Index. The letters which may be seen accompanying the page number indicate the positioning of a word within a figure or table (f, figure; t, table).

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1 The letters which may be seen accompanying the page number indicate the positioning of a word within a figure or table (f, figure; t, table). A ACCURACY trial, 281 ACS (Acute Coronary Syndrome), 29, 35 classification of, 39, 40f Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), 29, 35 pathophysiology of, 367 Acute myocardial infarction, 4 incidence, 5 prevalence, 5 prognosis, 5 Adenosine, 330, 345 Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), 15 Agatston, 118 AHA (American Heart Association), 96, 123 classification, 96 ALARA, 235 Anatomy, cardiac, 93 Aneurysm, 106 Angina pectoris, 4, 317 classification of, 31t incidence, 4 prevalence, 4 Angiograms, coronary, 140f Angiography conventional coronary, 141 invasive coronary, 139 Angioscopy, 363 Anomalies, congenital, 359 ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide), 74 Aortic aneurysm, 297 atherosclerosis, model of, 56f dissection, 293 trauma, 299 valve bicuspid, 98f valve tricuspid, 96f Applications of cardiac MR, 357 Appropriateness, 235 Arrhythmias, 271, 316 Arteries carotid, 20 coronary, see coronary arteries Artery coronary, non obstructive disease, 13 coronary, right, 101 disease, paracrine mediators in coronary, 12 gastroepiploic, right, 155 human coronary, 53f, 54f inferior epigastric, 155, 157 internal thoracic, 156 left coronary, 101, 110f unprotected LM coronary, 150 Artifact beam hardening, 267 cone, 275 helical (windmill), 275 ring, 275 Artifacts, MDCT, see MDCT artifacts ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial), 16 ASSIGN (Assessing Cardiovascular Risk to Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network), 18 risk score, 18 Asymptomatic, 318 Atherosclerosis, 365 model of aortic, 56f pathophysiology, 115 progression/regression of, 367 Atherosclerotic disease, 47 plaques, histologic sections of human, 51f plaques, histological classification of coronary, 123t ulcer, penetrating, 296 ATP III (Adult Treatment Panel III), 15, 16 Atrial fibrillation, 82f, 83f, 84f treatment of, 83 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), 74 Atrium, electroanatomic reconstruction of the left, and the pulmonary veins, 86f Automatic exposure control, 251 Axial images, 231 B BARI classification, 101t coronary artery segments, 101 Bayes theorem, 141 Beam hardening artifacts, 267 Benzodiazepine, 237, 239 Beta-blockers, 237, 257 Bicuspid aortic valve, 98f Biomarkers of cardiac necrosis, 37, 38t Blood flow, coronary, 8 pressure response during exercise, 316 systolic, exercise, 317 Blooming effect, 147 BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide), 74 Bolus chaser, 242 geometry for CCT, 241 geometry, parameters influencing, CCT, 242 tracking, 243 Bruce protocol, 313 Bypass grafts, 303 triple coronary, 156f, 158f

2 376 C CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery), 153, 180f CAC (Coronary Artery Calcium), 119, 120f CAD (Coronary Artery Disease), 29 diagnostic accuracy in detecting significant, 281 medical therapy of, 31 suspected, 301 Calcified nodules,131 plaque, 55f multiple, 126f Calcium antagonists, 237, 239 score, standardized categories for the, 101f Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS), 37 Cardiac anatomy,93 biomarkers of necrosis, 38t cycle, 176f geometry,74 incidental findings, 204 necrosis, biomarkers of, 37 output, 70 veins, 79,106, 186 main, 186f Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT), 141 Cardiac CT (CCT), 213, 291 angiography, 22 technology, spatial resolution, 93 technology, temporal resolution, 93 contrast resolution, 261 spatial resolution, 260 temporal resolution, 260 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR), 59, 64, 75, 215f, 346 applications of, 375 Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), 71, 79 Cardiomyopathies, 359 Cardiovascular risk, 17t Carotid arteries, 20 Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), 20 ultrasonography, prognostic value, 21 CARTO-MERGE, 85, 197 Cascade, ischaemic, 30f CCS (Canadian Cardiovascular Society), 37 CCT (Cardiac Computed Tomography), 141 chronic total occlusion, 143 contrast, material and radiation dose reduction, 243 hardware requirements for, 248t image formation in, 219 collimation, 219 convolution filter (kernel), 223 effective slice thickness, 220 feed, 219 field of view (FOV), 220 matrix, 220 pitch, 219 reconstruction increment, 220 rotation time, 220 images: evaluation, 231 iterative reconstructions, 233 implementation of, 213, 215 limitations of, 233 low radiation dose, 257 parameter optimization, 248 parameters influencing bolus geometry, 242 patient preparation in, 235 appropriateness, 235 borderline situations, 236 exclusion criteria, 236 inclusion criteria, 235 patient selection, 235 pharmacologic management, 237 perfusion and delayed enhancement, 243 plaque burden, 143 prognostic value of, 305 protocols, 220t general principles for the optimization of, 247 radiation dose, 248 reduction, 251 remodeling index, 143 retrospective gating, 228 scan parameters for, 228 stenosis grading in, 143t training in, 213 with >64-slice spiral scanners, 224 with 16-slice spiral scanners, 223 with 64-slice spiral scanners, 223 with single-slice spiral scanners, 223 CFR (Coronary Flow Reserve), 11, 60, 139, 332 see Coronary Flow Reserve CHD (Coronary Heart Disease), 3, 47, 357 see Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Chest pain, 304 Chronic total occlusion, 143 CIMT (carotid artery intima-media thickness), 20 CK-MB, 37 Classification BARI, 101t of ACS, 39, 40f of angina pectoris, 31t of coronary artery segments, 100f of coronary segments, 96 Collimation, 219 Computed Tomography (CT), slice, 227 Cone artifact, 275 beam, 275 CONFIRM registry, 306 Congenital anomalies, 359 Contractility, myocardial, 8 Contrast resolution, 261 stress echocardiography, 341 Convolution filter (kernel), 223 kernels, 149 Coronary angiograms, 140f angiography, MR, 358 conventional, 141 invasive, 139 arteries, 7 anatomic variants of the, 102 anomalies, 104, 106f atherosclerosis, 124f atherosclerotic plaque, 123 blood flow, 8 calcium, 120

3 377 disease, obstructive, 12 fistula, 112f map, 99f plaque characteristics of, 130f evaluation of, 123 imaging, 304 revascularization,155 segments, classification, 96 stenosis, 139 tree, 109f map of the, 100f Coronary artery Bypass Grafting surgery (CABG), 153, 180f disease, non obstructive, 13 deft, 101, 110f right, 101 segments BARI classification, 101 classification of, 100f Coronary Calcium Score (CCS), 19 Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR), 11, 60, 139, 332 diagnostic value, 334 prognostic value, 335 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), 3, 47, 357 incidence, 3 prevalence, 3 risk factors, 4 mortality, 3 MR in, 358 COURAGE trial, 31 CRT (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy), 71, 79 CT (Computed Tomography), 19 and MR, integration between, 359 Dual Energy, 172 dual-source, 274 fractional flow reserve, 374 image reconstruction in, 255 images, 259 perfusion, 374 scanners, dual-source, 274 Culprit plaque, 49 CV risk, 290 Cycle cardiac, 176f ergometry, 313 D De-FACTO, 374 DECT (Dual Energy CT), 172 DES (Drug-Eluting Stent), 150 Diagnostic accuracy in detecting significant CAD, 281 value, 330, 334 of exercise testing, 318 Diastole, 69 ventricular, 70 Diastolic dysfunction, 71 stress echocardiography, 342 Dipyridamole, 330, 345 DISCOVER-FLOW, 374 Dobutamine, 329, 343 stress echocardiography, prognostic value, 340 Double product, 317 Drug-Eluting Stent (DES), 150 Dual energy, 149 source, 115 source CT, 274 scanners, 274 Dual Energy CT (DECT), 172 Duke probability risk score, 30t Dyspnea, 317 E EBCT (Electron-Beam Computed Tomography), 16, 54, 115, 117, 230, 254 ECG abnormal responses, 314 gating, retrospective, 254 triggering high pitch spiral prospective, 255 prospective, 254, 230 triggered, prospective, current modulation, 251 Echocardiography contrast stress, 341 diastolic stress, 342 dobutamine stress, 340 feasibility and safety of stress, 343 three-dimensional, 343 EF (Ejection Fraction), 70 Electron-Beam Computed Tomography (EBCT), 16, 54, 115, 117, 230, 254 scanner, 117f Electrophysiologic studies, 185 Epigastric artery, inferior, 155, 157 Ergonovine, 330 Euro Heart Survey, 4 European Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), 289 Exercise, 329 blood pressure, response during, 316 capacity, 74 protocols, 313 systolic blood pressure, 317 exercise testing diagnostic value of, 318 prognostic value of, 318 asymptomatic subjects, 318 silent myocardial ischemia, 320 symptomatic subjects, 319 safety of, 320 induced hypotension, 317 F Feed, 219 FFR (Fractional Flow Reserve), 12, 13, 140, 374 Fibrillation, mechanisms of, 82 Filters, 267 FOV (Field Of View), 220 Framingham heart study, 3, 4, 16, 290 risk score, 16, 120 score, 307 Functional imaging, 373 G Gastroepiploic artery, right, 155 Gating, retrospective, 228 Geometric remodeling, 75f Geometry, cardiac, 74 GRACE score, 41t, 42t Gradient echo, 189

4 378 GUSTO-IIB trial, 5 H Hardware requirements for CCT, 248t Heart, 94f, 95f, 99f rate, 7 control, 149 response, 317 study, Framingham, 3, 4, 16, 290 Helical (windmill) artifact, 275 Hematoma, intramural, 295 High pitch spiral prospective ECG triggering, 255 Histologic characteristics of plaque, 51 sections of human atherosclerotic plaques, 51f Histological classification of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, 123t Histology, virtual, 363 Human coronary artery, 53f, 54f Hypertrophy, left ventricular, 73, 75f Hypotension, exercise-induced, 317 I ICD (Implantable Cardiovector Defibrillator), 71 Images axial, 231 evaluation, CCT, 231 iterative reconstructions, CCT, 233 reconstruction, CCT, 230 Incidence of coronary heart disease, 3t Inferior epigastric artery, 155, 157 Interpolation, 267 Iodine, 242 Ischaemic cascade, 30f Ischemia, 325 mechanisms of, 325 repetitive, 61f silent myocardial, 320 transient, 59 Ischemic heart disease, mortality from, in European regions, 4f Iterative reconstructions, 233, 255 Ivabradine, 237, 239 IVUS (intravascular ultrasound), 363 K K-edge, 241 Kilovoltage, 254 L Left atrium, 96f ventricle, 69, 81f ventricular contractility, 70 Left ventricular hypertrophy, 73, 75f mass, 72 Limitations of CCT, 233 LITA, 155 Luminity, 341 LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction), 70, 175 M Map of the coronary tree, 100f Mass, left ventricular, 72 Maximum Intensity Projections (MIP), 232 MBF (Myocardial Blood Flow), 59 MDCT (multidetector computed tomography), 93 artifacts cone artifact, 275 cone beam effect, 275 helical (windmill) artifact, 275 ring artifact, 275 stair-step and zebra artifact, 276 coronary angiography, 261 beam hardening artifacts, 267 contrast agent artifacts, 269 speed, 269 volume, 269 filters, 267 interpolation, 267 motion artifacts, 263 noise, 264 partial volume effects, 266 Mechanisms of fibrillation, 82 ischemia, 325 Medical therapy of CAD, 31 MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), 20 MET (metabolic equivalent), 313 MIP (Maximum Intensity Projections), 232 Mitral valve, 96f Mortality from ischemic heart disease in European regions, 4f MPR (multiplanar reconstructions), 231 MR (Magnetic Resonance), 293, 357 coronary angiography, 358 in coronary heart disease, 358 integration between CT and, 359 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), 19, 54, 115, 175 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 20 Multiplanar reconstructions (MPR), 231 Myocardial Blood Flow (MBF), 59 Myocardial bridging, 100f, 106 contractility, 8 CT perfusion (CTP), 172f imaging, 165 infarction, 180f ischemia silent, 320 oxygen demand and supply, relation between, 62f viability, 60, 339 Myocardium, fully viable, 64 N National Cholesterol Education Program, 15 Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 52, 125 Necrosis, cardiac biomarkers of, 38t NHLBI ARIC (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities), 4 NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy), 52, 125 Nitrates, 237, 239 Nitrogen-13 (N-13) ammonia, 351 Noise, 264 Non obstructive coronary artery disease, 13 NSTE (non ST-segment elevation), 35 NSTEMI (non ST Elevation MI), 5, 59 Nuclear stress myocardial perfusion imaging-mpi, 165 NYHA, 79 class, 81 O Obstructive coronary disease, 12 OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography), 52, 55, 125, 363 OPERA registry, 5

5 379 Optison, 341 Output, cardiac, 70 Oxygen demand and supply, relation between myocardial, 62f P Pacing, 330 Pain, chest, 304 Palpography, 363 Paracrine mediators in coronary artery disease, 12 Parameter optimization, 248 Partial volume effects, 266 Perfusion, 358 and delayed enhancement, CCT, 243 PET (Positron Emission Tomography), 59, 351 PET/CT, 65, 353 Pitch, 219 Plaque burden, 143 CCT, 143 coronary, characteristics of, 130f culprit, 49 evaluation of coronary, 123 histologic characteristics of, 51 vulnerable, definition of, 49t Plaques histologic sections of human atherosclerotic, 51f histological classification of coronary atherosclerotic, 123t multiple calcified, 126f types of vulnerable, 48f Post-test probability, 282 Pre-test probability, 282 Probability risk score, Duke, 30t PROCAM (prospective cardiovascular munster), 289 Prognostic value, 305, 318, 331, 335 carotid ultrasonography, 21 coronary calcium scanning, 21 of CCT, see CCT of exercise testing, see exercise PROSPECT, 366 Prospective ECG triggering, 254, 230 ECG-triggered current modulation, 251 Pulmonary vein ablation, 198f Pulmonary veins, 81, 84, 85f, 86f, 189 electroanatomic reconstruction of the left atrium and the, 86f Q QCA (quantitative coronary angiography), 153 QRISK (QRESEARCH cardiovascular risk algorithm), 18 risk score, 18 R Radial artery, 155, 157 Radiation dose, 248 CCT, 248 low, CCT, 257 reduction, CCT, 251 Raman spectroscopy, 125 Reconstruction increment, 220 Reconstructions, iterative, 233, 255 Remodeling vascular, 132f index, 143 CCT, 143 Repetitive ischemia, 61f Retrospective ECG gating, 254 gating, 228 CCT, 228 Reynolds risk score, 18 Right coronary artery, 101 gastroepiploic artery, 155 ventricle, 69 ventricular dysfunction, 72 Ring artifact, 275 Risk: cardiovascular, 17t CV, 290 score ASSIGN, 18 Duke probability, 30t Framingham, 16, 120 Reynolds, 18 stratification, 41 RITA, 155 Rotation time, 220 Rubidium-82, 351 S Safety of exercise testing, 320 Saphenous vein, 156 Scan parameters for CCT, 228 SCORE (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation), 16, 289 project, 16 Score Framingham, 307 GRACE, 41t, 42t SHAPE (Screening for HeartAttack Prevention and Education), 22, 290 Silent myocardial ischemia, 320 Simpson s rule, 178f Slice thickness, effective, 220 Spatial resolution, 93, 260 SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), 59, 350 SPECT/CT, 353 Spectroscopy, 358 Speed, 269 SSFP (Steady-State Free Precession), 189 STEMI (ST elevation MI), 5 STEMI/NSTEMI, 360 Stenosis grading, 143t in CCT, 143t severity, 283 Stents, 302 Stress echocardiography diagnostic value, 330 feasibility and safety of, 343 pharmacologic stressors, 327 prognostic value, 331 vasospasm, 327 Stress magnetic resonance imaging-mri, 165 Stressors, 327f Symptomatic, 319 Systole, 69 ventricular, 69 Systolic blood pressure exercise, 317 T Tagging, 357 TCFA (thin-cap fibroatheroma), 130

6 380 Temporal resolution, 93, 260 Test bolus, 243 Thermography, intracoronary, 364 Thoracic artery, internal, 156 TIMI score, 41t Training in CCT, 213 Transient ischemia, 59 Treadmill, 313 Tricuspid aortic valve, 96f Troponin T, 37 U UA (Unstable Angina), 35 UA/NSTEMI, 41t Ulcer, penetrating atherosclerotic, 296 USPIO (Ultra Small Particles of Iron Oxide), 55 V Valve aortic, tricuspid, 96f mitral, 96f Vascular remodeling, 132f Vasospasm, 327 Vein, saphenous, 156 Veins cardiac, 79, 106, 185 electroanatomic reconstruction of the left atrium and the pulmonary, 86f main cardiac, 186f pulmonary, 81, 84, 85f, 86f, 189 Ventricle, right, 69 Ventricular diastole, 70 dysfunction, right, 72 left, contractility, 70 left, hypertrophy, 73, 75f left, mass, 72 systole, 69 Virtual histology, 363 Volume, 242, 269 Voxel, 93 Vulnerable plaque, 49, 128, 366 definition of, 49t types of, 48f Printed in November 2011