Gastrocnemius, see Medial gastrocnemius Glucose, see Blood glucose

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1 Subject Index Acute myocardial infarction, see Myocardial infarction Aerobic capacity cardiac patients and Tai Chi training effects 185 heart failure and Tai Chi outcomes , 202, 205 meta-analysis of effect size analysis 47 overview 41 studies characteristic classification and coding 42 characteristics 47, 48 findings quality analysis 42 retrieval 41, 42 tables Aging coronary heart disease, see Coronary heart disease dementia, see Alzheimer s disease; Parkinson s disease demographics 155 falls, see Balance; Falls; Proprioception immune function, see Immune function successful aging autonomy and control 158 lifestyle and daily routine 157, 158 physical activity 156, 157 social support mechanisms 158 Tai Chi benefits Hong Kong study data collection and analysis 161 methodology 160, 161 participation benefits 161, 162 quality of life outcomes 162, 163 subjects 161 physical benefits 159 psychological benefits 159, 160 therapeutic benefits 160 Alzheimer s disease (ALZ) clinical features 174 adoption goals and strategies 177 clinical impressions 178 research evidence 176, 178 Ankle joint, see Endurance; Muscle strength; Proprioception Balance, see also Falls; Proprioception components 116 definition 116 evaluation 116, 117 falls in aging 77, 85, 88, 115, 116 functional balance testing and Tai Chi effects 117, 118 neural mechanisms in Tai Chi clinical measures 89, 90 controls 92 data analysis 93, 94 electromyography 88, 93 interventions 91,

2 medial gastrocnemius response time 94 98, 101 overview 88, 89 postural responses 100 subjects 90, 91 Tai Chi postures 92, 101 tibialis anterior response time 88, sensory organization test and Tai Chi effects 118, 119 on control components biomechanical benefits 121, 122 muscle strength and flexibility 121 proprioception 119 vestibular system 120, 121 visual system 120 Blood glucose, see Diabetes type 2 Blood pressure (BP), cardiac patients 187, 188 overview 56, 57, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), heart failure and Tai Chi outcomes 199, 200, 202 Cardiorespiratory function, blood pressure 56, 57, cumulative activity benefits 58, 59 exercise intensity, see Exercise intensity heart rate 13 17, 60 meta-analysis of studies, see Aerobic capacity oxygen uptake 14, 15, 56, 58 randomized controlled trials 55, Children mindfulness-based stress reduction literature review 168, 169 teaching 168 self-regulation in learning 169 Tai Chi mindfulness-based stress reduction combination program teaching 167, 168 Congestive heart failure (CHF) epidemiology 195, 196 exercise benefits 196 Tai Chi studies benefits 196 outcomes aerobic capacity , 202, 205 B-type natriuretic peptide 199, 200, 202 heart rate variability 199, 203, 205 quality of life 198, 200 safety and compliance 203 sleep spectrograms 199, prospects 206 rehabilitation 190, 191 study design Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), Tai Chi in rehabilitation 190 Coronary heart disease (CHD) epidemiology 182, 183 Tai Chi training characteristics 183, 184 effects aerobic capacity 185 dyslipidemia 187 endothelial function 186, 187 heart rate variability 188 hypertension 187, 188 muscle strength 185, 186 psychological well-being 188, 189 exercise intensity 184, 185 rehabilitation congestive heart failure 190, 191 coronary artery bypass graft 190 myocardial infarction 189 C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid arthritis and 221, 223, 227 Depression exercise effects mechanisms 148, 149 mental health 147 randomized clinical trials 148 management in Hong Kong 147, 148 data analysis 151 findings overview 149 study design 150, 151 subjects 150 Diabetes type 2 epidemiology 230, 231 pathophysiology 231, 232 Subject Index 241

3 Diabetes type 2 (continued) physical activity in protection and management 231 blood glucose 234 insulin levels 234, 235 insulin receptor numbers 234, 235 overview 232 single-bout response 236, 237 study design Dyslipidemia, cardiac patients and Tai Chi training effects 187 Elderly, see Aging Electromyography (EMG) neural mechanism studies in Tai Chi balance control data analysis 93, 94 data collection 88, 93 medial gastrocnemius response time 94 98, 101 tibialis anterior response time 88, on muscle strength data analysis 33 equipment 22 knee extensor strength correlation with flexion angle muscle action patterns of leg muscles 33, 34 subjects 31, 32 testing protocol 32, 33 Endurance, ankle joint analysis jogging comparison knee joint analysis overview 20, 21 study design 21, 22 subjects 21, 22 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid arthritis and 221 Exercise intensity, Tai Chi age and sex differences in response coronary heart disease patients 184, 185 heart rate response overview 12, 13 oxygen uptake 14, 15 Falls, see also Balance; Proprioception epidemiology 115, 116 etiology 125 proprioception loss and falls in aging 77, 85, 88 Tai Chi in prevention healthy adults community settings 129, 130 research settings 129 long-term care facility residents 131, 132 older at-risk adults 130, 131 research translation to practice 132 studies and features summary of findings 132 Foot movement stepping direction classification 3 Tai Chi overview 1, 2 walking comparison with Tai Chi data analysis 4 intraclass correlation coefficient 4 stepping patterns 6, 8 10 study design 2, 3 support pattern-related variables 5 8 Gastrocnemius, see Medial gastrocnemius Glucose, see Blood glucose Heart failure, see Congestive heart failure Heart rate (HR), Tai Chi response 13 17, 60, 184, 185 Heart rate variability (HRV) cardiac patients and Tai Chi training effects 188 heart failure and Tai Chi outcomes 199, 203, 205 Hypertension, see Blood pressure Immune function, antibody titer analysis 68, 69 influenza vaccine response 70 72, 75 overview of studies 74 study design limitations 73, 74 research design and intervention 68, 69 statistical analysis 69 subjects 68 Subject Index 242

4 Influenza antibody titer responses after vaccination and Tai Chi 70 72, 75 morbidity and mortality 64, 65 Insulin, levels in type 2 diabetes 234, 235 receptor numbers 234, 235 Jogging, muscle strength and endurance effects Knee joint, see Endurance; Muscle strength; Proprioception Learning, self-regulation 169 Leg muscles, see Muscle strength Major depression, see Depression Medial gastrocnemius, on response time 94 98, 101 Mental health, see Depression Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), children literature review 168, 169 Tai Chi combination program teaching 168 Muscle action pattern, see Electromyography Muscle strength, aging considerations 26 ankle joint analysis 23, 24 balance control 121 cardiac patients 185, 186 electromyography study data analysis 33 equipment 22 knee extensor strength correlation with flexion angle leg muscle action patterns 33, 34 subjects 31, 32 testing protocol 32, 33 jogging comparison 26, 27 knee joint analysis overview 20, 21, 30, 31 study design 21, 22 subjects 21, 22 Myocardial infarction, Tai Chi in rehabilitation 189 Nitric oxide (NO), Tai Chi response 186 Oxygen uptake (V O 2 ), Tai Chi response 14, 15, 56, 58 Parkinson s disease (PD) clinical features 173 adoption goals and strategies 177 clinical impressions 175, 176 research evidence 174, 175 Parting the Wild Horse Mane, knee extensor strength correlation with flexion angle Proprioception, see also Balance; Falls balance control and Tai Chi 119 definition 77 exercise and improvement 78 loss in aging and falls 77, 85, 88 advantages over swimming and jogging 84 ankle joint kinesthesia test 79, 80, 82, 84 data analysis 81 knee joint kinesthesia test subjects 78 Quality of life congestive heart failure patients and Tai Chi 198, 200 Tai Chi and aging outcomes 162, 163 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) clinical features 218, 219 exercise regimens 219 management 219 controls 220 C-reactive protein 221, 223, 227 erythrocyte sedimentation rate 221 overview 219 questionnaires and instruments 221, 223, 226, 227 statistical analysis 222 study design subjects 220, 222, 223 Subject Index 243

5 Self-regulation, learning 169 Sensory organization test (SOT), balance evaluation 116, 118, 119 Sleep stability, heart failure and Tai Chi outcomes 199, Stepping, see Foot movement Tai Chi (TC) guidelines for beginners 67, 68 overview of benefits 40, 41, styles 12, 13 traditional curriculum choreographed form movement 67, 68 overview 65, 66 Qigong meditation 66 Tibialis anterior, on response time 88, Vestibular system, balance control and Tai Chi 120, 121 Visual system, balance control and Tai Chi 120 V O 2, see Oxygen uptake Walking, see Foot movement Subject Index 244