Visualizing Psychology

Transcription

1 Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 10: Life Span Development II Siri Carptenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College Lecture Overview Social, Moral, and Personality Development How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Development Developmental Challenges Throughout Adulthood Social, Moral, and Personality Development Social Development Attachment: strong affectional bond with special others that endures over time Lorenz s imprinting studies suggest biological argument for attachment 1

2 Social, Moral, and Personality Development (continued) Harlow s work with monkeys feeding or contact comfort? Social, Moral, and Personality Development - Three Levels of Attachment Ainsworth s strange situation procedure identified three types of attachment in children: 1. Securely Attached Child stays close to mother, shows moderate distress when separated, and is happy when mother returns. Social, Moral, and Personality Development - Three Levels of Attachment (Continued) 2. Avoidant Child treats mother and stranger the same and rarely cries when mother leaves. 3. Anxious/Ambivalent Child is upset when mother leaves. When mother returns, child seeks closeness, but also squirms away. 2

3 Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Research suggests the attachment patterns we develop as infants may carry over into similar patterns in our adult romantic relationships. Social, Moral, and Personality Development Kohlberg developed a model of moral development (right and wrong) based on responses to moral dilemmas. Social, Moral, and Personality Development: Kohlberg s 3 Levels and 6 Stages PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 1: punishment-obedience orientation Stage 2: instrumental-exchange orientation CONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 3: good child orientation Stage 4: law-and-order orientation POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 5: social-contract orientation Stage 6: universal ethics orientation 3

4 Social, Moral, and Personality Development: Kohlberg s 6 Stages of Moral Development (Continued) Social, Moral, and Personality Development: Erikson s Eight Psychosocial Stages: Stages 1-4 Social, Moral, and Personality Development: Erikson s Eight Psychosocial Stages: Stages 5-8 4

5 Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Have you successfully resolved the developmental crisis associated with your current Eriksonian stage of life? Are there earlier stages that you may not have resolved successfully? If so, how has this affected your personal or social relationships? Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. George would like to wear two earrings and a black leather studded jacket, but he is worried about others disapproval. He is at Kohlberg s level of moral development. 2. An infant s inborn basic disposition is known as his or her. How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Development Sex: biological maleness or femaleness including chromosomal sex; also, sexual behaviors of intercourse/masturbation Gender: psychological and sociocultural meanings added to biological sex Gender Role: societal expectations for normal and appropriate male and female behavior 5

6 How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Physical anatomy: height, weight, body build, reproductive organs Functional and structural brain differences: hypothalamus corpus callosum cerebral hemispheres How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Cognitive abilities Women score higher on verbal skills. Men score higher on math and visuospatial skills. Aggression Men exhibit greater physical aggressiveness. Women supposedly higher on relational aggression, but no clear differences. 6

7 How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Gender differences affect cognitive, social, and personality development How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Social-learning theory suggests gender roles develop as children: receive rewards/punishments for gender role behaviors and attitudes. watch and imitate the behaviors and attitudes of others. How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Cognitive-developmental theory suggests children form gender schemas (mental images) of correct behaviors for boys versus girls. 7

8 How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Androgyny: combining characteristics typically male (assertive, athletic) with those considered typically female (yielding, nurturing); from Greek andro, meaning male, and gyn, meaning female How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Individualistic Cultures: needs and goals of the individual are emphasized over the needs and goals of the group Collectivistic Cultures: needs and goals of the group are emphasized over the needs and goals of the individual Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking What are the best and worst things about the masculine gender role and the feminine gender role? Would the world be better if everyone were androgynous? Why or why not? 8

9 Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood Marriage Research shows good marriages: Establish love maps. Share power and provide mutual support. Practice conflict management. Share similar values, beliefs, interests, etc. Create a supportive social environment. Maintain a positive emphasis. Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood Work and Retirement Work How can we find a great career that matches our unique personalities and interests? Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood Are You in the Right Job? 9

10 Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood Work and Retirement Retirement Should we follow the activity, disengagement, or socio-emotional selectivity theory? Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood The Socioemotional Selectivity Theory Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood Empty Nest Syndrome What about the empty nest syndrome? 10

11 Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood Grief and Death Cultures interpret and respond to death differently. Different ages also interpret and respond to death according to: Permanence Universality Nonfunctionality Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood Grief and Death (Continued) Kübler-Ross developed a five stage theory of the psychological processes surrounding death: Denial ( It can t be true! ) Anger ( Why me? It s not fair! ) Bargaining ( I ll change everything! ) Depression ( I ve lost everything. ) Acceptance ( I know my time is near. ) Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1. Different ages interpret and respond to death according to,, and. 2. Give a brief example of a dying person s response during each of Kübler-Ross s five stage theory of death. 11

12 Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 10: Life Span Development II Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College 12