Index. B Bcl-2 expression, 111 Behavioral therapy, 65 Beta blockers, 20, 76 Biopsy, 10, 25, 57, 72

Transcription

1 Index A ACE inhibitors, 76 Acetonide, 82 Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 20 Active phase, 89 Acute cutaneous LE (ACLE), 71 Albendazole/mebendazole, 20 Allergic rhinitis, 44 Allopurinol, 20 Alopecia categorization, 4 description, 4 Alopecia areata (AA) acute phase, 87 analytical curves, associated diseases, 44 atopy, 113 autoimmune diseases, 113 biopsy, 46 biopsy, before and after diphencyprone treatment, 111 chronic phase, clinical diagnosis, 42, 44 clinical features, 44, 45 clinical presentation, 39 comorbid diseases, 52 cross-sectional data analysis, data distribution, 116, 119, 120 data input, dependent variable, 114 ethical considerations, 115 exclusion criteria, independent variables, 114 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 120 project, p value, 120, studied population, 114 cytokine, 40 cytokines and mediators impacts, 110 diagnosis, 43, 147, 158, 160 differential diagnoses, 47, 86, 147 androgenetic alopecia, 46 cicatricial alopecias, 47 CTA, 47 telogen effluvium, 46 tinea capitis, 46 trichotillomania, 49 diphencyprone, 104, 105, diphencyprone solution, 108 DNCB, 107 dosage, 49 DPCP, 107 epidemiology, etiology molecular genetics, exclamation point hairs, 39 extensive disease and resistant, 2% diphencyprone, 110 family history of, 131 frontal scalp, 44 genders, 104 genetic basis, 40 genetic factors, 39, 104 growth cycle, 42 hair growth, 112 hair growth cycle, 40 hair loss, 86 histocompatibility complex, 40 immunoglobulin genes, 40 immunohistochemical study, 111 inflammation-induced hair loss, 41 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 P. Khan Mohammad Beigi, Alopecia Areata, 165

2 166 Index Alopecia areata (AA) (cont.) lack of infection, 42 mechanism of action, 109 minor objectives, nail abnormalities, 44 non-scarring hair loss, 39 overall objective, 105 parietal scalp, 44 Practical Objectives, 106 pregnant women, 108 progression, 86 recovery phase, 88 relapses/progression, 44 research, 130 SADBE, 107 scarring alopecia, 41 severe disease, diphencyprone, 113 side effects, 49, 51, skin and dermatology center, British Columbia, 109, 110 subacute phase, 87, 88 Tehran medical science, 111 temporal scalp, 44 thyroid, 113 thyroid diseases, 130 treatment children, 52 first-line therapies, 49, 51 second-line therapies, 51 systemic therapies, 51 treatments, 104 triethyleneiminobenzoquinone, 107 vitiligo, 113 Alopecia areata localized (AAL), 113 Alopecia from chemicals, 81 Alopecia from heat, 81 Alopecia mucinosa, 42 Alopecia totalis diagnose, 164 eyebrows and eyelashes, 144 Alopecia totalis/universalis, 39, 42, 44, 51 diagnosis, 14 epidemiology, 13 genetic factors, 13 pathophysiology, puberty, 13 treatment, Alopecia universalis, 11, 137, 159, Alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 34 5-Alpha-reductase, 33, 34, 37 Amphetamines, 20 Anagen effluvium clinical presentation, diagnosis, 25 differential diagnosis, 26 drug associations, 24 microscopic examination, 23 mitosis, 23 multiple signaling molecules, 23 pathophysiology, toxin/chemotherapy exposure, 23 treatment, Anagen follicles, 86 Anagen hairs, Anagen phase, 3, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22 24, 46 Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), 17, 46 androgen-dependent events, 33 diagnosis, 34 differential diagnosis alopecia areata incognito, 34 chemotherapy induced AI, 36 frontal fibrosing alopecia, 36 hereditary hypotrichosis complex, 36 myotonic dystrophy (Steinert disease), 36 telogen effluvium, 36 triangular alopecia, 36 trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, 36 epidemiology and risk factors, 33 hair loss, 33 hereditary condition, 33 pathophysiology, 34 treatment, Androgens, 28 Anthralin, 51 Anti-IgA, 77 Anti-IgC, 77 Anti-IgM, 77 Antimalarial meds, 76 Antimalarials, 74 Anti-microsomal antibodies, 98 Antipsychotic medications, 65 Antithyroid antibody, 98 Aromatase inhibitors (AI), 36 Arthralgias, 72 Arthroconidia, 56 Atopic dermatitis, 44 A type II 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, 37 Autoimmune, 104, 113 Autoimmune disease, 39, 41, 52 Autoimmune theory, 100 Azathioprine, 51 B Bcl-2 expression, 111 Behavioral therapy, 65 Beta blockers, 20, 76 Biopsy, 10, 25, 57, 72

3 Index 167 Black dots, 42 Bleaching, 26 Body dysmorphic disorder, 64 Bone marrow transplant, 24 Bone morphogenetic proteins, 23 Boric acid, 20 Broad hyalinized fibrous tracts, 80 Bromocriptine, 20 Burning sensation, 14 Burning/pruritus, 43 Busulfan, 24 C Caffeine, niacin amide, panthenol, dimethazone and an acrylate polymer (CNPDA), 20, 22 Cannabinoid agents, 65 Captopril, 20 Catagen, 68 Catagen phase, 3, 17, 46 CD3+ T cells, 9 CD8+ T cells, 9 CD-8-driven Th1-type autoimmune reaction, 13, 39 Cellular necrosis, 10, 46 Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) diagnosis, 80 differential diagnosis, epidemiology, 79 histopathology, 80 pathophysiology, 80 risk factors, 79 treatment, Central elliptical pseudopelade, 79 Centrifugal pattern, 80 Cervical adenopathy, 56 Chemotherapy, 23 25, 29 Chilblain lupus, 71, 72 Chloroquine, 74 Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) adnexal involvement, 73 basement membrane, 73 burns, 72 chilblain lupus, 72 clinical presentation, 71 cold temperatures, 72 dermatitis, 72 diagnosis, follicular plugging, 73 hyperkeratotic/verrucous DLE, 72 infection, 72 lupus profundus, 72 lupus tumidus, 72 mucin, 73 perivascular lymphocytic inflammation, 73 trauma, 72 treatment smoking cessation, 73 sunlight protection, 73 systemic antimalarial therapy, 74 topical calcineurin inhibitors, 74 topical/oral corticosteroids, UV exposure, 72 Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, 42 Cicatricial alopecia classification, 89 histopathologic features, 89 lymphocytic, 90 mixed, 90 neutrophilic, 90 non-specific, 90 permanent hair loss, 89 primary, 89, 90 punch biopsies, 89 scalp biopsy, 89 Cimetidine, 20 Classic discoid LE (DLE) CCLE, 71 central depression and hypopigmentation, 71 peripheral scaling and hyperpigmentation, 71 scarring alopecia, 72 types, 71 Clefting, 28 Clobetasol lotion/cream, 77 Clobetasol propionate ointment, 15 Colchicine, 20 Coloring, 26 Common dystrophic anagen effluvium, 23 Congenital atrichia, 20 Congenital hypotrichosis, 20 Congenital triangular alopecia (CTA), 47 Contact dermatitis, 147 Contact immunotherapy, 14 Cooling caps, 25 Cortex, 3 Corticosteroid creams, Corticosteroids, 77 Cuticle, 3 Cyclophosphamide, 24 Cyclosporine, 77 Cyclosporine biologic therapies, 51 Cylindroma, 149

4 168 Index D Dasatinib, 25 Delayed anagen release, 18 Delayed telogen release, Dermal collagen, 80 Dermal elastin fibers, 72 Dermal papilla, 3 Dermal papilla cells, 9 Dermatitis, 76 Dermatomyositis, 20 Dermatophyte fungi, 46 Dermatophytes, 55, 57 Dermoepidermal junction, 77 Dermoscopy, 10 Diabetes mellitus, 52 Differential diagnosis AA, 148, 149, 152, 155, 160 alopecia areata, 147 Diffuse alopecia areata autoimmune mechanism, 9 diagnosis, 10 differential diagnosis, 10 epidemiology, 9 inflammatory infiltrate, 9 pathophysiology, 10 treatment, 11 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 46 Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), 11, 14, 51, 109 Diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP), 11, 14, 51, , 112 advantages, 105 alopecia areata patients, 105 application of, 108, 112, 117 Bcl-2 expression, 109 CD4/CD8 ratio, 112 effective factors, 130 minor objectives, practical objectives, 106 Direct immunofluorescence (DIF), 92 Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 81, Down syndrome, 147 Dutasteride, 37 E Ectothrix, 56 Edema, 46 Elastic sheath, 80 Elastin, 89, 90, 92 Endothrix, 56 End-stage fibrosis, 92 Eosinophils, 9 Epithelial cells, 3 Erythema, 24 Exclamation point hairs, 14, 23, 39 F Favus, 57 Female pattern hair loss, 20 Female preponderance, 9, 10 FFA, 152, 160 Fibrovascular stelae, 85, 86, 88 Finasteride, 37 Fluconazole, 59 Fluocinonide, 73 Follicular degeneration syndrome, 79 Follicular edema, 10 Follicular epithelium, 76 Follicular hyperkeratosis, 75 Follicular miniaturization, 10 Follicular unit transportation (FUT), 37 Folliculitis decalvans, 80, 81 Friar Tuck pattern, 64 Frontal fibrosing alopecia, 75, 81 G Glabrous skin, 75 Glibenclamide, 20 Glutamatergic agents, 65 Gold, 20 Graham Little syndrome, 75 Granulomatous inflammation, 80 Griseofulvin, 58, 59 H Hair bulb, 3, 47, 88 Hair bulge, 3 Hair depigmentation, 25 Hair follicles, 3, 4, 85 Hair follicle stem cells, 47 Hair growth, 3 Hair invasion, 56 Hair loss, 4 Hair pull test, 19, 25, 27 29, 85 Hair pulling disorder, see Trichotillomania (TTM) Hair replacement surgery, 68 Hair shaft, 3, 46 Hair transplant, 37 Hasten disease, 80 Heat styling tools, 26 Heparin-retinoid, 20 Herpes simplex, 76 HLA-DQ7, 14

5 Index 169 HLA-DR11, 14 HLA-DR4, 14 Hot comb alopecia, 79 HPV, 76 H. pylori, 76 Human skin, 4 Hydrocortisone, 73 Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), 74, 77 Hyperkeratotic LE, 71 Hyperkeratotic/verrucous DLE, 72 Hypertrichosis, 37 Hypertrophic lichen planus, 72 I Immediate anagen release, 18 Immediate telogen release, 18 Immunomodulating agents, 77 Immunomodulators, 82 Impetigo, 58 Inflammation, 9, 64, 75, 77 Inflammatory bowel disease, 52 Inflammatory infiltrate, 47 Inflammatory pustular plaques, 46 Infundibulum, 76 Inner hair sheath, 3 Inner root sheath, 19, 28 Interfollicular epithelium, 3 Intrabulbar cell infiltrates, 86 Intralesional corticosteroids, 49 Intralesional glucocorticoids, 52 Intralesional injection, 82 Intralesional treatments, 74 Iron supplementation, 22 Iron-deficiency anemia, 20, 22 Isthmus, 76 Itraconazole, 59 J JAK inhibitors, 15 JAK kinases, 51 Janus kinase inhibitors, 15 K K6HF gene, 28 K6IRS gene, 28 Keratinization, 28 Keratinocytes, 9, 76 Keratoacanthoma, 72 Kerion, 56 KOH testing, 57 Kruskal-Wallis H test, 123, 124, L Late phase, Levodopa, 20 Lichen planopilaris (LPP) biopsy/histopathology, diagnosis, 76 differential diagnosis, 78 epidemiology, 76 inflammatory hair loss, 75 lymphocytes, 75 pathogenesis, 76 treatment, 77 types classic, 75 frontal fibrosing, 75 Graham Little syndrome, 75 Lichen planus lesions, 76 Lichen simplex, 58 Lichenoid interface dermatitis, 89 Lichenoid lymphocytic infiltrate, 76 Local allergens, 104, Loose anagen syndrome (LAS) clinical presentation, 27 differential diagnosis, 29 epidemiology, 28 hair pull test and trichogram, 27 histopathology, 28 pathogenesis, 28 treatment and prognosis, 28 Ludwig system, 34 Lupus erythematosus, 44 Lupus profundus, 71, 72 Lupus tumidus, 71, 72 Lymphadenopathy, 56 Lymphocytic, 88 91, 93, 94 M Malnutrition, 20 Mann-Whitney U test, 115, Medulla, 3 Melanocytes, 9 Melanocytic cells, 3 Mendelian inheritance, 41 Mesenchymal-epithelial interaction, 28 Metastasis to the scalp, 42 Methotrexate, 51 Methysergide, 20 Micro- and minigraft techniques, 68 Microsporum audouinii, 46, 55 Microsporum canis, 46, 55 Microsporum genera, 55 Microvesiculation, 10, 46 Mid phase, 89

6 170 Index Mild erythema, 14, 43 Mild scaliness, 46 Minoxidil, 18, 20, 22, 28, 36, 51, 82 Minoxidil vs. finasteride, 37 Mitotic activity, 23, 24 Mononuclear cells, 9, 10 Mood disorders, 44 Mucin, 89, 91, 92 Mycology, 57 Mycophenolate mofetil, 77 Mycosis fungoides, 42 Myotonic dystrophy (Steinert disease), 36 N Nail changes, 29, 39, 44, 109, 113, 116, 121, 123, 125, 126, 130 Nail dystrophy, 40, 101 Nail involvement, 44 Nail pitting, 40, 44 Nanogen hairs, 88 Neoplasm, 58 Nervous hair pulling (trichotillomania), 49 Neurocognitive disorder, 64 Neutrophilic, 89, 90 Nioxin, 20, 22 Non-pigmented hair, 39 North American Hair Research Society (NAHRS), 79 Norwood-Hamilton classification system, 34 Notch, 23 O Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 63 Obsessive-compulsive-related disorder (OCRD), 63 Occipital loss, 67 Onion-skin fibrosis, 93 Onycholysis, 44 Onychomadesis, 44 Onychorrhexis, 44 Ophiasis pattern of hair loss, 44 Oral corticosteroids, 77, 82 Oral terbinafine, 59 Outer hair sheath, 3 Outer root sheath, 28 Oval patches, 39 P p450 alpha-aromatase enzymes, 33 Papillary dermis, 77 Parakeratosis, 67 Patchy alopecia areata, 14 Patchy hair loss, 39, 42, 44 Patient AA totalis, 164 ALHI, 152 alopecia areata, 157, 158, 160 alopecia totalis, 164 alopecia totalis with eyebrows and eyelashes, 144 alopecia universalis, 137, 159 black hair, 158 child with Down syndrome, 147 CRION, 148 cylindroma, 149 DPC, 137, 147, 148 DPCP treatment, 164 FFA, 152, 160 hair loss on scalp, eyebrows and eyelashes, 137 hair regrowth, 141 hyperpigmentation, 159 LPP, 152 patchy AA, 157 patchy hair loss, 160, 164 pilar cyst, 149 psoriasis, 153, 155 after treatment initiation, 144 trichotillomania, 147, 155 villus hair cysts, 148 wooly hair, 155 Pazopanib, 25 Pemphigus vulgaris, 24 Penicillamine, 20 Peribulbar infiltrate, 86, 87 Peribulbar lymphocytic infiltration, 29, 88 Perifollicular erythema, 75 Perifollicular erythematous papules, 75 Perifollicular lamellar fibrosis, 77 Periodic acid-schiff, 89 Permanent alopecia, 24 Pharmacotherapy, 65 Phenytoin, 20 Photochemotherapy, 51 Photoprotection, 73 Pigment casts, 68 Pigment incontinence, 10, 46 Pigmentation, 24 Pigmented hairs, 39 Pilosebaceous unit, 47 Pimecrolimus, 81 Pityriasis amiantacea, 58 Pluck test, 85, 86 Polygenetic inheritance, 33 Polygenic disorder, 41

7 Index 171 Positive pull test, 89 Prednisone, 77 Premature desquamation, 80 Premature desquamation of the inner root sheath (PDIRS), 93 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 37 Protein energy malnutrition, 24 Pruritus, 10, 14, 75 Pseudopelade, 79, 90, 92 Psoriasis, 44, 52, 58, 153, 155 Psoriatic arthritis, 52 Pull test, 46 Punch biopsies, 89 Purulent plaques, 56 PUVA, 51 Q Quinacrine, 74 R Refractory cases, 51 Rheumatoid arthritis, 52 Round patches, 39 Ruxolitinib, 15 S Sabouraud s agar, 57 Satin pillow, 26 Scaling, 24 Scalp biopsy, 28, 42, 64, 86, 89 Scalp dysesthesias, 10 Scalp reduction surgery, 37 Scalp scaling, 56 Scalp tourniquets, 25 Scarring alopecia, 57, 58 Sebaceous glands, 3, 47, 76 Seborrheic dermatitis, 58 Severe dermatitis, 11, 14 Short anagen syndrome, 18 Sisaipho pattern, 44 Skin irritation, 37 Smoking cessation, 73 Sonic Hedgehog, 23 SPSS software, 100 Squaric acid dibutyl ester (SADBE), 11, 14, 51, 109, 110 SSRIs, 65 Stemoxydine, 20, 22 Subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE), 71 Sulfasalazine, 20, 51 Sunitinib, 25 Sunlight protection, 73 Syphilis, 42, 76 Systemic antimalarial therapy, 74 Systemic glucocorticoids, 51 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 20, 52 T T3, 98, 99, 101, 102 T4, 98, 99, 101, 102 Tacrolimus, 81 T cells, 39 Telogen effluvium (TE) acute phase, 85, 86 anagen phase, 85 chronic phase, 86 diagnosis, 85 diagnosis/clinical features acute, 19 chronic diffuse hair loss, 20 primary chronic, 20 differential diagnosis, 20 diffuse hair loss, 17 hair follicles, 85 hair pull test, 85 pathogenesis, pluck test, 85 telogen phase, 85 treatment, triggering events, 19 types, 19 visual analog scales, 17 wash test, 85 Telogen effluvium vs. alopecia areata, 48 Telogen effluvium vs. anagen effluvium, 25 Telogen hairs, 68 Telogen phase, 3, 17, 46, 85 Temporal triangular alopecia, 47 Terbinafine, 59 Terminal hairs, 33, 34, 68 Terminal/vellus (T/V) hair ratio, 85, 86 Terminal/vellus ratio, 10 Tetracyclines, 81 Thiazides, 76 Thyroid diagnostic tests, 98 Thyroid diseases, 44, 52, 106, 113, 121, 130 Thyroid disorders, 20, 21, 48, , 111 Thyroid function disorders, 100 Tinea capitis clinical presentation/physical findings, dermatophyte, 55 diagnosis, 57 differential diagnosis, 58

8 172 Index Tinea capitis (cont.) epidemiology, 55 treatment adults, 58, 59 antifungal shampoo, 59 children, 58 fungal infections, 57 T lymphocyte, 76 Tofacitinib, 15 Topical anti-inflammatory agents, 81 Topical calcineurin inhibitors, 74 Topical corticosteroids, 14, 81 Topical immunotherapy, 11, Topical steroids, 15 Topical/oral corticosteroids, Totalis, 49, 51, Toxic agents, 24 Trachyonychia, 44 Traction alopecia bitemporal/frontal hair loss, 67 clinical presentation, 67 epidemiology, 67 follicle size, 68 histological findings, 68 treatment, 68 Transepidermal elimination, 72 Traumatic hairstyling, 81 Triamcinolone, 49, 82 Triamcinolone acetonide, 77 Trichogram, 25, 27, 29 Trichomalacia, 68 Trichophyton genera, 55 Trichophyton schoenleinii, 57 Trichophyton tonsurans, 46, 55 Trichophyton violaceum, 46, 55 Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, 36 Trichoscopy, 36 Trichotillomania, 26, 29, 58, 147, 155 Trichotillomania (TTM) diagnosis, 64 differential diagnosis, 65 DSM-5, 63 epidemiology and risk factors, 63 pathophysiology, 64 treatment, 65 Tricyclic antidepressants, 65 U Universalis, 44, 49, 51, Uptake disorder, 101 UVA, 73 UVB, 73 V Vellus hairs, 14, 33, 34, 44, 68 Vitiligo, 44, 159, 164 W Wash test, 85 Wnt, 23 Wooly hair, 155