Natural Products have proven effective for the treatment of Cardiovascular diseases.

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Stephen Murphy
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1 Natural Products have proven effective for the treatment of Cardiovascular diseases.

2 Objectives Discuss the prevalence, risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Describe the anatomy and physiology of the heart and circulatory system and the importance of healthy heart function. Review major types of heart disease, factors that contribute to their development. Discuss the treatment of cardiovascular disease with the natural products.

3 Risk Factors Hypertension Serum cholesterol Obesity Diabetes Mellitus Physical Inactivity Cigarette Smoking Alcohol Intake

4 Anatomy of the Heart

5 Types Of Cardiovascular Disease Atherosclerosis Coronary heart disease (CHD) Chest pain (angina pectoris) Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Congestive heart failure (CHF) Stroke

6 Current Recommended Levels of lipid in blood Total cholesterol < 240 mg/dl (6.2 mmol/l) LDL-cholesterol < 160 mg/dl (3.8 mmol/l) HDL-cholesterol (US guidelines) > 40 mg/dl (1 mmol/l) Triglycerides (fasting) < 200 mg/dl (2.3 mmol/l)

7 Treatment of cardiovascular disease with the natural products. Major classifications (1) Heart failure and arrhythmias (2) Venous insufficiency (3) Antiplatelet and anti-atherosclerotic drug

Foxglove, Purple Foxglove or Lady's Glove Family: Scrophulariaceae

8 (1) Heart failure and arrhythmias (a) Digitalis Drug name: Cardiac glycosides Biological source: Digitalis purpurea Other names: Foxglove, Purple Foxglove or Lady's Glove Family: Scrophulariaceae Parts Used: Leaves Constituents: Digoxin, Digitoxin Purpurea glycosides A and B..

Indications and Uses: It is used mainly in the treatment of tachycardia and heart failure.

9 Mechanism of action: Digitalis glycosides increase the force of contraction of the heart without increasing the oxygen consumption, and slow the heart rate. Indications and Uses: It is used mainly in the treatment of tachycardia and heart failure. Side effects: The glycosides can easily give rise to toxic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and anorexia, heart block. Cautions: Hypokalemia Thyroid dysfunction Renal impairment Pregnancy

Family: Ericaceae Constituents: a. Anthocyanoides b.

10 (a) Bilberry (2) Venous insufficiency Drug name: Fructus Myrtelli Plant source: Vaccinium myrtillus Other names: Bilberry, Blueberry Family: Ericaceae Constituents: a. Anthocyanoides b. Catechin tannins c. Iridoide monoterpene d. Caffeic acid derivatives e. Phenolic acids

The anthocyanosides are responsible mainly for these effects.

11 Indications and usage: The drug is used to improve blood circulation in hypertension and venous insufficiency. The anthocyanosides are responsible mainly for these effects. It is also used as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Precautions and adverse reactions: No health hazards with the proper administration of therapeutic doses.

Hydroxycoumarins: Chief component is aesculin in addition to

12 (b) Horse chestnut Plant source: Aesculus hippocastanum Other names: Horse Chestnut Family: Hippocastanaceae Constituents: Hydroxycoumarins: Chief component is aesculin in addition to fraxetin and scopoletin. Flavonoids: rutin and quercetin Tannins Triterpene saponins

Indications and usage: Used for chronic venous insufficiency(cvi). They can be used to decrease the deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after surgery. Can be applied topically to sports injuries.

13 Indications and usage: Used for chronic venous insufficiency(cvi). They can be used to decrease the deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after surgery. Can be applied topically to sports injuries. They are also beneficial in the treatment of cerebral oedema following road accidents. Precautions and adverse reactions: No health hazards with the proper administration of therapeutic doses. One case of liver damage after i.m. administration of an extract of the drug is known. Drug interactions: It may interact warfarin, salicylates and other anti-coagulants.

The main compound in the fresh plant is alliin, which on crushing undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by alliinase to produce

14 Constituents: Garlic contains a large number of sulphur compounds which are responsible for the flavour and odour of garlic as well as the medicinal effects. The main compound in the fresh plant is alliin, which on crushing undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by alliinase to produce allicin Other constituents are Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fat and Mucilage. (3) Antiplatelet and anti-atherosclerotic drug: Garlic Drug name: Garlic Plant source: Allium sativum L. Other names: Allium Family: Liliaceae

In preclinical studies with garlic extract due to S-allylcysteine which shows that it inhibits

15 Indications and Uses: The sulphur-containing compounds must be present for the therapeutic effect. Hypolipidimic activity has been observed. In preclinical studies with garlic extract due to S-allylcysteine which shows that it inhibits low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation implicated in atherosclerosis. Allicin is also antioxidant. Garlic extracts show antiplatelet effect.

Grape Seed Extract. Botany

Grape Seed Extract. Botany Botany Grape Seed Extract Seeds from Vitis vinifera History Relatively recent use as an antioxidant Chemistry seeds contain olygemeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) OPC s are oligomeric or polymeric flavonoid