Depression. Depression Temperament Personality. October 31, 2006

Transcription

1 Depression * a note to the class on the use of electronics October 31, 2006 Depression How do we define depression? What is the difference between clinical depression and depressed affect? What are some age-related concerns regarding symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of depression? What are some gender differences in symptoms and prevalence of depression? Is there such a thing as intergenerational transmission of depression? - Individual s behavioral style and characteristic way of emotional response Closely linked to personality Rothbart and Bates Classification Extraversion urgency Negative affectivity Effortful control (self-regulation) 1

2 Chess and Thomas Classification Three basic types or clusters Easy child: positive mood; quickly establishes routines; adapts easily to new experiences Difficult child: reacts negatively; cries frequently; has irregular routines; slow to accept new experiences Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level; somewhat negative; shows low adaptability; displays low-intensity mood Kagan s Behavioral Inhibition Differences between children Shy, subdued, and timid Sociable, extraverted, bold Inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood Infinite Mind News Segement with Kagan Take notes on the radio segment to answer the following questions What percent of infants can be classified as shy? How do we determine shyness in infancy What are the causes of shyness? What are the advantages and disadvantages of shyness? HOW TO MEASURE TEMPERAMENT. 2

3 Biological Foundations and Experience Physiological characteristics are associated with different temperaments Heredity is aspect of temperament s biological foundations Attributes become more stable over time as self-perceptions, behavioral preferences, and social experiences form personality Developmental Connections Child Easy temperament Difficult temperament Inhibition Good emotional control Adult Good adjustment Adjustment, school, and marital problems Low assertiveness, job and school delays Good emotional control Developmental Contexts Gender may be important factor that influences fate of temperament Many aspects of child s environment encourage or discourage persistence of temperament characteristics Goodness of Fit Match between child s temperament and environmental demands 3

4 Parenting and Child s Some temperament characteristics pose more challenges than others Management strategies that worked for one child may not work for next one Be sensitive to individual characteristics of child Structure the child s environment to provide as good a fit as possible with child s temperament Avoid labeling as difficult child Trait Theories and the Big Five Factors of Trait Theories is broad dispositions or traits that tend to produce characteristic responses Big Five Factors of theory Led to advancements in assessing personality Most believe personality is result of traitsituation interaction Big Five Factors of Fig

5 Views On Adult Development Stage-Crisis View Levinson s Seasons of a Man s Life Stage and transitions occur in life span Tasks or crisis in each stage shape personality Levinson s midlife crisis in 40s: try to cope with gap between past and future Vaillant s Grant Study Levinson s Seasons of Life Middle Adult Transition: Age 40 to 45 Entry life structure Entry life structure for early adulthood: for middle 22 to 28 adulthood: 45 to 50 Age 30 transition: 28 to 33 Age 50 transition: 50 to 55 Culminating life Culminating life structure for early structure for middle adulthood: 33 to 40 adulthood: 55 to 60 Early Adult Transition: Age 17 to 22 Era of late adulthood: 60 to? Late Adult Transition: Age 60 to 65 Emotional Instability and Age Fig

6 Age and Well-Being Fig The Life-Events Approach Now contemporary life-events approach; alternative to the stage approach How a life event influences individual s development depends on: The life event Individual s adaptation to the life event Life-stage context Sociohistorical context Life Events Framework Fig

7 Generativity versus Stagnation Seventh stage in Erikson s life-span theory Generativity Encompasses adults desire to leave legacy to next generation Middle-aged adults develop in number of ways Stagnation Also self-absorption, develops when one senses s/he has done nothing for next generation Changes In Generativity from the Thirties to the Fifties Fig Stability Many longitudinal studies have found AND Change evidence for both change and stability in personality in adulthood Neugarten s Kansas City Study Costa and McCrae s Baltimore Study Berkley Longitudinal Studies Helson s Mills College Study Vaillant s studies 7

8 Stability and Change Cumulative Model With time and age, people become more adept at interacting with environment in ways that promote stability Overall, personality is affected by Social contexts New experiences Sociohistorical changes Openness to Experience, Age, and Culture Fig Links Between Characteristics at Age 50 and Health and Happiness at Ages Fig