... Physical Fitness and Nutrition during Growth
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1 Physical Fitness and Nutrition during Growth..
2 Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 43 Series Editors J. Borms, Brussels M. Hebbelinck, Brussels R.J. Sheppard, Toronto, Ont.
3 Physical Fitness and Nutrition during Growth Studies in Children and Youth in Different Environments Volume Editors J. Pařízková, Prague A.P. Hills, Brisbane 35 figures and 46 tables, 1998
4 Medicine and Sport Science Published on behalf of the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education Founder and Editor from 1969 to 1984: E. Jokl, Lexington, Ky.... Jana Pařízková Andrew P. Hills Laboratory of Health Promotion School of Human Movement Studies 3rd Clinic of Internal Medicine Queensland University of Technology 1st Medical School Kelvin Grove Campus Charles University Victoria Park Road U Nemocnice 2 Kelvin Grove 4059 CZ Prague (Czech Republic) Brisbane, QLD (Australia) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Physical fitness and nutrition during growth: studies in children and youth in different environments / volume editors, J. Pařízková, A.P. Hills. (Medicine and sport science; vol. 43) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Physical fitness for children Cross-cultural studies. 2. Physical fitness for youth Cross-cultural studies. I. Pařízková, Jana. II. Hills, Andrew P. III. Series. RJ133.P dc21 ISBN (hardcover: alk. paper) Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current ContentsÔ and Index Medicus. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Ó Copyright 1998 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISBN
5 Contents VII Preface 1 Growth, Development and Sociocultural Characteristics of Brazilian Preschool Children Rocha Ferreira, M.B.; Rocha L.L. (Campinas) 13 Overnutrition, Undernutrition and the Body Mass Index: Implications for Strength and Motor Fitness Malina, R.M.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Siegel, S.R. (East Lansing, Mich.) 27 Physical Fitness of 7- to 14-Year-Old Schoolchildren in Merida (Mexico) and Łódź (Poland) Siniarska, A. (Yucatan).; Jeziorek, A.; Nowakowska, M. (Łódź) 44 Body Composition, Body Satisfaction, Eating and Exercise Behavior of Australian Adolescents Hills, A.P.; Byrne, N.M. (Brisbane) 54 Sex Differences in Physical Fitness in Flemish Youth Lefevre, J.; Beunen, G. (Leuven); Borms, J.(Brussels); Vrijens, J. (Gent) 68 Relationships between Physical Activity, Motor Ability, and Anthropometric Variables in 6-Year-old Estonian Children Oja, L.; Jürimäe T. (Tartu) 79 Aerobic and Anaerobic Performances in Relation to Marginal Malnutrition and Altitude in Bolivian Boys and Girls Fellmann., N.; Bedu, M.; Coudert, J. (Clermont-Ferrand) 94 Nutritional Status, Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Children and Youth in Maputo (Mozambique) Prista, A. (Maputo)
6 105 Evaluation of Physical Status of Children Living in the Zones of Influence of Small Doses of Radiation after the Chernobyl Accident Kozlova, K. (Vinnitsa) 117 Growth and Motor Performances of Rural Senegalese Children Benefice, E. (Montpellier) 132 Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition in Indian Children of Years Khanna, G.L.; Majumdar, P.; Saha, M.; Mandal, M. (Bangalore) 145 Treatment and Prevention of Obesity by Exercise in Czech Children Pařízková, J. (Prague) 155 Methodological Considerations in the Assessment of Physical Activity and Nutritional Status of Children and Youth Hills, A.P.; Byrne, N.M. (Brisbane); Pařízková, J. (Prague) 161 Conclusions and Perspectives Hills, A.P. (Brisbane); Pařízková, J. (Prague) 163 Subject Index Contents VI
7 Preface Concern for the development of the next generation has been a central theme in all civilizations, even the most primitive. Optimal health and a high level of fitness have long been recognized as the key to the future of any human population. Appropriate education, health care and stimulation during childhood are elements that encourage desirable morphologic, functional, metabolic and nutritional development of children. Specifically, a proper diet and an adequate level of physical activity for all individuals are essential factors for the achievement of this aim. Unfortunately, there are substantial extremes identifiable in many parts of the world. Poverty and malnutrition are rife in countries of the Third World, whilst affluence in other areas, predominantly the industrially developed countries, has also provided enormous challenges. In the latter category, abundance and poverty often coexist. Similarly, the provision of a favorable environment with an ample diet, adequate education and health care is no guarantee that appropriate levels of physical fitness in children will be achieved. For example, there is an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in many countries. The effect of malnutrition depends primarily on the degree, that is whether it is mild, moderate or severe, as reflected in times of famine or war. The onset and duration of malnutrition, as well as the degree and character, are also important factors in terms of an effect on physical performance. Components of fitness can be influenced in different ways. For example, marginal malnutrition causing smaller body size and greater leanness does not result in a marked deterioration of cardiorespiratory fitness but can have a more pronounced effect on muscular strength as this is dependent on muscle mass. Reductions in muscular strength may have an impact on economic productivity in the short and longer term. Notwithstanding the potential problems, there are also numerous examples of minimal or no ill effects in adulthood following marginal or modest malnutrition during the formative years. Generally, the more pronounced the malnutrition, the more severe the consequences. At certain critical periods, for example during pregnancy and at times of weaning, the effect of deprivation can be more serious than at other periods of growth and development. VII
8 A reduction in spontaneous physical activity is generally the first line of defense in times of reduced energy intake. This has potentially significant consequences for motor, functional and morphologic variables characterizing physical fitness. There may also be social, psychological and intellectual components due to a lack of social contact and stimulation. Again, longer-term disruption may potentiate long-lasting effects which cannot always be compensated by realimentation. The incorporation of suitable physical activity during realimentation may also benefit the nature of the catch-up in growth and fitness. The effects of an abundant diet and hypoactivity are well known. Low activity levels in particular, in industrialized countries, have contributed to an increasing proportion of overweight and obese children and adolescents. This has also impacted on functional capacity, fitness and predisposition for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases later in life. Unfortunately, there is no consensus amongst the scientific community regarding optimal levels of diet and physical activity for growth and development. An appreciation of the interplay of genetic factors and the environment is central to this area. Observations of somatic, functional, motor, metabolic and nutritional development in children and youth living under different environmental conditions, following different ways of life, provide a nice framework for the variability of nutritional and physical fitness. These issues have been addressed in two previous scientific meetings and in monographs that emanated from these meetings. The first symposium was held in Zagreb (1989) as part of the 11th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, and an initial monograph, Human Growth, Physical Fitness and Nutrition, was an outstanding Karger title edited by Shephard and Parizkova (1991). Proceedings of the second symposium, at the 13th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in Mexico (1993) were published by the Institute Danone in Paris (1994). A wide cross section of authors from Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, India, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Senegal, Slovenia, South Africa, The Netherlands, Turkey and the USA contributed to these earlier volumes. This work has provided both an important insight into particular problems and some suggestions for improvement. This third volume provides some new aspects and challenges for the optimal growth and development of children and youth of future generations all around the world. Contributions once again reflect the key status of children and youth in a diversity of challenging environmental contexts. Jana Pařízková, Prague Andrew Hills, Brisbane Preface VIII
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