Index. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd K. Lahiri (ed.), A Treatise on Topical Corticosteroids in Dermatology, DOI /

Transcription

1 A Abuse, topical steroids Africa perspective adverse effects, 230 allergic dermatitis, 233, 234 bleaching creams, 229, 230 complications, 230 Cushing syndrome, 234, 235 dyschromia, 233, 234 gluteal granuloma infantum, 234 hypertrichosis, 234 pustulosis psoriasis and the dermocorticoids, skin atrophy, 233, 234 skin infections, striae distensae, Australian perspective atopic dermatitis, 238 attitudes and behaviour, eczema, 238 guidelines, 238 overuse, research, 238 use, in Bangladesh bleaching effects, 201 cosmetics, 201 creams, 201 effect and potency, 198 grades, 198 improper and wrong use, 201 misuse, 200 side effects/adverse effects, use for, 197, 198 clinical manifestations, 133 cosmetic cream epidemiology, response, education, 304 epidemiology of, fairness craze, dermatologists, 304 governmental agencies, 305 industry, 305 non-dermatologists, 304 paramedical staff, patients and public, hidden danger, 132 imbricated tinea, 324 Indian perspective, 180 awareness campaign, effects, 183 face, side effects, 182 historical aspects, 180 indications, misuse, 181 less-known cutaneous side effects, 183 magnitude, measurement, 186 misuse, reasons, 180 ocular complications, 183 over the counter drugs, 180 population, 181 sales, 181 side effects, 182 stages, misuse, studies on, 185 systemic side effects, 183 task force, treatment, 186 types, 181 Japanese perspective advocacy, 226 atopic dermatitis, Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines, 226 doctors prescription, 224 Internet use, 227 lawsuit, 225 media and topical steroid use, 225 medical malpractice claims, NHI system and drug price margins influence, overservicing, 224 over the counter drugs, 223, 226 precautions, over the counter topical steroids, lupus vulgaris, 322 Majocchi s granuloma, 321, 324 malassezia folliculitis, 321 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd K. Lahiri (ed.), A Treatise on Topical Corticosteroids in Dermatology, DOI /

2 326 Abuse, topical steroids(cont.) menacing proportions, 301 in Middle East, 206 adult population, education, 207 pediatric population, 206 pigmentary disorders, 207 prescription, 207 in Nepal, disease distribution, 194 facial dermatosi, 194, 195 over the counter drugs, 191 patient perspective, 191 significant amount, 195 steroid-induced dermatosis, steroids, 194 tinea incognito, procedural techniques acne and acneiform eruptions, telangiectasia and steroid-induced rosacea, 280 psoriasis Koebnerizing, 322 regulatory aspects Africa, jungle of law, 288 blanket ban, 287 COOT cocktail, 286 drug control authorities, 284 European Union legislation, 288 fairness, misuse of steroid creams, 287 fixed drug combinations, 284 imitators, Indian drug regulation scene, irrational steroid, plethora of, menace, 288 point of sale, 288 price control angle, 287 schedule H tragedy and legislation, 285 response, side effects and management, 278 Southeast Asia, 210 acneiform eruptions, 213, adverse reactions, 221 axillary regions, 212 Cushing s syndrome, 221 factors, fungal infections, furunculosis and folliculitis, 217, 219, 220 guidelines, 221 inner arms, striae, 212 perilesional hypopigmentation, 217, 220 perioral dermatitis, 213, 217 potency, 221 psoriasis teenage, 211 psoriatic Indonesian patient, 212 psoriatic Singaporean patient, 211 skin atrophy, 212, 215 telangiectasia, 212, 214 tinea faciei, 322, 323 topical steroid-induced striae, 323 TSDF, 302 Index ulceration, 322, 324 widespread tinea, 323 Acne, 231, 233, Acneiform eruption abuse Africa, 231, 232 Nepal, 193 Southeast Asia, 213, adverse effects, 113 management, procedural techniques, topical side effects, 255 TSDF, 141 Addiction, 123, 133, 148, 262, 284. See also Topical corticosteroid addiction (TCA) Addison s disease, 4 ADR. See Adverse drug reaction (ADR) Adrenocortical insufficiency, 312 Adverse drug reaction (ADR), 19 20, 292 Africa, topical steroid abuse adverse effects, 230 allergic dermatitis, 233, 234 bleaching creams, 229, 230 complications, 230 Cushing syndrome, 234, 235 dyschromia, 233, 234 gluteal granuloma infantum, 234 hypertrichosis, 234 pustulosis psoriasis and the dermocorticoids, skin atrophy, 233, 234 skin infections, striae distensae, AIBDs. See Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs) Allergic contact dermatitis, 145, 233, 234 Alopecia areata, 65, 103 intralesional steroids, topical corticosteroids, 104 Alopecia areata (AA), Androgenetic alopecia, 105 Anogenital pruritus, 65 Antifungal shampoos, Arciform lesions, Atopic dermatitis (AD) dermatological indications and usage, eczematous lesion of, 111 Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines, 226 phobia, 268 rational use, 120 research, 238 RSS, 170 Atrophogenecity, 166 Atrophy alopecia areata, intralesional steroids, 103 genital dermatosis, 165 side effects, dermal atrophy, 254 epidermal atrophy, 254 purpura and easy bruisability, 254 stellate pseudoscars,

3 striae, 254 telangiectasia, 254 TSDF, 146 Australia, TCS use and overuse atopic dermatitis, 238 attitudes and behaviour, eczema, 238 guidelines, 238 overuse, research, 238 use, Autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs), 92 adrenal suppression, 97 bullous pemphigoid, 93 evidence, guidelines, international management, 95 EBA, 97 linear IgA disease, 97 MMP, 96 pemphigoid gestationis, pharmacology chemical structure, 92 mechanism of action, PV and PF, side effects, Autoimmune dermatoses, 83 Awareness, B Bacterial infections, 217, 231, 232, Balanitis xerotica obliterans, Balanoposthitis, Bangladesh, topical corticosteroid abuse bleaching effects, 201 cosmetics, 201 creams, 201 effect and potency, 198 grades, 198 improper and wrong use, 201 misuse, 200 side effects/adverse effects, use for, 197, 198 Betamethasone, 6, 13 Betnovate C, 287 Black Triangle Drugs, 293 Blistering diseases adrenal suppression, 97 bullous pemphigoid, 93 evidence, guidelines, international management, 95 EBA, 97 linear IgA disease, 97 MMP, 96 pemphigoid gestationis, pharmacology chemical structure, 92 mechanism of action, PV and PF, side effects, Blistering disorders, Blue card, 239 Breastfeeding, 26 27, 88, 89 Bullous pemphigoid (BP), 93 evidence, experimental model, 92 guidelines, international management, 95 randomized controlled trials, 63 Burns, C Calcineurin inhibitors, 166 Candida albicans, 257 Candidial balanoposthitis, Cayenne pepper spots, 162 Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), 106 Chemical peel, 279, 281 Children, pediatric age group, adverse effects, measurement, 115 misuse of, use of, Cicatricial alopecias, Circumcision, 166 CLE. See Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) Clobetasol-ofloxacin-ornidazole and terbinafine (COOT) cocktail, 286 Clobetasol propionate (CP), 82, 92, 93, 106 Clocortolone pivalate, 6 Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM), 293 Compound F. See Hydrocortisone Contact dermatitis (CD), 30 Contact hypersensitivity, Contact sensitization, COOT cocktail. See Clobetasol-ofloxacin-ornidazole and terbinafine (COOT) cocktail Corporis, 153 Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), 82 Cortisol, 13, 26, 27, 83, 172, 176, 252, 271 Cortisone, 3, 4, 172 Cosmetics abuse epidemiology, response, popularity, TCS, Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 294 Counselling, 115 Cream, 18 19, 102, 119 Crusted scabies, 232 Cushing s syndrome, 221, 234, 235, 244, 312 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), 33, 65 Cutaneous sarcoidosis, 36, 63 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), 62

4 328 D Delayed wound healing, 258 Demodex folliculorum, 256 Dermal atrophy, 182, 254 Dermatoses, 4, 6, 88, 89, 113, 118, 160, 256 Dermocorticoids, Discoid lupus, 106 Double-edged tinea, 154 Drug price margin, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 285 Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act, 302 Drug withdrawal syndrome, Dumbbell-shaped large annular lesions, Dyschromia, 233, 234 E Eczema, 238 randomized controlled trials, systematic review, 43 EPDS. See Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS) Epidermal atrophy, 254 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), 97 Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp (EPDS), 106 Erysipelas, 233 Erythema, 18, 113, 139, 199 Ethics issues beneficence vs. autonomy, non-malfeasance, 75 patient autonomy, 75 truth telling, 75 use of amount, frequency, and duration, 77 corticosteroid allergy, being aware of, 77 diagnosis, 76 effective communication, exit strategy, 77 molecule and delivery system, 76 patient, prevention and modifiable factors, focusing, 77 European Medicines Agency (EMA), 293 Europe, pharmacovigilance, 293 Evidence based approach bullous pemphigoid, 63 cutaneous sarcoidosis, 63 eczema, hand eczema, infantile hemangiomas, 64 lichen planus, miscellaneous conditions, 65 mycosis fungoides, pregnancy and lactation, 65 psoriasis, vitiligo, F Fetal growth restriction, 84 Fingertip unit (FTU) method, 77, 111, 120, 224 Fluocinolone acetonide, 5, Fluorinated agents, 4 5 9α-Fluorohydrocortisone acetate, 4 Folliculitis, 104, 217, 219, 220 Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), 106 FTU method. See Fingertip unit (FTU) method Fungal infections, Furunculosis, 217, 219, 220 G Gels, 19, 102, 119 Genital dermatosis atrophy, 165 calcineurin inhibitors, 166 circumcision, 166 contact hypersensitivity, genitocrural region, microenvironment balanitis xerotica obliterans, balanoposthitis, females, genital pruritus, 164 LSA, 162 male, 160 plasma cell balanitis/zoon s balanitis, 162 plasma cell vulvitis, 163 pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis, 163 vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus, side effects, Genital pruritus, 164 Genitocrural region, microenvironment balanitis xerotica obliterans, balanoposthitis, females, genital pruritus, 164 LSA, 162 male, 160 plasma cell balanitis/zoon s balanitis, 162 plasma cell vulvitis, 163 pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis, 163 vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus, Gluteal granuloma infantum, 234 Granulomatous diseases, 36 Great Depression, 2, 3 H Haemangiomas, 34 Hair and scalp disorders alopecia areata, 103 intralesional steroids, topical corticosteroids in, 104 androgenetic alopecia, 105 categories, 102 cicatricial alopecias, EPDS, 106 formulations, polyamide, 106 polymeric nanocarriers, 106 scalp psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, 104 Index

5 Hand eczema, 30, Herpetic balanitis, Hirsutism, 141, 142, HPA axis. See Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Human vasoconstriction assay, 7, 14 Hydrocolloid dressing, 31 Hydrocortisone, 3 5, 25, 30, 35, 87, 92, 130, 138, 163, 239, 252, 262, 284, β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD), 26, 82, 83, 172, 176 Hyperglycemia, 246 Hyperlipidemia, 246 Hyperpigmentation, 75, 132, 144, 193, 233 Hypertension, 246 Hypertrichosis, 234, 255, Hypertrophic scars, 35 Hypopigmentation, 103, 144, 157, 182 Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, 244, 245 I Iatrogenic Cushing s syndrome, 244, 245 ICH. See International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Idiopathic urticaria, chronic, 35 ILS. See Intralesional steroid (ILS) Imbricated tinea, 324 India regulatory aspects blanket ban, 287 COOT cocktail, 286 drug control authorities, 284 European Union legislation, 288 fairness, misuse of steroid creams, 287 fixed drug combinations, 284 imitators, Indian drug regulation scene, irrational steroid, plethora of, menace, 288 point of sale, 288 price control angle, 287 schedule H tragedy and legislation, 285 topical steroid abuse, 180 awareness campaign, effects, 183 face, side effects, 182 historical aspects, 180 indications, misuse, 181 less-known cutaneous side effects, 183 magnitude, measurement, 186 misuse, reasons, 180 ocular complications, 183 population, 181 sales, 181 side effects, 182 stages, misuse, studies on, 185 systemic side effects, 183 task force, treatment, 186 types, 181 Infantile hemangiomas, 64 Infestations, 257 Inflammatory dermatoses, 83 Intense pulsed light (IPL), 280 International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), 294 International Topical Steroid Addiction Network (ITSAN), associations, fixed drug combinations, 310 mission, 313 newsletter, RSS, 313 Intertrigo, 34 Intralesional steroid (ILS), 28, 35 ITSAN. See International Topical Steroid Addiction Network (ITSAN) J Japan pharmacovigilance, 293 topical steroid abuse advocacy, 226 atopic dermatitis, Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines, 226 doctors prescription, 224 Internet use, 227 lawsuit, 225 media and topical steroid use, 225 medical malpractice claims, NHI system and drug price margins influence, overservicing, 224 over the counter drugs, 223, 226 precautions, over the counter topical steroids, K Keloid, 35 Keratinocyte, 18, 105, 172, 254 Keratotic balanitis, 163 Ketoconazole, 104 Kligman formula, 132, 148, 181, 185 L Labial adhesion, Lactation pros and cons of bioavailability, 88 hydrocortisone, 87 preparation, potency ranking, 88 safety of, randomized controlled trials, 65 Langerhans cells, 16 Laser therapy, 281 Leucotrichia, 112 Lichen planus (LP), 32 hypertrophicus, 112 randomized controlled trials, well-defined violaceous plaque of, 112 Lichen sclerosus, 35,

6 330 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA), 162 Lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), 30 Linear IgA disease, 97 Lotion, 19, 102, 119 LSA. See Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) Lupus vulgaris, 322 Lymphocytic microfolliculitis, 105 M Majocchi s granuloma, 257, 321, 324 Malassezia folliculitis, 321 Male genital dermatophytosis, Marker degradation, 3 Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), 293 MedWatch, 293 Melasma, 35, 65 Metabolic disorders, 246 Microenvironment, genitocrural region balanitis xerotica obliterans, balanoposthitis, females, genital pruritus, 164 LSA, 162 male, 160 plasma cell balanitis/zoon s balanitis, 162 plasma cell vulvitis, 163 pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous and keratotic balanitis, 163 vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus, Middle East, topical corticosteroid use, 206 adult population, education, 207 pediatric population, 206 pigmentary disorders, 207 prescription, 207 Minoxidil, 105 MMP-9, 92 Mometasone furoate, 64, 106 Mucocele, 36 Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), 96 Multiple small annular lesions, Mycoses, Mycosis fungoides, N National Health Insurance (NHI) system, Nepal, topical steroid abuse, disease distribution, 194 facial dermatosis, 194, 195 over the counter drugs, 191 patient perspective, 191 significant amount, 195 steroid, 194 steroid-induced dermatosis, tinea incognito, Neutrophils, 92 NHI system. See National Health Insurance (NHI) system Nitric oxide (NO), 264 Nitric oxide synthetase, 17 Nitro-glucocorticoids, 20 Nodulocystic acne, 36 O Occlusive dressing therapy, 28 Ocular adverse effects, 246 Ointments, 19, 102, 119 Orofacial cleft, 84 Index P Panderm Plus cream, 181 Papules, 139 Parasites, 231 Pemphigoid gestationis (PG), Pemphigus foliaceus (PF), Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), Perianal inflammation, 34 Perilesional hypopigmentation, 217, 220 Perioral dermatitis, 65, 144, 213, 217, 231, 232, Peristomal dermatoses, 30 Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), 293 Pharmacology ADRs, anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressant effects, anti-proliferative action, 18 classification, 14, 15 contraindications, 20 formulations, geriatric and paediatric patients, 20 mechanism of action, potency, pregnancy and lactation, 20 selection and use, 19 structure-activity relationship, therapeutic indications, 18 vasoconstrictor action, 18 Pharmacovigilance, 292 active surveillance, 292 ADR, 292 adverse event, 292 CIOMS, 294 in Europe, 293 ICH guidelines, 294 in Japan, 293 passive surveillance, 292 in special population, 293 spontaneous reporting, 293 in US, 293 VigiBase, individual case safety report, WHO, Phimosis/labial adhesion, Phobia aetiology, 268 consequences, 268 management, Phospholipase A 2, 16

7 Photodermatitis, 199 Photosensitive eczema, 30 Photosensitivity, 146, 186, 200, 256, 273 Pigmentary disorders, 207 Pityriasis alba, 30 Plaque psoriasis, chronic, 112 Plasma cell balanitis, 162 Plasma cell vulvitis, 163 Polyamide, 106 Polymeric nanocarriers, 106 Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, 114 Prednisolone, 13 Pregnancy cutaneous absorption and bioavailability in, 82 indications, 83 metabolism, randomized controlled trials, 65 recommendations, safety profile data, 83 effects of, fetal death, 84 fetal growth restriction, 84 orofacial cleft, 84 preterm delivery, 84 Preterm delivery, 84 Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCA), Profuse tinea, 231 Propionibacterium acnes, 256 Pseudoepitheliomatous micaceous, 163 Psoriasis, 31 children with, Koebner phenomenon, 322 randomized controlled trials, Purpura, 254 Pustules, 140 Pustulosis psoriasis, R Rebound phenomenon, 256 Red scrotum syndrome, 256 Red skin syndrome (RSS), 42, , 313 causes, 172 cortisol levels and progression, epidermis, 176 epidermal changes, 172, 173 epidermis with immunostaining, 172, clinical manifestation, management, 177 Rosacea, 193, 231, 232, Rosacea-like dermatitis, 255, 272 RSS. See Red skin syndrome (RSS) S Salicylic-mandelic acid, 279 Sarcoidosis, 36, 63 Scalp disorders alopecia areata, 103 intralesional steroids, topical corticosteroids in, 104 androgenetic alopecia, 105 categories, 102 cicatricial alopecias, EPDS, 106 formulations, polyamide, 106 polymeric nanocarriers, 106 scalp psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, 104 Scalp psoriasis, Scarring alopecia, 106 Schedule H, 74, 124, 182, 285, 304, 305 Seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD), 29, 65, 104 Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs), 20, 247 SIL. See Steroid-induced lipoatrophy (SIL) SIR. See Steroid-induced rosacea (SIR) Skin atrophy, 199, 233, 234 bleaching creams, 288 infection bacterial, 231, 232 mycoses, parasites, 231 viral, 232 Skinlite, 181 Small plaque psoriasis bioassay, 14 Soft corticosteroids, 13 Solar prurigo, 199 Southeast Asia, topical corticosteroid abuse, 210 acneiform eruptions, 213, adverse reactions, 221 axillary regions, 212 Cushing s syndrome, 221 factors, fungal infections, furunculosis and folliculitis, 217, 219, 220 guidelines, 221 inner arms, striae, 212 perilesional hypopigmentation, 217, 220 perioral dermatitis, 213, 217 potency, 221 psoriasis teenage, 211 psoriatic Indonesian patient, 212 psoriatic Singaporean patient, 211 skin atrophy, 212, 215 telangiectasia, 212, 214 Staphylococcus aureus, 29, 122, Stellate pseudoscars, Steroid acne, 198 Steroid-damaged skin, treatment saline injections, 273 SIL, 273, 274 SIR, 272 steroid-induced atrophy, steroid-induced striae, 273 Steroid dermatitis, 133 Steroid-induced atrophy, 113, Steroid-induced erythema, 113 Steroid-induced hypertrichosis, 114 Steroid-induced lipoatrophy (SIL), 273,

8 332 Steroid-induced rosacea (SIR), 272, 280 Steroid-induced striae, 273, 323 Steroid-modified tinea clinical presentations, 152 arciform lesions, double-edged tinea, 154 dumbbell-shaped large annular lesions, eczematous lesions, 154 larger-sized lesions, 152, 153 male genital dermatophytosis, multiple annular lesions, multiple small annular lesions, prominent striae and hypopigmentation, 157 tinea corporis, erythrodermic variant, 157 tinea cruris and corporis, 153 tinea faciei, 156, 157 tinea pseudoimbricata, morphological patterns, 152 veritable epidemic, 152 Steroid preatrophy, 28 Steroid rosacea, 183 Steroid withdrawal syndrome, 238 Striae, 146, 254, 281 distensae, Sulfonated shale oil cream, 264 Sulzberger, M.B, 4 Superficial dermatophytosis clinical presentations, 152 arciform lesions, double-edged tinea, 154 dumbbell-shaped large annular lesions, eczematous lesions, 154 larger-sized lesions, 152, 153 male genital dermatophytosis, multiple annular lesions, multiple small annular lesions, prominent striae and hypopigmentation, 157 tinea corporis, erythrodermic variant, 157 tinea cruris and corporis, 153 tinea faciei, 156, 157 tinea pseudoimbricata, problem, 152 Superficial infantile cutaneous hemangiomas, 64 Symptomatic oral LP, 60 T Tachyphylaxis, 197 Tar shampoos, 102 TCA. See Topical corticosteroid addiction (TCA) TCP. See Topical corticosteroid phobia (TCP) TCS. See Topical corticosteroid (TCS) Telangiectasia, 142, 193, 212, 214, 254, 280 Tinea corporis, 152, 157, 193, 218, 323 Tinea cruris, 153 Tinea faciei, 156, 157, 322, 323 Tinea incognita, 154, 230 Tinea incognito, 113, 143, Tinea pseudoimbricata, , 230, 231 Topical corticosteroid (TCS), 24 Index absorption, 26 administration frequency and treatment duration, chemical structure, 24 combination, 27 ethical issues beneficence vs. autonomy, non-malfeasance, 75 patient autonomy, 75 truth telling, 75 ethical use amount, frequency, and duration, 77 corticosteroid allergy, being aware of, 77 diagnosis, 76 effective communication, exit strategy, 77 molecule and delivery system, 76 patient, prevention and modifiable factors, focusing, 77 evolution adrenal extracts, 2 betamethasone, 6 clocortolone pivalate, 6 commercial side, 3 4 and development, 6 7 first topical use, 4 fluorinated agents, 4 5 local and systemic absorption, 6 planned serendipity, 2 3 Sulzberger and Witten, 4 ILS administration, 28 indications alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, blistering disorders, burns, 35 children with psoriasis, chronic idiopathic urticaria and urticaria pigmentosa, 35 CLE, 33 contact dermatitis, 30 granulomatous diseases, 36 haemangiomas, 34 hand eczema and pityriasis alba, 30 intertrigo and perianal inflammation, 34 keloid and hypertrophic scars, 35 lichen planus, 32 lichen sclerosus, 35 LSC, 30 melasma, 35 mucocele, 36 nodulocystic acne, 36 peristomal dermatoses, 30 phimosis/labial adhesion, photosensitive eczema, 30 pretreatment, psoriasis, 31 sarcoidosis, 36 seborrhoeic dermatitis, 29 vitiligo, 33

9 333 misuse, global scenario, occlusive dressing therapy, 28 pregnancy and breastfeeding, safety in, pros and cons of bioavailability, 88 hydrocortisone, 87 preparation, potency ranking, 88 safety of, rational and ethical use abuse, 123 administrative measurement, 124 adverse effects, 123 combination with antibacterials, antifungals, indications, right choice of, 123 right education, right kind of patient, right potency, 119 right quantity, frequency, and duration, vehicle, side effects, 28 strength, 25 structure, systemic side effects, 244 cutaneous adverse reactions, factors, HPA axis suppression and iatrogenic Cushing s syndrome, 244, 245 hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders, 246 musculoskeletal system, ocular adverse effects, 246 pediatric and geriatric population, 247 percutaneous drug absorption, mechanism, 242 topical side effects, atrophy, bacterial infections, contact sensitization, delayed wound healing, 258 follicular changes, 255 fungal infections, 257 infestations, 257 pigmentary changes, 255 prevention, 258 rosacea and perioral dermatitis, viral infections, 257 vehicles and preparation, 27 Topical corticosteroid addiction (TCA), 42, dependence, 262 face, 263 genitalia and perianal area, 263 management, 264 pathogenesis, Topical corticosteroid phobia (TCP) aetiology, 268 consequences, 268 management, Topical steroid damaged/dependent face (TSDF), 183, 221, 302 aetiology and precipitating factors, clinical features, 149 definition, 138 dependence, 148 ethical use, facial skin, 138 acneiform eruptions, 141 allergic contact dermatitis, 145 atrophy and striae, 146 erythema, 139 hirsutism, 141, 142 hypo-and hyperpigmentation, 144 papules, 139 perioral dermatitis, 144 photosensitivity, 146 pustules, 140 rosacea-like features, 145 telangiectasia, 142 tinea incognito, 143 management, Topical steroid withdrawal (TSW), 169 Transcription factors, 16, 17, 92 Triamcinolone, 13, 103 Triamcinolone acetonide (TAC), abuse, 312 TSDF. See Topical steroid damaged/dependent face (TSDF) U Ulcers, 322, 324 Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), Urticaria pigmentosa, 35 US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), 293 UVB therapy, 31 V VigiBase, Viral skin infections, 232 Vitiligo, 33 associated with leucotrichia, 112 meta-analysis, 52 randomized controlled trials, systematic review, 52 Vulvar lichen sclerosus atrophicus (VLS), W Witten, V.H., 4 Y Yellow Card Scheme, 293 Z Zoon s balanitis, 162, 166