Older Adults Acceptance of Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Depression

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1 Journal of Gerontology: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2001, Vol. 56B, No. 5, P285 P291 Copyright 2001 by The Gerontological Society of America Older Adults Acceptance of Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Depression Philippe Landreville, 1 Julie Landry, 1 Lucie Baillargeon, 2 Anne Guérette, 3 and Évelyne Matteau 4 1 School of Psychology and 2 Family Medicine Department, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada. 3 Research Center, Institut de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 4 Department of Psychology, Centre Hospitalier Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada. Two hundred participants aged 65 and older recruited from 4 different family medicine clinics rated the acceptability of 3 different treatments for geriatric depression: (a) cognitive therapy (CT), (b) cognitive bibliotherapy (CB), and (c) antidepressant medication (AM). Results showed that the acceptability of the treatments is a function of the severity of the symptoms of the depressed patient to whom they would be applied. CT and CB were rated as more acceptable than AM when patient symptoms were mild to moderate. However, CT was more acceptable than both CB and AM when patient symptoms were described as severe. Acceptability ratings were not related to the raters own depressive symptoms. The practical implications of these results are discussed. T HE general health care sector is the main source of treatment for older persons suffering from depression (Lebowitz et al., 1997). Referral by a family physician to a psychiatrist or other mental health professionals for depression is rare (Gallo, Ryan, & Ford, 1999), and the proportion of individuals receiving outpatient treatment from mental health professionals is lower for persons aged 65 years or older than for any other adult age group (Olfson & Pincus, 1996). Antidepressant medication (AM), especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), appears to be the predominant approach to treating depressed elders in primary care (Gallo et al., 1999; Glasser & Gravdal, 1997). Although older adults tolerate SSRIs better than tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), adverse effects of SSRIs are significant and include nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, headache, agitation, and anxiety (Lebowitz et al., 1997). Psychotherapy is another approach to treating depression that does not present the adverse effects of antidepressants. The efficacy of psychotherapy for late life depression has been confirmed by various meta-analyses (Engels & Vermey, 1997; Scogin & McElreath, 1994) and clearly stated in the National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Statement update (Lebowitz et al., 1997). One reason for the predominant use of pharmacotherapy despite its adverse effects may be that older persons prefer taking antidepressant medication to receiving psychotherapy. This view has been expressed by the head of the consensus panel of the NIH Consensus Conference on depression in late life (see Adler, 1992, p. 17). A strong majority of older adults do report a preference for consulting a family physician rather than a mental health professional for psychological problems (Waxman, Carner, & Klein, 1984). Older adults are more likely than middle-aged persons to talk about a mental health problem during a visit in the general medical sector (Gallo, Marino, Ford, & Anthony, 1995). However, the available evidence suggests that elderly adults do not prefer pharmacological over psychological treatments for depression and that some of the latter are even perceived as more acceptable than drugs. In a first study of 20 older adults, whose age ranged between 62 and 83 years, Lundervold and Lewin (1990) obtained acceptability ratings for two interventions: behavior therapy and medication. Results indicated that older adults judge behavior therapy more favorably than pharmacotherapy to treat geriatric depression. A second study, by Rokke and Scogin (1995), examined depression treatment preferences in younger and older adults. Participants were 116 older adults whose age ranged from 60 to 97 years. Only 52 of them rated the acceptability of the treatments. Acceptability and credibility ratings were obtained for the following treatments for depression: activity change (a form of behavior therapy), cognitive therapy (CT), psychodynamic therapy, and drug therapy. Older adults rated activity change as more acceptable and credible than drug therapy. Cognitive and psychodynamic therapy were as acceptable and credible as drug therapy. No information is provided in either study regarding the proportion of nondepressed versus depressed participants and their respective ratings of the various treatments. Although the above findings are thought provoking, they are also limited in several ways. First, the evidence is based on small samples, which seriously limits the generalization of the findings. It is noteworthy that acceptability ratings for both cognitive and psychodynamic treatments in the Rokke and Scogin (1995) study are higher than that of drug therapy, a trend similar to the difference involving activity change and drug therapy. It is possible that the absence of significant differences for these treatments is a consequence of low statistical power. Second, the relevance of the samples of the previous studies to elderly consumers of treatments for depression is unclear. It would seem important to assess acceptability in primary care patients in that the general health care sector is the main source of treatment for late life depression (Lebowitz et al., 1997). Third, the results obtained by Lundervold and Lewin may have been biased by the fact that almost half of the participants (40%) had already consulted a mental health professional in the past, which is not representative of older adults in general. P285

2 P286 LANDREVILLE ET AL. These limitations are sufficiently serious to warrant further research in this area. Two additional questions need to be addressed by new research on this topic. First, do acceptability ratings vary according to the severity of the clients depression? Some treatments may be more acceptable for mild to moderate depression but less so if depression is severe. There is already some evidence that both psychological and pharmacological approaches for geriatric depression are less acceptable for severe than for mild to moderate symptoms, but these results were observed in young adults (Landreville & Guérette, 1998). Second, are acceptability ratings related to the raters own depressive symptoms? This is important because persons displaying depressive symptoms, who are consumers of treatments for this disorder, may rate the acceptability of treatments differently than do nondepressed persons. Rokke and Scogin (1995) found no significant correlation between their elderly participants ratings of the credibility of the various treatments and their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961). However, participants who had been previously depressed found CT more credible and tended to rate psychodynamic therapy and drug therapy as more credible. In addition, participants with previous treatment experience found CT more credible. The purpose of this study was to compare the acceptability of three treatments of geriatric depression as rated by older patients of family medicine clinics. The treatments examined were CT, cognitive bibliotherapy (CB), and AM. Psychological treatments using a cognitive approach were examined because, as noted above, previous findings concerning the acceptability of this type of intervention are inconclusive and deserve further investigation. The cognitive approach to treating depression basically aims at helping clients identify their distorted and depressogenic thinking and learn more realistic ways to formulate their experiences (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979). We examined two formats of this psychological treatment, therapy and bibliotherapy, in this study. Traditional CT typically involves regular meetings with a therapist and exercises to do between sessions. In comparison, bibliotherapy is a self-treatment format involving readings and exercises to be done at home with minimal supervision from a therapist. The acceptability of CB from the point of view of older adults has not been investigated despite the demonstrated effectiveness of this format of treatment for mild to moderate depression in this population (Scogin, Hamblin, & Beutler, 1987; Scogin, Jamison, & Davis, 1990; Scogin, Jamison, & Gochneaur, 1989). We examined the acceptability of the three treatments in this study as a function of the severity of symptoms of (a) the depressed client and (b) the person rating the treatments. METHODS Participants To be included in the study, participants had to be (a) 65 years of age or older or had to reach that age in the month following their participation in the study and (b) patients of family medicine clinics located in large urban hospitals. Table 1. Sample Characteristics Variables n % M SD Gender Women Men Age (years) a Education (years) Marital Status Married or remarried Widowed Single Separated or divorced Living with partner but not married Annual Family Income b $50,000 or more $ to $49, $30,000 to $39, $20,000 to $29, $10,000 to $19, $9,999 or less GDS Score c Depressive Episodes During Lifetime Treatment Received During Depressive Episodes d Antidepressant medication Psychotherapy 6 15 Other (e.g., electroconvulsive therapy) 7 17 No treatment Note: GDS Geriatric Depression Scale. a Range b Annual family income was reported by 172 participants (86%). Income is in Canadian dollars. c No (17%). d The number of participants reporting depressive episodes during their lifetime was used as the denominator to calculate the percentage of subjects receiving the various treatments for these episodes. Two hundred ninety-five persons were asked to participate in the study. Among them, 55 persons refused to participate, 32 persons did not fulfill the age criteria, and 8 persons did not complete their questionnaire. This left a sample composed of 200 participants, all of whom were Caucasian and French speaking. The sample characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Measures and Materials All measures and materials were in French. Background information. We collected sociodemographic information such as age, gender, annual family income, marital status, and schooling level. We also asked about depressive episodes during the participants lifetime and types of treatments received during these episodes. Case descriptions. Two descriptions of older adults presenting depressive symptoms of different severity (mild to moderate and severe) were prepared by a clinical psychologist and a general practitioner. These descriptions had between 90 and 106 words. To standardize the case descriptions, both patients were described as women of 75 years of age presenting the same symptoms but of different severity.

3 TREATMENT ACCEPTABILITY P287 The symptoms described were feelings of sadness, diminished life satisfaction, difficulty in making decisions, lack of sleep and appetite, fatigue, and thoughts of death. For example, the person presenting mild to moderate symptoms was described as sleeping less well, having less appetite, and thinking that she would be better off dead but would not commit suicide. In contrast, the severely depressed person was described as waking up several hours earlier than usual and being unable to go back to sleep, having no appetite, and contemplating suicide. The case descriptions are based on criteria of a major depressive episode of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the levels of symptoms severity found in the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961). Case descriptions are presented in the Appendix. Each case description was validated in a previous study (Landreville & Guérette, 1998). Briefly, seven experienced PhD-level clinical psychologists were asked to rate the severity of symptoms for each case. The case with severe symptoms was identified as such by all judges. The case with mild to moderate symptoms was classified as mild by five judges and as moderately depressed by two. Among a sample of 88 participants, 95% reported that the case description they read was clear and 84% agreed that it contained sufficient information. Treatment descriptions. The treatment descriptions were also prepared by a clinical psychologist and a general practitioner and had between 90 and 124 words. CT and CB were described as treatments to help clients (a) identify situations that increase depressive feelings, (b) determine if their interpretation of these situations is overly negative and unrealistic, and (c) learn ways to interpret these situations less negatively and more realistically. We described CT as involving weekly meetings with a health care professional. CB was characterized by readings and exercises done at home under the supervision of a health care professional that the client met at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. Weekly phone calls by the health care professional served to supervise this treatment and support the patient. We described AM as being prescribed by a health care professional who regularly readjusts doses as a function of the patient s functioning. We further described AM as having a chemical stimulation effect on neurotransmitters that improves their functioning and therefore diminishes depressive symptoms. The class of antidepressant (such as SSRIs or TCAs) was not specified, as this information is not typically provided to depressed patients. For all treatments, we used the neutral term health care professional to designate the person who prescribes and administers the treatment. This was done to control for the possible effect that identifying more specific professionals, such as physicians, psychologists, or psychiatrists, may have on acceptability ratings. Similarly, we omitted deliberately comments on the efficacy and secondary effects of the different treatments to prevent a bias in acceptability ratings. The treatment descriptions are presented in the Appendix. Among a sample of 88 persons, 86% of the respondents indicated that the treatment descriptions they read were clear and 69% agreed that the descriptions contained sufficient information (Landreville & Guérette, 1998). Treatment acceptability. We used a modified version of the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI; Landreville & Guérette, 1998) to rate the acceptability of each treatment. We deleted four of the original 15 items of the TEI (Kazdin, 1980), which referred to ethical aspects of the treatment, because they were not relevant in the context of CB and CT. Also, we modified the wording of some items slightly to specify that the treatment was to be used to treat depression. The 11 items on the modified TEI measure positive or negative reactions to treatments. Examples of individual items include asking respondents to rate how effective the treatment is likely to be, how likely the treatment is to make permanent improvements in the person, and how much discomfort the person is likely to experience during the course of treatment. Each item is rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 to 7 with a higher rating indicating greater acceptability. Total scores are obtained by adding together the ratings of the individual items and range between 11 and 77, with a score of 44 indicating moderate acceptability. A factor analysis revealed two factors that accounted for 73% of the total variance and can be used as subscales of the modified TEI (Landreville & Guérette, 1998). The first subscale, named General Acceptability (8 items), is composed of items reflecting positive qualities of treatment such as effectiveness. The second subscale is named Negative Aspects (3 items) and is made up of those items assessing undesirable consequences of treatment, such as side effects. Landreville and Guérette found adequate congruent validity, test retest reliability, and internal consistency for the global scale as well as each of the subscales. Depressive symptoms. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; Yesavage et al., 1983) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire. Respondents are asked to answer by yes or no whether an item describes how they have felt during the past week. Total scores range between 0 and 30. Scores ranging from 0 to 10 indicate the absence of depression, scores ranging from 11 to 20 indicate mild depression, and scores ranging from 21 to 30 suggest a moderate to severe depressive state. The validity and reliability of the GDS has been described by Yesavage and colleagues (1983). Procedure Participants were recruited in the waiting rooms of family medicine clinics of four large urban hospitals. Between 48 and 52 participants were recruited in each hospital. The researcher approached potential participants directly. After listening to a brief description of the study, the potential participant was asked to give his or her age and sign a consent form. We assigned each participant randomly to 1 of 12 conditions (2 Levels of Severity 6 Counterbalanced Presentation Orders of Treatments). Each condition included between 15 and 20 participants. We gave participants a questionnaire and asked them to answer it at the clinic either before or after their appointment with their physician. The questionnaire included (a) questions regarding background information, (b) one of the two case descriptions, (c) the de-

4 P288 LANDREVILLE ET AL. scriptions of the three treatments, (d) three copies of the modified TEI, and (d) the GDS. Each copy of the TEI followed each treatment description and was reserved for rating that treatment only. Instructions on the TEI specified that each treatment was to be rated by supposing that it would be used with the patient described previously. The participant was offered the choice to read and answer the questionnaire by him- or herself (n 77) or have it read to him or her by the researcher (n 123). No significant differences were found on the acceptability ratings of each treatment between these two groups. The questionnaire took between 20 and 45 min to complete, with a mean duration of 35 min. RESULTS Figure 1 illustrates the mean scores on the modified TEI for each treatment and case description. Note first of all that acceptability scores for all treatments are above 44, the score designating moderate acceptability. We performed a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) on these data and revealed a significant interaction between treatment acceptability and case description, F(2,396) 3.23, p We performed contrasts analyses to specify the nature of this interaction. For the case of mild to moderate depressive symptoms, CT was more acceptable than AM, F(1,104) 27.85, p.0001, and CB was more acceptable than AM, F(1,104) 16.07, p No significant difference was found between CT and CB. For the case presenting with severe symptoms, CT was more acceptable than both CB, F(1,94) 12.60, p.0006, and AM, F(1,94) 14.60, p There was no significant difference between CB and AM. We found no significant differences when comparing acceptability ratings for each treatment across case descriptions. To further explore our data, we performed similar analyses separately on each of the two subscales of the modified TEI. Means on each subscale are presented in Table 2. Looking first at the General Acceptability subscale, we Figure 1. Modified Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI) scores as a function of severity of patients depression. CT cognitive therapy; CB cognitive bibliotherapy; AM antidepressant medication. Table 2. Modified Treatment Evaluation Inventory Subscales Scores as a Function of Treatment and Symptom Severity Treatment Symptom severity CT CB AM General Acceptability Mild to Moderate M SD Severe M SD Negative Aspects Mild to Moderate M SD Severe M SD Note: CT cognitive therapy; CB cognitive bibliotherapy; AM antidepressant medication. found a significant effect for treatments, F(2,396) 19.02, p Post hoc analyses indicated that CT was more acceptable than both CB, F(1,198) 15.44, p.0001, and AM, F(1,198) 36.46, p.0001, and that CB was more acceptable than AM, F(1,198) 5.50, p.02. Using the Negative Aspects subscale, we found a significant interaction between treatment acceptability and case description, F(2,396) 3.20, p.04. Contrasts for the case of mild to moderate depressive symptoms revealed that CT was more acceptable than AM F(1,104) 21.62, p.0001, and CB was more acceptable than AM, F(1,104) 21.31, p For the case presenting with severe symptoms, CT was more acceptable than both CB, F(1,94) 3.88, p.05, and AM, F(1,94) 11.36, p.001. We examined the relation between treatment acceptability and the raters own depressive symptoms in three ways. First, we compared acceptability ratings of participants presenting significant depressive symptoms (n 34) and participants who were nondepressed (n 166). These groups were formed on the basis of the cutoff score of 11 on the GDS. Mean acceptability ratings for each treatment as a function of group are illustrated in Figure 2. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between group and treatment acceptability ratings. Second, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between each participant s depressive symptoms and his or her acceptability rating of CT, CB, and AM. Corresponding correlation coefficients were.14,.02, and.07, respectively, and none was significant. Third, we examined scatterplots for nonlinear relationships (e.g., curvilinear) between these variables and found no particular patterns. We conducted additional analyses to determine if acceptability ratings were associated with any of the other participant characteristics. The variables age, annual family income, and education were correlated (Pearson correlation coefficients) with the acceptability ratings of each treatment. Being more educated was associated with lower rat-

5 TREATMENT ACCEPTABILITY P289 Figure 2. Modified Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI) scores as a function of raters depressive symptoms. CT cognitive therapy; CB cognitive bibliotherapy; AM antidepressant medication. ings for AM (r.15, p.03). We performed ANOVAs to determine if gender, marital status, previous depression, and previous treatment for depression were associated with acceptability ratings of each treatment. Marital status was recoded in two categories: living with a partner (married or not) and not living with a partner (i.e., widowed, single, separated, or divorced). For CT, participants living with a partner had higher ratings than did those not living with a partner, F(1,195) 3.87, p.05. Mean ratings were (SD 12.05) and (SD 12.57), respectively. The opposite relationship was found for AM: Participants not living with a partner gave this treatment higher acceptability ratings than did those living with a partner, F(1,195) 3.84, p.05. The means for each group were (SD 13.86) and (SD 15.08), respectively. DISCUSSION Our results indicate that older adults consider all treatments examined in this study at least moderately acceptable for treating late-life depression. Moreover, the acceptability of treatments varies according to the severity of depressive symptoms of the patient. CT and CB are equally acceptable and more acceptable than AM for a patient presenting mild to moderate symptoms. However, CT is more acceptable than both CB and AM for a patient presenting severe symptoms. This interaction pattern is due to a consideration of negative aspects of treatments only. When positive aspects are considered, acceptability ratings still vary, however, with CT being the preferred treatment, followed by CB. The findings of this study confirm the importance of verifying the acceptability of treatments in different populations. In our previous work (Landreville & Guérette, 1998), we compared exactly the same treatments for geriatric depression, but participants were university students. In this population, all treatments were equally acceptable and more acceptable for mild to moderate than for severe depression. When the same treatments were evaluated by elderly adults, their acceptability is not equivalent and varies according to the severity of the patients symptoms. It is interesting to note that CT was judged more acceptable than AM across depression severity levels. Detailed analyses of specific dimensions of acceptability further indicate that older adults find CT both more positive and less negative than AM. It is unclear why CT is rated more positively than medication. We speculate that our participants perceived that it provides patients with more control over depression because it supplies them with specific skills. With respect to CT being rated less negatively than AM, it is possible that older adults perceive that psychotherapy does not have the undesirable physical effects of medication. Although such effects were not stated in the treatment descriptions, elderly participants may be more familiar with side effects of medication than are young adults because of their greater experience with pharmacotherapy. This may lead them to prefer less invasive alternatives such as psychotherapy. The results of the present study are in line with those of Lundervold and Lewin (1990) and Rokke and Scogin (1995) in showing that psychological treatments are considered by older adults as more acceptable than AM for the treatment of geriatric depression. However, our results differ from those of Rokke and Scogin, who did not find CT to be significantly more acceptable than AM. This difference can be explained by sample size. In the study by Rokke and Scogin, only 52 elderly participants provided acceptability ratings compared with 200 in the present study. Although close examination of the means on the TEI obtained in the Rokke and Scogin study suggests a trend similar to our results, we can suppose that their study did not have sufficient power to detect a significant difference between CT and drug therapy. An important question for this line of research is whether treatment acceptability ratings are related to the raters own depressive symptoms. Our results indicate that this is not the case. More specifically, those participants with significant depressive symptoms did not rate acceptability differently than those without such symptoms. These findings are consistent with those of Rokke and Scogin (1995). Unlike these researchers, however, we found that perception of treatment is not related to previous experience of depression and treatment for depression. We found a modest but significant relation between education and acceptability of drug treatment. Older adults with more education may find AM less acceptable because they are more knowledgeable about side effects of such medication. Adults currently reaching the age of 65 are generally more educated than are their predecessors. As their number grows in the future, the population of older adults may be more critical of strictly medication-based approaches to treatment of depression. Marital status was also associated with acceptability of CT and AM. The reasons for this finding are unclear. Older adults living with a partner may be strongly oriented toward intimate relationships with others and this may lead them to favor psychotherapy. This orientation may be less marked in older adults without a partner and so this group favors AM, a form of treatment that involves much less revealing of oneself. This study was conducted with consumers of primary

6 P290 LANDREVILLE ET AL. general health care services. This sector of health care delivers the largest portion of psychiatric care to the elderly (Gottlieb, 1994). Therefore, the results of this study raise important practical issues. In view of our findings, we concur with the NIH that psychosocial treatments deserve greater emphasis (Lebowitz et al., 1997). The fact that antidepressant medication remains the predominant approach to treating geriatric depression does not appear to reflect the preference of elderly adults themselves. Other factors, including primary care providers beliefs about psychotherapy for elders, may explain this situation. Gallo and Colleagues (1999) found that family physicians consider medications for depression as effective for older patients as for younger patients but are less optimistic about the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Because of this, they may be reluctant to recommend psychotherapy to their depressed older patients. It may be useful to inform primary care providers about the efficacy of psychological treatments for late-life depression and older adults acceptance of such treatments. The high financial cost of individual psychotherapy and geographical barriers may also prevent many older persons from receiving this type of treatment. In this context, the finding that CB is more acceptable than AM for patients presenting mild to moderate symptoms is particularly interesting. A considerable proportion of older adults present dysphoria (Blazer et al., 1987) or minor depression (Koenig & Blazer, 1996). Using CB to treat mildly to moderately depressed older adults could be an economical, accessible, and acceptable way to help prevent the deterioration of depressive symptoms. Zeiss and Breckenridge (1997) have argued that offering cognitive or behavioral therapy as a first line intervention for mild to moderately depressed older adults would be the most cost-effective approach in most settings. Some limits of the present study need to be considered. Results are limited to the population under study, that is, elderly patients of family medicine clinics. We cannot presume that our findings are representative of other populations, such as nursing home residents, in which depression is a significant problem. Moreover, we only examined the acceptability of treatments separately. As in a previous study with young adults (Landreville & Guérette, 1998), some participants in the present study commented that a single therapeutic approach is not sufficient to effectively treat geriatric depression. Future studies should compare the acceptability of various treatment combinations with that of the same treatments used separately. We also need to better understand the reasons for the current findings and to examine how acceptability and other variables are related to treatment compliance. Acknowledgments This study was conducted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Psychology of Julie Landry under the direction of Philippe Landreville. We thank Isabelle Potvin and Stéphanie Deslauriers for their collaboration with this project. We also thank two anonymous referees for their helpful comments about the manuscript. Address correspondence to Philippe Landreville, PhD, École de psychologie, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada. philippe.landreville@psy.ulaval.ca References Adler, T. (1992, February). For depressed elderly, drugs advised. APA Monitor, American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Beck, A. T., Rush, J., Shaw, B., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. 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Friedhoff (Eds.), Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: Results of the NIH Consensus Development Conference (pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Kazdin, A. E. (1980). Acceptability of alternative treatments for deviant child behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, Koenig, H. G., & Blazer, D. G. (1996). Minor depression in late life. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 4(Suppl. 1), S14 S21. Landreville, P. & Guérette, A. (1998). Psychometric properties of a modified version of the Treatment Evaluation Inventory for assessing the acceptability of treatments for geriatric depression. Canadian Journal on Aging, 17, Lebowitz, B. D., Pearson, J. L., Schneider, L. S., Reynolds III, C. F., Alexopoulos, G. S., Livingston, M., Conwell, Y., Katz, I. R., Meyers, B. S., Morrison, M. F., Mossey, J., Niederehe, G., & Parmelee, P. (1997). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: Consensus statement update. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, Lundervold, D., & Lewin, L. M. (1990). Older adults acceptability of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for depression: Initial results. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 9, Olfson, M., & Pincus, H. A. (1996). Outpatient mental health care in nonhospital settings: Distribution of patients across provider groups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, Rokke, P. D., & Scogin, F. (1995). Depression treatment preferences in younger and older adults. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 1, Scogin, F., Hamblin, D., & Beutler, L. (1987). Bibliotherapy for depressed olders adults: A self-help alternative. The Gerontologist, 27, Scogin, F., Jamison, C., & Davis, N. (1990). Two year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, Scogin, F., Jamison, C., & Gochneaur, K. (1989). Comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapy for mildly and moderaterly depressed older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, Scogin, F., & McElreath, L. (1994). Efficacy of psychosocial treatments for geriatric depression: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, Waxman, H. M., Carner, E. A., & Klein, M. (1984). Underutilization of mental health professionals by community elderly. The Gerontologist, 24, Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Hunag, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, Zeiss, A. M., & Breckenridge, J. S. (1997). Treatment of late life depression: A response to the NIH consensus conference. Behavior Therapy, 28, 3 21.

7 TREATMENT ACCEPTABILITY P291 Received July 19, 1999 Accepted August 10, 2000 Decision Editor: Toni C. Antonucci, PhD Appendix Case and Treatment Descriptions Case 1: Mild to Moderate Depressive Symptoms This description refers to a 75-year-old woman. She has been feeling sad for the past few weeks. Although she is usually very active, she currently finds life less interesting than before and tires more easily. She sleeps less well and has less appetite. She finds it very difficult to make decisions. She sometimes thinks she would be better off dead but she would never commit suicide. All these symptoms make it more difficult for her to function in everyday life. In summary, this person presents mild to moderate depressive symptoms. Case 2: Severe Depressive Symptoms This description refers to a 75-year-old woman. She has been feeling extremely sad for several months. Although she used to be a very dynamic person, she now has no interest for her usual activities and derives no pleasure from them. She feels too tired to do anything. She wakes up several hours earlier than before and cannot go back to sleep. She is never hungry. She is unable to make decisions. She thinks she would be better off dead and contemplates suicide. All these symptoms make it very difficult for her to function in everyday life. In summary, this person presents severe depressive symptoms. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims to teach the patient skills to overcome depression. Treatment consists of weekly meetings with a health care professional. During meetings, the patient learns techniques to (a) identify situations that increase his or her depressive feelings, (b) determine if his or her interpretation of these situations is overly negative and unrealistic, and (c) interpret these situations less negatively and more realistically. Between meetings, the health care professional recommends readings or applying some techniques to integrate them. Cognitive Bibliotherapy Cognitive bibliotherapy is a type of course that aims to teach the patient skills to overcome depression. Treatment consists in readings and exercises that are done at home. The material given to the patient is designed to teach him or her techniques to (a) identify situations that increase his or her depressive feelings, (b) determine if his or her interpretation of these situations is overly negative and unrealistic, and (c) interpret these situations less negatively and more realistically. A health care professional meets the patient at the beginning and the end of treatment and contacts him or her every week during treatment by telephone. These calls serve to answer any question the patient may have and to encourage him or her to apply the treatment. Antidepressant Medication Antidepressant medication acts on chemical substances in the brain, called neurotransmitters, which are deficient in persons who are depressed. By their action, antidepressants improve the functioning of brain cells. These drugs are administered as pills that are prescribed by a health care professional. A particular antidepressant is selected on the basis of the type of depression and the characteristics of both the patient and the drug. The health care professional regularly monitors the clinical state of the patient and adjusts the dosage accordingly.