Circulatory System Review

Transcription

1 Circulatory System Review 1. Know the diagrams of the heart, internal and external. a) What is the pericardium? What is myocardium? What is the septum? b) Explain the 4 valves of the heart. What is their function, structure, and location. c) What are chordae tendinae? 2. Know the diagram and table of the blood vessels. a) What is the major (largest) artery of the body? What is the major vein of the body? b) What is a pulse? c) What is Arteriosclerosis? Atherosclerosis? Aneurysm? 3. Know the diagram of ECG and electrical impulses in the heart. a) Explain the cardiac cycle. b) Explain how the autonomic nervous system regulates the heartbeat. (parasympathetic and sympathetic) c) What is blood pressure? What is systolic pressure? What is diastolic pressure? 4. Name the functions of the circulatory system. a) Explain how blood pressure changes as the blood moves throughout the body. b) Explain the factors that affect blood pressure. (hypotension and hypertension) c) Explain the difference between the 5 types of blood vessels.(size, structure, thickness, function, BP, velocity.) d) How is blood pressure affected by vasodilation? Vasoconstriction? What do these 2 terms mean? 5. Name three different places valves are found in the body. 6. Explain the 3 different vascular pathways in the body. 7. Explain the hepatic portal system. Distinguish between the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein 8. Explain the process of capillary-tissue fluid exchange. a) What is osmotic pressure? b) How does it affect the capillaries? c) How is extra fluid taken up from tissues? d) Label the following diagram for fluid exchange. Include the pressure in mm Hg on the arteriole and venule sides of your diagram. e) What is the pressure in mm Hg in the other blood vessels? Arteriole end Venule end 9. Explain fetal circulation. a) Name 2 ways blood can bypass the lungs. b) How does the fetal circulatory system change after birth has occurred? 10. Components of the Blood: a) What is plasma? b) What are erythrocytes? Why are they able to carry such a large protein like hemoglobin? c) Explain the structure and function of leukocytes. d) What are platelets? Explain the process of blood clotting. e) What is the difference between an antigen and antibody? 11. Immunity a) What is immunity? Explain the functions of the immune system. b) Explain the 3 levels of the immune system c) Explain the inflammatory response. 12. The Lymphatic System: a) What are the functions of the lymphatic system? What is the main function of it? b) What is the structure and function of lymph vessels? c) What is extracellular fluid (ECF)? d) What are lymph nodes? What do they do? e) Explain the function of the different lymph organs. 13. Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? a) Capillaries b) Venules c) Veins d) Arteries e) Lymph vessels

2 14. Which statement is NOT a correct association? a) Arteries have muscles linings and are deep in the body b) Capillaries oxygen and nutrient exchange c) Arteries high blood pressure and are deep in the body d) Veins high blood pressure and are deep in the body e) Veins valves return blood to heart 15. Artery and vein are defined by whether they leave or enter the heart. If they were defined by whether they carried oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, we would have to change the name(s) of a) the hepatic portal vein to a hepatic portal artery b) the hepatic and renal systems; they would have to be switched c) the pulmonary artery and vein; they would have to be switched d) the coronary artery and vein; they would have to be switched e) none, since the aorta and vena cavae do not have artery and vein in their names 16. Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick? a) Capillaries b) Venules c) Veins d) Arterioles e) Arteries 17. In the fetus, the umbilical cord consists of fetal blood vessels running from the iliac artery and vein to the placenta which functions to diffuse oxygen provided by the mother. What is the nature of an artery and vein in this umbilical cord? a) They would be structurally identical and carry the same levels of hemoglobin b) Just like most arteries and veins, the artery would carry oxygenated blood and the vein would carry deoxygenated blood c) Just like the pulmonary system, the artery would carry deoxygenated blood and the vein would carry oxygenated blood 18. There is a condition where a baby is born with an opening (oval opening) in the septum or wall between the right and left sides of the heart. What are reasonable consequences? a) More efficient pumping of blood through the body with pressure from both ventricles b) An equal reading for heartbeat; that is diastole equals systole c) Disability resulting when deoxygenated blood is mixed and sent to the body and partly oxygenated blood is sent to the lungs d) Death due to loss of blood from the circulatory system 19. What is the correct sequence a drop of blood returning from the body encounters in the heart chambers? a) Left atrium-left ventricle-right atrium-right ventricle -left atrium-right ventricle right atrium left ventricle left atrium- right ventricle d) Right atrium- right ventricle-left atrium- left ventricle 20. What is the correct sequence a drop of blood returning from the body encounters in the heart valves? a) Right AV valve aortic semilunar valve - left AV valve pulmonary semilunar valve b) Right AV valve pulmonary semilunar valve left AV valve aortic semilunar valve c) Left AV valve pulmonary semilunar valve right AV valve aortic semilunar valve d) Left AV valve aortic semilunar valve right AV valve pulmonary semilunar valve 21. In the above diagram, a is the a) Inferior/posterior vena cava b) Superior/anterior vena cava 22. In the above diagram, c is the e) AV valve e) Left atrium

3 23. In the above diagram, d is the 24. In the above diagram, e is the e) aorta e) Aorta 25. Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the a) Left atrium b) Right atrium d) Pulmonary vein e) Pulmonary artery 26. If you are tracing the path of blood from the right to the left side of the heart, you must mention the a) Lungs d) Superior/anterior vena cava b) Hepatic portal vein e) Inferior/ posterior vena cava 27. In humans, the superior (anterior) vena cava a) Carries blood to the right atrium b) Carries blood away from the right atrium 28. The pacemaker of the heart is termed the a) AV node b) Cardiac centre in the medulla oblongata c) Joins with the aorta d) Has a high blood pressure c) SA node d) Vagus nerve e) Purkinje fibres 29. In the above figure, which statement is true concerning blood pressure? a) It always remains the same in all vessels b) It gets progressively lower the further from the heart c) The greater the cross sectional area, the greater the pressure d) The further from the heat, the higher the pressure 30. In the above figure, which type of blood vessel would you expect to be the strongest? a) Arteries c) Capillaries b) Arterioles d) Veins 31. The alternating expansion and recoil of an arterial wall is termed a(n) a) ECG b) EEG c) Pulse 32. Systole occurs when the a) Heart tissue is contracting b) Heart tissue is relaxing d) Hypertension e) Heart murmur 33. Which is NOT a correct association describing aspects of the cardiac cycle? a) Each heartbeat constitutes a cardiac cycle b) Diastole is contraction of the heart and systole is relaxation c) A normal heart rate varies from 60 to 80 beats per minute d) A pulse is the expansion and recoil of artery walls felt near the body surface e) Valves prevent backflow of blood into the heart when the heart relaxes c) Semilunar valves open and close d) Aortic valves open and close

4 34. The electrical changes that occur in the heart during contraction are recorded as a) EEGs d) EMGs b) ECGs e) MIGs c) EGGs 35. Which phase of the ECG indicates ventricular excitation and eventual contraction? a) P wave d) U wave b) QRS complex e) I wave c) T wave 36. The part of the circulatory system involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs is the a) Systemic circuit d) Pulmonary circuit b) Internal respiration circuit e) ECG circuit c) Microcirculation circuit 37. Which blood vessel has the highest concentration of CO 2? b) Pulmonary vein 38. Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the a) Left atrium d) Renal vein e) Hepatic portal vein d) Right ventricle 39. Which of the following correctly traces the path of blood from the heart to the kidneys and back to the heart again? a) Left ventricle, vena cava, renal vein, kidney, renal artery, aorta, right atrium b) Right atrium, aorta, renal artery, kidney, renal vein, hepatic portal vein, vena cava, left atrium c) Left ventricle, renal artery, kidney, renal vein, vena cava, right atrium d) Left ventricle, aorta, renal artery, kidney, renal vein, vena cava, right atrium 40. Blood travelling from the intestines to the liver is travelling in the a) Pulmonary vein b) Inferior (posterior) vena cava c) Superior (anterior vena cava 41. The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the b) Coronary artery c) Left carotid artery 42. The blood that enters the coronary artery comes from the b) Pulmonary vein d) Coronary vessels e) Hepatic portal vein d) Renal artery e) Left subclavian artery d) Superior (anterior) vena cava e) Inferior (posterior) vena cava 43. Blood flow in the capillaries is a) Slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume b) Faster because they are smaller and blood must speed up to get through c) The same speed as in the arteries and veins since they are the input and output points d) Highly variable due to different tissues, but must average the same as speeds in arteries and veins 44. If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, the 120 refers to the a) Diastolic pressure b) Systolic pressure c) Pulse pressure d) Capillary pressure e) Venous pressure 45. Why is it advantageous to have blood move slowly in the capillaries? a) It will not cause damage to the valves b) It maintains the high pressure in the capillaries c) It provides time for substances to be exchanged between blood and tissue fluids d) It creates a greater osmotic pressure for cells 46. Which association is NOT correct? a) Red blood cell transport oxygen b) White blood cells fight infection c) Water maintains blood volume 47. All of the following may be found in the blood except a) Fibrinogen b) Glucose c) Urea 48. Hemoglobin is NOT a) Carried in red blood cells b) An oxygen transporter d) Oxygen cellular respiration e) Platelets fights infection d) Oxygen e) Glycogen c) Made of protein and heme d) Normally found free in the plasma

5 49. The reason red blood cells only live about 120 days is because red blood cells a) Lack a nucleus and therefore cannot defend themselves from pathogen attack b) Lack a nucleus and therefore cannot repair and rebuild cell structures c) Are attacked and eaten by white blood cells d) Are physiologically inferior cells that are not made to last very long 50. Platelets a. Phagocytize bacteria b. Are responsible for blood type c. Initiate clotting d. Transport oxygen e. Are responsible for the buildup of plaques on artery walls 51. In the above diagram, the arrow at number 2 describes the movement of a. Water d. Carbon dioxide b. Glucose e. Water, glucose, and oxygen c. Oxygen 52. In the above diagram, movement of molecules occurs in the direction of arrow 4 due to a. Diffusion d. Blood pressure b. Emulsification c. Osmotic pressure e. Filtration 53. An antibody is a) A compound that reacts with an antigen b) A white blood cell that phagocytizes invading bacteria c) A carbohydrate in the red cell membrane d) A platelet that secretes platelets 54. Which two are needed to fight infection? a) White and red blood cells b) Platelets and proteins 55. The proteins that are found in the blood a) Are formed from amino acids b) Help fight disease c) Aid in blood clotting 56. Blood pressure a) Is the same in all blood vessels b) Is highest in the aorta Label the following diagram: c) Red blood cells and platelets d) White blood cells and proteins d) Help maintain osmotic pressure e) All of the above are true c) Is measured by taking an ECG d) Never rises above normal