29: Akobeng AK. Understanding diagnostic tests 3: Receiver operating characteristic curves. Acta Paediatrica 2007;96: Lee BK, Park YB, Kim TH, eds. Textbook of Oriental Medicine: Differential Diagnosis. Seoul: Sung Bo Sa, 1988: Chalder T, Berelowitz G, Pawlikowska T, et al. Development of a fatigue scale. J Psychosom Res 1993;37: Lin SH, Huang ML, Liu SJ, et al. Severity of Yin Deficiency and autonomic nervous system function in cancer patients. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15: Address correspondence to: Young-Jae Park, KMD, PhD Department of Diagnosis and Biofunctional Medicine Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong #149 Sangil-Dong Gangdong-Gu Seoul Korea bmpomd@khu.ac.kr (Appendix follows/)
7 56 PARK ET AL. Appendix. Yin Deficiency Scale We would like to know more about any problems you have experienced recently. Please answer ALL of the questions by ticking the answer that most closely applies to you. 1: disagree very strongly, 2: disagree strongly, 3: disagree, 4: neither agree nor disagree, 5: agree, 6: agree strongly, 7: agree very strongly. Condition I have a cough in the night,,,,,,, My cough lasts for a long time,,,,,,, I have a cough in the afternoon,,,,,,, I have a fever in the afternoon,,,,,,, I have a flush in the afternoon,,,,,,, I have a dry mouth,,,,,,, I have a fever in the night,,,,,,, I feel heavy or weak in my lower limbs,,,,,,, I feel dull pain in my ankle or knee,,,,,,, I feel low back pain,,,,,,, I wake to urinate in the night,,,,,,, I urinate frequently,,,,,,, I feel residual urine,,,,,,, I can t contain my urine,,,,,,, I feel tired in the morning,,,,,,, I am susceptible to heat and cold,,,,,,, I feel tired or languid,,,,,,, My heel is dry and cracked,,,,,,, I have an itch in the night,,,,,,, I feel dull pain in my heel,,,,,,, I feel hot deep in the body, e.g., in the bone,,,,,,, My soles are hot in the night,,,,,,, I sweat during sleep,,,,,,, My ear rings,,,,,,, My hair falls out,,,,,,, I have a rough skin,,,,,,, My urine is dark yellow,,,,,,,
Course: Diagnostics II Date: Class #: 2
Course: Diagnostics II Date: 10-03-07 Class #: 2 Eight principles cont d Know: what is true/what is false (true cold/false heat for example) Know yin deficiency symptoms Know exterior/interior dx. Note:
More informationResearch Article Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Analysis for Validating the Phlegm Pattern Questionnaire for Healthy Subjects
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2016, Article ID 2696019, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2696019 Research Article Confirmatory and Exploratory Factor Analysis for Validating
More information4-1 Dyspnea (Chuan, 喘 )
4-1 Dyspnea (Chuan, 喘 ) Concept Breathing with difficulty (open wide mouth, raise shoulders) Etiology and pathogenesis Climatic factors Phlegm fluid Emotion Chronic diseases Exertion Over sex Diagnosis
More informationUpper Jiao problem Pallor of face Qi/Yang/Blood Xu or Cold Can be excess, or Blood Deficiency
Course: Diagnostics II Date: Dec 8, 2007 Combination Symptoms Combination Syndrome Symptom Caused by Qi Deficiency of Heart and Lung Palpitation Indicative of heart problem Cough with difficult inhalation,
More informationCourse: Formulas 1 Date: September 30, 2009 Class #: 2 Prof: Dr. Ma
Course: Formulas 1 Date: September 30, 2009 Class #: 2 Prof: Dr. Ma WEEK TWO: Class 2 Goals: Students will learn traditional treatment methods - sweating, vomiting, draining downward, harmonizing, warming,
More informationSyndrome Differentiation. REVIEW Dr Igor Mićunović Ph.D
Syndrome Differentiation REVIEW Dr Igor Mićunović Ph.D Outline Syndrome differentiation in TCM is a method to analyses and recognize the syndrome of disease. In other words, it is also a process in which
More informationLiu Jing and Liu Jing Diagnosis System in Classical TCM Discussions of Six Divisions or Six Confirmations Diagnosis System in Classical TCM Texts
Liu Jing and Liu Jing Diagnosis System in Classical TCM Discussions of Six Divisions or Six Confirmations Diagnosis System in Classical TCM Texts Liu Jing Bian Zheng system had developed about 1800 years
More informationTerm-End Examination June, 2010
00643 No. of Printed Pages : 12 PGDACP - 01 POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ACUPUNCTURE (PGDACP) Term-End Examination June, 2010 PGDACP-01 : BASIC THEORIES OF ACUPUNCTURE/TCM DIAGNOSIS Time : 2 Hours Maximum
More informationTerm-End Examination December, 2009
PGDACP - 01 POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ACUPUNCTURE (PGDACP) 00931 Term-End Examination December, 2009 PGDACP-01 : BASIC THEORIES OF ACUPUNCTURE/TCM DIAGNOSIS Time : 2 Hours Maximum Marks : 70 Note : There
More informationAssociations of Yin & Yang Yin Disorders
Review ChiroCredit.com Presents: AcuPractice 202 Yin & Yang II, The 8 Principles Yin vs. Yang Substance vs. Function Cooling vs. Warming Activity vs. Rest Protection vs. Recovery Transformation vs. Maintenance
More informationPOST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ACUPUNCTURE (PGDACP) Term-End Examination December, 2010 PGDACP-01 : BASIC THEORIES OF ACUPUNCTURE/TCM DIAGNOSIS
No. of Printed Pages : 11 PGDACP - 01 l POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN ACUPUNCTURE (PGDACP) 00061 Term-End Examination December, 2010 PGDACP-01 : BASIC THEORIES OF ACUPUNCTURE/TCM DIAGNOSIS Time : 2 Hours Maximum
More informationPatient Intake Form for Acupuncture Treatment at Infinite Healing
Section A: Your Information Patient Intake Form for Acupuncture Treatment at Infinite Healing Last Name: First Name: Middle Initial: Mailing Address: _ City: Postal Code: E-mail: Birth date: M D YR Age:
More informationCourse: Formulas 1 Date: December 2, 2009 Class #: 10. Function in Formula. Disperse stagnation
Course: Formulas 1 Date: December 2, 2009 Class #: 10 Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang : o Clear Heat toxins o o Disperse stagnation : o Heat in the blood Xi jiao Sheng di Shao yao Mu dan pi Clear Heart heat Nourish
More informationCauses: Weak Constitution/ Essence. Female: 33 yrs old
On line course provided by Taught by Clara Cohen Causes: Weak Constitution/ Essence during the menses. No Pms except for being very tired around the Deficiency Pain at end of period Tired - Poor memory-
More information四 Differentiation on Liver and G.B.
四 Differentiation on Liver and G.B. The main physiological function of the liver is in charge of promotion of free flow of whole body s Qi and storing the blood. The common pathogenic changes of liver
More informationTCM Ideology and Methodology
Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, June 2011; 31(2): 147-151 147 TCM Ideology and Methodology The TCM Pattern of the Six-Zang and Six-Fu Organs Can Be Simplified into the Pattern of Five-Zang and
More informationOur ongoing interest in spirit
Soothing the Troubled Spirit with Blue Poppy Originals Formulas with Honora Lee Wolfe Our ongoing interest in spirit Western practitioners of Chinese medicine have always had more interest in diseases
More informationResearch Article Relationships between Pathological Patterns and Quality of Life: Pathway Analysis
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2013, Article ID 453096, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/453096 Research Article Relationships between Pathological Patterns and Quality
More informationCourse: Diagnostics II Date: 9/26/07 Class #: 1
Course: Diagnostics II Date: 9/26/07 Class #: 1 Theories of disease and symptom analysis to acquire differentiation. There are several tools and systems you can use to analyze symptoms and get form a differentiation
More informationSingle Herbs III / Quiz I
Single Herbs III / Quiz I 1. What herb is good to generate fluids? A. Ren Shen C. Xi Yang Shen B. Tai Zi Shen D. All the Shens 2. What herb is best for Qi collapse? A. Huang Qi C. Dang Shen B. Ren Shen
More informationGYNECOLOGY & TCM. On line course provided by. Taught by Clara Cohen
GYNECOLOGY & TCM On line course provided by Taught by Clara Cohen 1 GYNECOLOGY & TCM INTRODUCTION WOMEN S PHYSIOLOGY MENSTRUATION CONCEPTION PREGNANCY MENOPAUSE CAUSES OF IMBALANCE PREVENTION 2 Physiology
More informationTable 1. Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation Diagnostic Criteria for Apoplexy Scale
Table. Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation Diagnostic Criteria for Apoplexy Scale TCM Item Acute ischemic stroke related symptoms and signs Score Wind Onset Peaked 8 hours Peaked hours
More informationUsed for exterior conditions such as common colds, fevers, and flu s. Many of these formulas induce sweating. This category can be subdivided into
Section 1 Used for exterior conditions such as common colds, fevers, and flu s. Many of these formulas induce sweating. This category can be subdivided into formulas the release cold or heat. Traditionally
More informationTONICS TO TONIFY OR TO EXPEL: THAT IS THE QUESTION
TONICS "The three months of Autumn are the time of harvest. The energy of Heaven begins to blow swiftly and the energy of Earth begins to change colour. One should go to bed early and rise early: maintain
More informationIntroduction of Korean Acupuncture focusing on Saam Five Element Acupuncture and Facial Acupuncture
Introduction of Korean Acupuncture focusing on Saam Five Element Acupuncture and Facial Acupuncture Sanghoon Lee MD(Korean Medicine), MPH, PhD, DiplAc, LAc.(USA) Professor of Acupuncture & Moxibustion
More informationReliability and validity of tongue color analysis in the prediction of symptom patterns in terms of East Asian Medicine
Online Submissions: http://www.journaltcm.com J Tradit Chin Med 2016 April 15; 36(2): 165-172 info@journaltcm.com ISSN 0255-2922 2016 JTCM. All rights reserved. CLINICAL STUDY TOPIC Reliability and validity
More informationEMPEROR'S COLLEGE MTOM COURSE SYLLABUS HERB FORMULAE I
COURSE DESCRIPTION The first of three courses in the Herb Formulae series. These courses can be taken in any order. The Herb Formulae series analyzes the functions, ingredients, and properties of approximately
More informationClear Heat and Cool Blood Herbs
Course: Chinese Herbology 1 Date: October 28, 2008 Class #: 6 Clear Heat/Cool Blood Herbs Clear Heat and Cool Blood Herbs Introduction Used for Ying and Xue stages, the 2 deepest of the four levels of
More informationClass 1 - Point Indication. Review of TCM theory. Yin / Yang ( / Yin and Yang are:
Class 1 - Point Indication Review of TCM theory Yin / Yang ( / Yin and Yang are: 1. Counterbalanced They are the generalization of the relative opposite principles observed throughout all things 2. Inter-transforming
More informationDIAGNOSIS YES NO. KIDNEY YIN DEFICIENTY (Ki Yi- -) Do you have lower back weakness, soreness, or pain, or knee problems?
Answer yes or no to each of the following questions. Don t worry about what the symptoms mean; just note whether you experience them. If you have more than one--fourth to one--third yes re- sponses in
More informationTCM & CONSTIPATION. Provided by AcuPro Academy - Copyright AcuPro Academy 2014 All Rights Reserved
TCM & CONSTIPATION Provided by AcuPro Academy - 1 INTRODUCTION TO CONSTIPATION Causes Diet Illnesses Drugs Lack of exercise Emotions 2 TCM PATTERNS FOR CONSTIPATION TCM patterns Symptoms Tx Principles
More informationPatient Health History Questionnaire
Patient Health History Questionnaire Manitou Springs Acupuncture Randall Johnson, L.Ac., LLC Certified Seitai Shinpo Acupuncturist License Number: Acu-0002072 Phone: (719) 237-4547 Email: 719acupuncture@gmail.com
More informationINTERNAL CANON OF THE YELLOW EMPEROR TCM DIAGNOSIS METHODS. Stanley Liang Ph.D., R.TCMP, R.Ac
INTERNAL CANON OF THE YELLOW EMPEROR TCM DIAGNOSIS METHODS Stanley Liang Ph.D., R.TCMP, R.Ac Text reading S17 Discussion on the Essentials of Pulse S18 Discussion on the Pulse Conditions of Healthy People
More informationSymptom Review (page 1) Name Date
v2.4, 2/13 JonathanTreasure.com Botanical Medicine & Cancer Herb Drug Interactions Herbalism 3.0 Symptom Review (page 1) Name Date INSTRUCTIONS Please read each section below carefully and, after each
More informationSound View Acupuncture and Chinese Herbs 5410 California Ave SW, #202, Seattle, WA
Sound View Acupuncture and Chinese Herbs 5410 California Ave SW, #202, Seattle, WA 98136 206.200.3595 Today s date Name Legal name (if different) Phone (primary) (secondary) Address City State Zip Email
More informationFundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine World Century Compendium to TCM Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine by Hong-zhou Wu,
More informationThe Foundations of Oriental Medicine Content Outline Effective January 1, 2020
The Foundations of Oriental Medicine Content Outline Effective January 1, 2020 Note to Candidate: This document serves as a guide to assist in examination preparation for candidates who have met NCCAOM
More informationEmotional Relationships Social Life Sexually Recreation
Name Date Address City State Zip Married Single Partner Divorced Widowed Date of Birth SS# Email Work Phone Home Phone Cell Phone Occupation Referred by Emergency Contact Family Physician Contact May we
More informationNew Patient Medical History Intake Form
New Patient Medical History Intake Form Name: Todays Date: / / Date of Birth: / / Age: Gender: M / F Marital Status: S M D W Address: City: State: Zip Code Primary Ph.# (cell, hm, wk) Email Address 2nd
More informationName: Date of birth: Address: City: State: Zip: Phone: (day) (evening): (cell): address: Occupation: Who referred you/how did you hear about us?
Name: Date of birth: Address: City: State: Zip: Phone: (day) (evening): (cell): Email address: Occupation: Who referred you/how did you hear about us? Your primary health care provider: Phone: Emergency
More informationTCM CASE STUDY On line course provided by Taught by Clara Cohen
TCM CASE STUDY On line course provided by Taught by Clara Cohen Causes: Emotions Post Partum Deficiency Short scanty menses Tired - Poor memory Pale tongue - Weak thin pulse Deficiency Short scanty menses
More informationAcupuncture. The Art of Healing with Needles
Acupuncture The Art of Healing with Needles What is Acupuncture? Strategic placement of needles to stimulate acupoints on meridians to restore proper flow of Qi and Blood and balance of Yin and Yang to
More informationFAMILIES OF REMEDIES
FAMILIES OF REMEDIES This newsletter will present the main "families" of remedies grouped according to condition treated in a tabular form for quick reference. The "families" of remedies considered will
More informationTraditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostic 10 Questions Please answer each question.
1 Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostic 10 Questions Please answer each question. 1. Thinking about your internal thermostat and where you feel your body temperature is most of the day, do you think
More informationDISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory diseases are extremely common and often respond very well to treatment with acupuncture and Chinese herbs. Both acute and respiratory diseases can be helped.
More informationCaspian Acupuncture -- Health History Form Anita Tayyebi EAMP, LAc. 652 SW 150 th St Burien WA 98166
Frist Name Last: Date Phone (H) (C) (W) E-mail Address City State Zip Age DOB Place of Birth _ Marital/Partnership Status Preferred Gender Pronoun _ Profession Family Physician Telephone # Referred By
More informationDang Gui Si Ni Tang Tangkuei Decoction for Frigid Extremities
Dang Gui Si Ni Tang Tangkuei Decoction for Frigid Extremities D F E G ctions: Warms the channels, disperses cold, nourishes the xue, and unblocks the xue vessels. hief Deputy (a) Dang Gui (b) Gui Zhi (c)
More informationCMPR121. Session 13. Small Intestine
CMPR121 Session 13 Small Intestine Chinese Medicine Department www.endeavour.edu.au Small Intestine o Separates the pure from the impure o Receives & transports food o Separates fluids o Is responsible
More informationTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Assessment Instructions
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Assessment Instructions This assessment form is designed to determine your current health condition according to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Each patient must
More informationHave you had all childhood diseases i.e.? chickenpox. Y N. Have you ever suffered from an infectious illness? i.e. glandular fever.
Acupuncture case history card Name: Date: Address: Ph No: (H) (W) (M) E-mail: Fax: D.O.B Sex: M F Marital Status: Occupation: Dr: Suburb: Referred by: Health fund Medical history For the following questions,
More informationNew and Improved 8 Principles in Clinical Practice: 3 Most Important Dichotomies. Bruce Ferguson, DVM, MS Holistic Veterinary Care
New and Improved 8 Principles in Clinical Practice: 3 Most Important Dichotomies Bruce Ferguson, DVM, MS Holistic Veterinary Care www.naturalvet.org Introduction It is said that Chinese Medicine (TCVM)
More informationPHLEGM. Signs of Phlegm The essential signs of Phlegm are a Swollen tongue body with a sticky tongue coating and a Slippery or Wiry pulse.
PHLEGM The concept of Phlegm is very wide-ranging and important in Chinese Medicine. Phlegm is extremely frequent in clinical practice and is at the same time a pathological condition and an aetiological
More informationChapter 15 Substances that Subdue Liver Yang and Extinguish Liver Wind
Course: Chinese Herbology 3 Date: June 16, 2009 Class #: 9 Chapter 15: Sub LV Yang and Ext LV Wind Chapter 15 Substances that Subdue Liver Yang and Extinguish Liver Wind Already covered many herbs that
More informationThe Foundations of Oriental Medicine Abbreviated Content Outline
The Foundations of Oriental Medicine Abbreviated Content Outline (Effective as of February 1, 2014) Note to Candidate: This document serves as a guide to assist in examination preparation for candidates
More informationThe Foundations of Oriental Medicine Expanded Content Outline
The Foundations of Oriental Medicine Expanded Content Outline (Effective as of February 1, 2014) Note to Candidate: This document serves as a guide to assist in examination preparation for candidates who
More informationCourse: Diagnostics I Date: August 14, 2007 Class #: 7. Drinking (pt of Q5)
Course: Diagnostics I Date: August 14, 2007 Class #: 7 For quiz review the 10 trad questions, 16 questions. And more. 10 Traditional q s (cont d) Thirsty? Ask this first. Most important question. Drinking
More information!!!! Traditional & Contemporary Acupuncture! 19 Golden Ave, Toronto ON! ! Gregory Cockerill, R.
Traditional & Contemporary Acupuncture 19 Golden Ave, Toronto ON info@livehandacupuncture.com 416-899-3364 Gregory Cockerill, R.Ac First Name: Last Name: Birthdate: Gender: Female Male Address: Email:
More informationResearch Article Study on TCM Syndrome Differentiation of Primary Liver Cancer Based on the Analysis of Latent Structural Model
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 215, Article ID 761565, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/1.1155/215/761565 Research Article Study on TCM Syndrome Differentiation of Primary Liver
More informationSymptom Questionnaire
Symptom Questionnaire The following questionnaire is a general assessment of your health developed by Dr Royal Lee D.D.S. Each grouping represents a particular area of your body that may be causing you
More informationIntroduction to Aetiology. Terminology 1. Terminology 2. Aims. Aetiology Clinical manifestations Pattern Pathology Diagnosis
Introduction to Aetiology Aims to learn about the three classic divisions of aetiology reflect on emotions and feelings Terminology Aetiology Clinical manifestations Pattern Pathology Diagnosis Terminology
More informationClinical Pharmacology An Integrative East-West Perspective
Clinical Pharmacology An Integrative East-West Perspective Malcolm Taw, MD UCLA Center for East West Medicine Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 21;343(25):1833-8.
More informationJournal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Vo1. 2, No. 4, pp
Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Vo1. 2, No. 4, pp. 295-300 Copyright 2011 Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Taiwan. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
More informationChapter 14 Warming interior
Chapter 14 Warming interior [7. Herbs That Warm the Interior, 9] Fu Zi 附子 Gan Jiang 乾薑 Rou Gui 肉桂 Wu Zhu Yu 吳茱萸 Xiao Hui Xiang 小茴香 9 herbs Ding Xiang 丁香 Gao Liang Jiang 高良薑 Hua Jiao 花椒 Hu Jiao 胡椒 : Pungent,
More informationInner Balance Acupuncture
Patient Information Inner Balance Acupuncture 274 Southland Drive, Suite 101, Lexington, KY 40503 859-595-2164 www.acupunctureky.com Name: Today s date: Age: Male Female Marital status: Date of Birth:
More informationAcupuncture And Herbs Proven Effective For PID Treatment
Acupuncture And Herbs Proven Effective For PID Treatment Published by HealthCMi on 29 May 2018 Researchers find acupuncture combined with herbal medicine effective for the treatment of chronic pelvic inflammatory
More informationPHYSIOTHERAPIST. Date of last visit MASSAGE THERAPIST. Date of last visit SPECIALISTS. Date of last visit WHAT ARE YOUR PRIMARY HEALTH CONCERNS?
2 PHYSIOTHERAPIST Date of last visit MASSAGE THERAPIST Date of last visit SPECIALISTS Date of last visit WHAT ARE YOUR PRIMARY HEALTH CONCERNS? WHAT IS THE PRIMARY REASON YOU ARE SEEKING CONSULTATION/TREATMENT?
More informationIn China, doctors at Traditional Chinese Medicine
THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Volume 0, Number 0, 2014, pp. 1 7 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0178 ACM-2013-0178-ver9-Zhao_1P Type: research-article Original Article
More informationLung and Large Intestine
Course: Diagnostics II Date: October 17, 2007 Class #: 4 Homework For each zang or fu: make a small chart for each for symptoms. Do a chart per organ, later do a chart with combinations. See slide 9 from
More informationCase Study for Degenerative Arthritis of the Knee
1. Case Study for Degenerative Arthritis of the Knee 2. Two Cases of Thoracic Diseases with Effective Clinical Results 3. Dr. Pu-Tao Chang on Health Preservation Ginseng (Ren Shen) 4. Pharmacodynamics
More information24 h. P > h. R doi /j. issn
38 4 2015 4 Vol. 38 No. 4 Apr. 2015 Journal of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 271 2 ~ 3 * 1 2 2 2 2 2 1# 1 201203 2 2 ~ 3 55 2 18 37 24 2 0 8 16 24 24 h 2 P > 0. 05 P < 0. 05 P < 0.
More informationTongue Evaluation. Body Color. Including colors at different locations. Indications. Body temperature regulation.
Tongue Evaluation Christopher Rodgers, Student Body. Refers to the overall appearance including muscles, arteries, and veins. Associations. Conditions of the cardiovascular, nervous, reproductive, urinary
More informationPatient Health History for Fertility
Patient Health History for Fertility Name: Date: Address: City, State, Zip code Phones: Home Work: Cell: Email address: Date of Birth: Age: Occupation: Emergency contact: Ob/Gyn: Current Medications: What
More informationEmory Clinic Department of Neurological Surgery Second Opinion Questionnaire
Emory Clinic Department of Neurological Surgery Second Opinion Questionnaire First Name: M.I. Last Name: Date of Birth: Phone: Marital Status: Married Divorced Separated Widowed Single Work Status: Employed
More informationEXPLAINING 4 Imbalances and 5 Organs
4 IMBALANCES AND 5 ORGANS A New System for Diagnosis and Treatment EXPLAINING 4 Imbalances and 5 Organs Jeremy Ross www.jeremyross.com DIFFERENTIAL QUESTIONS A New System for Diagnosis 90 Organ syndromes
More informationThe Clinical Effects of Carthami-Flos Pharmacopuncture on Posterior Neck pain of Menopausal Women
ISSN 2093-6966 Journal of Pharmacopuncture 71 http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/kpi.2011.14.4.071 Received : Nov 10, 2011 Revised : Nov 25, 2011 Accepted : Nov 30, 2011 KEY WORDS: Carthami-Flos; Neck pain, Pharmacopuncture;
More informationThe Herbalist s Corner
Acupuncture Today, July 2008 The Herbalist s Corner Jake Paul Fratkin, OMD. L.Ac. MANAGING A PATIENT WITH MULTIPLE COMPLAINTS A situation common to American herbalist/acupuncturists is the arrival of a
More informationEMPEROR'S COLLEGE MTOM COURSE SYLLABUS HERB FORMULAE II
COURSE DESCRIPTION The second of three courses in the Herb Formulae series. Categories covered in Formulae II include the Tonify Qi and Blood, Regulate Qi, Invigorate the Blood, Stop Bleeding, Stabilize
More informationAcupuncture Heals Erectile Dysfunction Finding
Acupuncture Heals Erectile Dysfunction Finding Published by HealthCMI on 02 May 2018. erectile dysfunction. Acupuncture and herbs are effective for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In research conducted
More informationDO YOU HAVE ADRENAL FATIGUE?
John B. DeCosmo, DO, PA 4800 4 th Street North, Saint Petersburg, Florida 33703 (727) 498-6488, Fax: (727) 362-6772 drdecosmo@gmail.com DO YOU HAVE ADRENAL FATIGUE? A complete list of your current symptoms
More informationAcupuncture Today, July, 2010.
The Herbalist Corner Acupuncture Today, July, 2010. BROADENING STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF INSOMNIA Jake Paul Fratkin, OMD, L.Ac. Successful treatment of insomnia can be an elusive goal, especially
More informationDistribution Law and Dynamic Evolution of Zheng in TCM
SMGr up Distribution Law and Dynamic Evolution of Zheng in TCM Jie Wang 1, Jia-liang Gao 1, Hong-zheng Li 1,2, Hao-qiang He 1,2, Chao Liu 1,2, Jun Li 1, Yan-wei Xing 1, Kui-wu Yao 1 and Guang Chen 1,2
More informationAcupuncture Premature Ovarian Failure Finding
Acupuncture Premature Ovarian Failure Finding Published by HealthCMi on October 2017 Controlled studies find acupuncture effective for the treatment of premature ovarian failure (primary ovarian insufficiency).
More informationCenter for Traditional Health Arts 5 Keller Street, Suite A, Petaluma, CA (707)
Center for Traditional Health Arts 5 Keller Street, Suite A, Petaluma, CA 94952 (707) 763-8040 www.traditionalhealtharts.com Name Address Phone (home) Phone (work) Email Classical Chinese Medicine & Health
More informationMETABOLIC ASSESSMENT FORM
METABOLIC ASSESSMENT FORM Name: Age: Sex: Date: PART 1 Please list the 5 major health concerns in your order of importance: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PART 2 Please circle the appropriate number 0-3 on all questions
More informationWaccamaw Chiropractic & Wellness Center
Waccamaw Chiropractic & Wellness Center Dr. John Evans Dr. Jeff Evans 658 Wachesaw Rd. Murrells Inlet, SC 29576 www. waccamawchiropractic.com (843)357-9617 Fax (843)357-9639 DO YOU HAVE ADRENAL FATIGUE?
More informationSECTION OF NEUROSURGERY PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET
SECTION OF NEUROSURGERY PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET EC#: (for office use only) Patient s Name: Today s Date: Age: Date of Birth: Height: Weight: Physician you are seeing today: Marital Status: Married Work
More informationSingle Herbs III / Quiz II
Single Herbs III / Quiz II 1. What herb can nourish St Yin and brightens the eyes? A. Mai Dong C. Sha Shen B. Shi Hu D. Tian Dong 2. What herb can be used for an exterior invasion with Yin Xu? A. Sha Shen
More informationRoot & Branch Bulk Formula List
An asterisk * indicates the inclusion of 1 or more granule versions of an herb because of limited availability on the American herbal market. These products are usually animal in nature like E Jiao, Shui
More information2. Have your symptoms affected your ability to carry out your daily activities? YES NO
QUESTIONNAIRE Page 1 of 5 Date: Referring MD (Name, Address, Phone Number): Primary Care Physician (Name and Address, Phone Number): Reason for visit: 1. How long have you had symptoms? Describe your symptoms?
More informationCMCS121. Session 4. Interview Workshop/ Abdominal Pain. Chinese Medicine Department.
CMCS121 Session 4 Interview Workshop/ Abdominal Pain Chinese Medicine Department www.endeavour.edu.au Abdominal Pain o Maciocia, p 145-147, o Pain, p 255-259, 735-745 o Digestive symptoms p 262, o Asking
More information55 S. Main Street, Driggs, ID (208)
Elements of Health 55 S. Main Street, Driggs, ID 83422 (208) 920-0312 Name: (first) (middle) (last) Date: / / Address: Phone: / street address city zipcode home / cell Date of Birth: / / Age: Gender: M/F
More informationFactors Influencing Satisfaction with Life in Female Nursing College Students with Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Vol.132 (Healthcare and Nursing 2016), pp.198-203 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2016. Factors Influencing Satisfaction with Life in Female Nursing College Students with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Sung
More informationAcupuncture and Herbs Eliminate Meniere s Disease
Acupuncture and Herbs Eliminate Meniere s Disease Published by HealthCMi on June 2018 Acupuncture has been proven clinically effective for the treatment of Meniere s disease, a disorder characterized by
More informationACUPUNCTURE SPECIFIC INTAKE FORM
ACUPUNCTURE SPECIFIC INTAKE FORM A naturopathic approach to medicine is holistic and seeks to understand all factors that may be affecting your health. Please answer the following questions to the best
More informationCourse: Chinese Herbology 3 Date: May 19, 2009 Class #: 6 12 D Tonify Yin and 13 Stabilize and Bind
Course: Chinese Herbology 3 Date: May 19, 2009 Class #: 6 12 D Tonify Yin and 13 Stabilize and Bind Yin Tonics: know the channels for sure! Tian Dong This is the asparagus tuber, but not the same as the
More informationPatient Information. Marital Status (Single, Married, Life Partner, Divorced, Widowed) CHIEF COMPLAINT
Patient Information Name Date Home Address City State Zip Phone E-mail Address Cell Phone: Business Address City State Zip Phone Occupation Place of Birth Date of Birth Age Height Weight Soc. Sec. # Sex
More informationTreatment Principle Basics
Treatment Principle Basics Blood : Main TX: Nourish Blood + Tonify the Organ so: : Heart Blood Nourish Blood, tonify HT Calm Mind Pericardium Blood Nourish Blood, strengthen Heart and Pericardium Move
More informationStatistical Validation of TCM Syndrome Postulates in the Context of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
ACM-2012-0487-ver9-Xu_1P.3d 05/02/13 8:34pm Page 1 THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Volume 18, Number 0, 2013, pp. 1 6 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0487 ACM-2012-0487-ver9-Xu_1P
More informationFive Virtues Center for Acupuncture
Five Virtues Center for Acupuncture Case Study: Headaches and Amenorrhea By Ross Rosen and Jennifer Sobonski History: Patient is a 15- year- old girl who was referred with headaches and amenorrhea. Her
More informationACTION CHIROPRACTIC & SPORT THERAPY 7744 Elbow Drive SW Calgary, AB T2V 1K2 Phone: Fax: Full Name: Address:
ACTION CHIROPRACTIC & SPORT THERAPY 7744 Elbow Drive SW Calgary, AB T2V 1K2 Phone: 403.243.8114 Fax: 403.212.0880 Full Name: Address: City: Province: Postal Code: Date of Birth (MM/DD/YYYY): Home Phone:
More information