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1 Index Note: Page numbers with f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively. A Action Plan on Eye Health VISION 2020 Latin America, 140 Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (APROP), 21, 49, 82 83, 82f, 98 critiques and description of, development of, equivalent to early treatment of ROP, 52 mixed ROP, oxygen-induced, practical diagnosis and management of, treatment of, reactivation after, 63 unusual cases, 64 Airway management, 135 Anemia, 145 and erythropoietin, 5 6 Anesthesia for newborn, 62. See also Anesthesia for preterms with ROP Anesthesia for preterms with ROP, 135 apnea, management airway management, 135 anesthesia management, temperature management, 136 Angiogenesis, 4 7 Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (AntiVEGF) agents, 89, complications associated with, 124t intravitreal injection of, 81 treatment guidelines, types of, 90 AntiVEGF drugs, in ROP retinal detachments, 102 as adjunct, intravitreal corticosteroids, 103 plasmin, 103 retinal detachment after using antivegf drugs, 103 Apnea, Avascular retina, 13, 15, 81, 83, 85, 93 Avastin (bevacizumab), 88, 90 B Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting Study II (BOOST II), 3 Bevacizumab, 65, 66, 89, 90, 123, 125 Bevacizumab Eliminates the Angiogenic Threat of ROP (BEAT-ROP) trial, 7, 65, 85 86, 92 Bilateral retrolental fibroplasia, 13 Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) standard, 23 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 144 C Canadian Oxygen Trial (COT), 3 Candida blood cultures, 145 Cardiograms, 45 Choroidal circulation, 80 Cicatricial contraction, 81 Classical ROP (CROP), 49 Classification of ROP, 13 plus disease, 17 Early Treatment ROP trial, 18 pre-threshold, threshold, 18 stage, (see also Stages, in classification of ROP) zone, (see also Zones, in classification of ROP) Coats disease, 130 retinal exudation in, 132f Color Doppler OCT, 34 Complications of ROP treatment, 119 anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, scleral buckle, vitrectomy, Computer-aided image analysis of the retina (CAIAR), 24 Computer-driven programs, 45 Corticosteroids, intravitreal, 103 Cryotherapy, complications associated with, 121f laser versus, 73 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 Andrés Kychenthal B. and Paola Dorta S. (eds.), Retinopathy of Prematurity, DOI /

2 152 Index Cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2), 6 Cystoid macular edema (CME), 32 Cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (CYP), 6 7 D Delayed-onset retinal detachment, 103 Differential diagnosis of ROP, 129 clinical features, 129 macular ectopia, 132 retinal detachment, retinal fold, retinal ischemia, , 131f subretinal exudation, 130 medical history, 129 genetic background, 129 Digital image-handling software, 44 Doppler OCT, 34 Doppler ultrasound, 143 Dual treatment, 91 E Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) study, 18, 21, 75, 84 85, 95, 107, 119 Endophthalmitis, Endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (enos), 3 Epiretinal membrane (ERM), 30 Equivalent to early treatment of ROP (ETROP), 52, 66 Erythropoietin (EPO/rhEPO), 5 6, 145 Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), 5 Experimental oxygen-induced retinopathy, phases of, 4 F Factor X concept, 84 Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), 25, 46, , 130f, 133f First epidemic of ROP, 107 Flat neovascularization, 57, 64 FocusROP program, 44, 45f, 46 Foveal vascularization, 57, 58f, 63 G Glaucoma, 102, 126f Glutathione (GSH), 3 H Hand-held OCT (HHOCT) Bioptigen system, 30 High-income countries, ROP screening in, 21 High-risk pre-threshold cases, 84 Hyaloidal circulation, 80, 80f Hyaloidal vessels, 80, 80f Hyperoxia, 142, 143 Hypotony, 101 Hypoxia in complicated births, 3 -induced pathologic neovascularization, 81f, 82f -inducible factor alpha 1 (HIF1a), 6 I Ill-defined retinopathy, 50 Incontinentia pigmenti, 130 Inhalational anesthesia, 136 Injection technique, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), 4, 142 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGF-1BP3), 4 International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP), 13, 49, 67, 68, 72 Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), 145 Intraventricular cerebral hemorrhage (IVH), 136 Iris and pupillary membrane vessel engorgement, 59, 60f J Japanese type 2 ROP, 49, 51f, 68 K KIDROP (Karnataka Internet Assisted Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity), 23 L Laser, 90 91, 98, 103 pharmacomodulation versus, Laser photocoagulation, 71, 74, 75, in anti-vegf area, complications associated with, 122f Laser treatment, complications of, 74 reactivation of ROP after, 122f, 123f Laser versus cryotherapy, 73 Lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV), 100 Lensectomy vitrectomy, , 111 Light-ROP study, 8 Low- and middle-income countries, ROP screening in, 21 Lucentis (ranacizumab), 90 M Macular ectopia, 132 Mixed ROP, Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for ROP (CRYO-ROP) Study, 13, 64, 71, 83, 84, 107, 120 Mutations, 129 N Natural history, of ROP, Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), 19, 23, 74 Neonatologist perspectives on ROP, 139 newborns at risk, perinatal strategies in the prevention of ROP, 142

3 Index 153 perinatal strategies to be implemented, postnatal care, prenatal care, 142 Neovascularization, 15, 51f, 52, 54, 57, 60, 63, 64 Neovascular proliferation, 54, 60, 61f Newborns at risk, Nitric oxide, 3, 143 Nutrition, 4, 145 O Ocriplasmin, 112 Omega-3 fatty acids, 4 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), adapting from adult to infant, developmental retinal and optic nerve microanatomy observed on, in ROP, Optomap Panoramic 200 scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Optos P200), 35 Oxidation, inflammation, and angiogenesis, 6 7 Oxygen, 1 2 as principal risk factor, Oxygen-induced APROP, Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), 4, 7, 8 murine model, 108 phases of, 5f Oxygen-induced ROP (OIROP), 57f, 61, 66 Oxygen stresses and oxidation, 2 3 Oxygen trials, 3 P Pan American Association of Ophthalmology (PAAO), 140 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 140 Pars Plana Vitrectomy, 89 Pathophysiology of ROP, 1 phases of experimental oxygen-induced retinopathy, 4 of ROP, 4 retinal vascular development, 1 role of anemia and erythropoietin, 5 6 light, 8 oxidation, inflammation, and angiogenesis, 6 7 VEGF and angiogenesis, 4 5 term versus preterm birth, 1 nutrition, 4 oxygen, 1 2 oxygen stresses and oxidation, 2 3 oxygen trials, 3 VEGF signaling, 7 Pediatric Retinal Reading Center, Perinatal strategies in prevention of ROP, 142 perinatal strategies to be implemented, postnatal care, 143 advances in neonatological treatment of prematurity, 143 oxygen as principal risk factor, ROP screening and treatment, 144 prenatal care, 142 Persistent fetal vascularization (PFV), 132 Pharmacomodulation in treatment of ROP, 79 anti-vegf dose, 91 current treatment guidelines, therapy, 89 types of, 90 background of, 81 BEAT-ROP study, CRYO-ROP study, 84 dual treatment, 91 ET-ROP study, spontaneous regression complications, 85 injection technique, laser, treatment with, normal retina and vasculature, pharmacomodulation versus laser, ROP Crunch, smoldering ROP, standard versus aggressive posterior ROP, systemic modulation in ROP, 87 treatment for typical ROP, 86 Phases of ROP, 2f, 4 Photocoagulation for ROP, 71 advantages of laser versus cryotherapy, 73 general considerations, laser photocoagulation in anti-vegf area, laser treatment complications of, 74 current indications for, performing indirect treatment for type 1 ROP, Phospholipase A2 (PLA-2) enzymes, 6 PHOTO-ROP study, 64 Piperacaine, 92 Plasmin, 103 Plus disease, 17, 50, 52, 53f, 54f, 60f, 63 Early Treatment ROP trial, 18 pre-threshold, threshold, 18 Portable HHOCT system, 31 Postnatal care, 143 advances in neonatological treatment of prematurity, 143 oxygen as principal risk factor, ROP screening and treatment, 144 Prematurity, advances in neonatological treatment of, 143 Prematurity-related retinal detachment, 96 Prenatal care, 142 Preretinal hemorrhage after injection of bevacizumab, 124, 124f after vitrectomy, 126, 127f Preterm birth rates by country, 141t, 142 Pre-threshold ROP, 17 18, 85 Progression of ROP, 108, 109f Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), 126 Prostaglandin generation, 143

4 154 Index Q Quality of life, 147 Quality of ROP, 23 R Reactivation of ROP after laser treatment, 122, 122f, 123f Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 3, 7 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 3, 7 RealWorld ROP Management Programs, 23 Referral warranted ROP (RW-ROP), 36 Remote imaging for ROP screening, RetCam 120, 35, 43 RetCam digital camera system, 17, 23, 43, RetCam FA, 36 RETCAM imaging, 49 RETCAM retinal camera, 61 Retinal breaks, 101 Retinal detachment, 96, 103, after using antivegf drugs, 103 Retinal dysplasia, 132, 133f Retinal fold, Retinal hypoxia, 81 Retinal Image multiscale Analysis (RISA), 24 Retinal ischemia, 129, 131f familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, incontinentia pigmenti, 130 shaken baby syndrome, 130 Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), 30, 32 Retinal photocoagulation, 71 Retinal vascular development, 1, Retinal vessels, 80, 80f Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). See individual entries, 00 Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), 2 Revisited International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (R-ICROP), 49, 50, 56, Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, development of, 121, 121f ROP Crunch, 89 90, 103 ROP Tool, 24, 46 RTP801, 6 S Scleral buckle, , complications associated with, 125f Screening for retinopathy of prematurity, 19, future technology, global selection of screening criteria, 20t in high-income countries, 21 in low- and middle-income countries, 21 ROP natural history, safe termination, screening guidelines, telemedicine approach to ROP, time for screening, 22 Second epidemic of ROP, 107 Sevoflurane, 136 Shaken baby syndrome, 130 Shallow rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, development of, 121, 121f Sight-threatening ROP, 21, 24, 25 Signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), 5, 7 Smart software for ROP screening, Smoldering ROP, 83 84, 91 Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT), 30, 32, 33f Stage 4 ROP, management of, 95 antivegf drugs in retinal detachments, 102 as adjunct, intravitreal corticosteroids, 103 plasmin, 103 retinal detachment, 103 informed consent, 97 postoperative care and follow-up, 97 preoperative examination, 97 surgical anatomy, 96 surgical team, 96 surgical techniques, 98 general aspects, 98 lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV), 100 lensectomy vitrectomy, scleral buckle technique, scleral buckling, 99 vitrectomy, 100 vitreous surgery, complications of, timing of surgery, Stage 5 ROP, 107 clinical course, detachments, 108, 110 epidemiology of advanced ROP, management, outcomes, pathogenesis, screening and prevention, 114 surgical management of, 110f vitreoretinal junction, enzymatic targeting of, 112 Stages, in classification of ROP, 15 Stage 1, 15 Stage 2, 15 Stage 3, 15 Stage 4, Stage 5, 17 Standard versus aggressive posterior ROP, Stratus tabletop system, 30 Subretinal exudation, 130, 132 Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen to Prevent ROP (STOP-ROP) study, 3 Surfactant Positive Airway Pressure Pulse Oximetry Randomized Trial (SUPPORT), 3 Synergetics instrument design, 111, 111f Systemic modulation in ROP, 87 T Telemedicine, 23 24, 45, 146

5 Index 155 wide field imaging and, Temperature management, 136 Term versus preterm birth, 1 nutrition, 4 oxygen, 1 2 oxygen stresses and oxidation, 2 3 oxygen trials, 3 Tetracaine, 92 Third epidemic of ROP, 107 Threshold ROP, 18, 84, Total hyphema after vitrectomy for ROP, 125, 125f Trans-arachidonic acid, 7 Transient retinal vessel sheathing after injection of bevacizumab, 125 Trans-scleral cryotherapy, 72 Trans-scleral diode lasers, 72 Treatment for typical ROP, 86 Triamcinolone, 103 Tunica vasculosum lentis, 62, 64, 92, 108 Two-port lensectomy vitrectomy technique, 111 Type 1/type 2 ROP, U Uterine artery Doppler ultrasound, 143 V Vascular Abnormality Score on OCT (VASO), 34 Vascular Activity Score (VAS), 89 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 6, 33, 75, 142 and angiogenesis, 4 5 signaling, 7 VEGF165, 4 Vascular permeability factor (VPF), 84 Vasoproliferation, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 Virtual Pediatric Retinal Reading Center, Visually impaired children, 140 Vitrectomy, 100, 110 complications associated with, 125t surgery, total hyphema after, 125f Vitreoretinal junction, enzymatic targeting of, 112 Vitreous surgery, complications of, 101 endophthalmitis, glaucoma, 102 hemorrhage, 101 hypotony, 101 retinal breaks, 101 W Wide-field fluorescein angiography, Wide field imaging, and ROP telemedicine, WINROP (Weight, IGF-1 levels, Neonatal, ROP), 25 X X-linked FEVR, 25. See also Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) Z Zones, in classification of ROP, 13 Zone 1, Zone 2, 14 Zone 3, 14 15

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of retinal

INVITED COMMENTARY Retinopathy of Prematurity Alice L. Bashinsky Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinal disorder unique to premature infants. As premature births increase in many