Evaluation of different pest management modules against major insect pests and diseases of turmeric

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1 Evaluation of different pest management modules against major insect pests and diseases of turmeric P.S. Shanmugam*, K. Indhumathi, M. Sangeetha and N. Tamilselvan Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Papparapatty Dharmapuri dt., Tamil Nadu, India * psshanmugamk@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT The incidence of rhizome rot, leaf spot and thrips are the major yield limiting factors in turmeric cultivation in Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, India. To combat these pest and disease complex, different management modules were evaluated in the farmers field in BSR 2 and CO 2 turmeric varieties during and The treatments consists of rhizome treatment with Pseudomonas 10 gm / kg & Trichoderma 4 gm / kg and soil application of 2.5 kg / ha each of P. fluorescens & T. viride in 50 kg FYM as basal and top dressing at 150 days after planting (M1), rhizome treatment with P. 10 gm / kg & Trichoderma 4 gm / kg for 30 minutes and soil application of 2.5 kg / ha each of P. fluorescens & T. harzianum in 50 Kg FYM as basal and top dressing on 150 days after planting (M2), rhizome treatment with 3gm / lt for 30 minutes and drenching the beds with 0.3% mancozeb after disease incidence (M3), farmers practice of rhizome treatment with 4gm / lt for 10 minutes and application of systemic fungicides (M4) and control (M5) Among these modules, M2 was found to be highly effective in managing rhizome rot with the per cent disease reduction. The incidence of leaf spot and thrips population was found to be least in the farmers practice (M4) with 76 per cent and 79 per cent, respectively in both the varieties. The cost benefit analysis revealed that the biocontrol combinations (M1 & M2) were more benefit with BC ratio ranging between followed by the farmers practice with for both the varieties. KEY WORDS: Pseudomonas fluorescens, rhizome rot, thrips, Trichoderma spp., turmeric INTRODUCTION Turmeric is being cultivated in area of 46,000 hectares with the production of 1.74 lakh tonnes in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu contributes 13 per cent of Indian turmeric production. In Dharmapuri district turmeric is cultivated in an area of 10,685 hectares with the production of 39,969 tonnes. The average productivity of this district is 2,698 tonnes which is 23 per cent less than the state average. The BSR 1, BSR 2, PTS 8, PTS 10, Allepy Supreme, Roma and Salem local are the major varieties cultivated in this district. The incidence of rhizome rot, leaf spot, leaf blotch, thrips, leaf folder and cutworm are the major cause for the yield loss in turmeric. Nirmal (1992) reported that the rhizome rot causes per cent loss during storage. Jagatap et al. (2013) recorded per cent yield loss due to the incidence of leaf spot Colletotrichum capsici ((Syd.) Butler & Bisbyl). The survey conducted in various turmeric growing states of South India revealed that the rhizome rot is caused predominately by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson.) Fitz. (Anoop & Susheela, 2014; Sarathi et al., 2014). Fungicides like metalaxyl, mancozeb, mercurial compounds, copper oxi chloride, carbedazim, alliete, 17

2 propiconozle, hexoconozole etc. were widely used by the farmers for the management of disease complex in turmeric. Mostly these compounds were used after noticing the incidence and many times they were used indiscriminately in the management strategies. neem 2 mt / ha reduced the rhizome rot incidence and increased the yield by 1.78 mt / ha (Sadanadan & Iyer, 1986). Good control of rhizome rot caused by P. aphanidermatum was obtained in Kerala when T. harzianum was applied to soil along with neem oil cake. These biocontrol agents performed better in solarized field (Anonymous, 1994). Ram et al. (2000) found that the biocontrol agents T. harzianum, T. aureoviride and T. virens reduced the population density of P. aphanidermatum in Ginger. The leaf thrips Panchaetothrips indicus Bagnall was the major insect pest that causes damage to turmeric in this district. The thrips and leaf spot incidence mostly co-occurs in the field. This reduces the vigour and growth of the plant. The nymphs are gregarious and feed on the upper surface of the leaves, which are white and sluggish. The adults are black, fast movers and suck the sap of the leaves which in turn become yellow and roll. The adults live inside the leaf roll and continue their feeding. The farmers are using broad spectrum insecticides for thrips management and many tend to spray four to five times for the management of thrips alone. The farmers are in need of integrated approach for the management of disease and insect pest in turmeric. The application of organic amendments enriched with bioagents, rhizome treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride, application of bioagents at periodical intervals, spraying of neem based formulations for management thrips were recommended alone or in combination with chemicals in by various research institutes for the management of insect pest and diseases in turmeric. The present study was made to find out the cost effective and eco-friendly module for the insect pest and disease management in turmeric. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field demonstrations to find the suitable management module in turmeric were conducted during and in ten different locations of Dharmapuri district. These demonstrations were carried out in the Puligere, Sompatti, Gopinathampatti and Annamalaipatti clusters. The varieties BSR 2 and CO 2 were used during and respectively to evaluate the different management modules. The turmeric was cultivated under the precision farming system in all the locations of the present study. Except for the pest management modules all other management practices were uniformly followed in all the locations. The different management practices tested in the present study are M1 : (i). Rhizome treatment with P. 10 gm / kg & T. 4 gm / kg for 30 minutes and soil application of 2.5 kg / ha each of P. fluorescens & T. viride in 50 kg FYM as basal and top dressing on 150 days after planting (ii). Spraying of P. 5 gm / lt at 30 DAP and second spray after the incidence of disease (iii). Spraying of nimbecidine ml/l after the incidence of thrips & second spray 15 days after first spray M2 (i). Rhizome treatment with P. 10 gm / kg & T. 4 gm / kg for 30 minutes and soil application of 2.5 kg / ha each of P. fluorescens & T. harzianum in 50 kg FYM as basal and top dressing on 150 days after planting 18

3 M3 (ii). Spraying of P. 5 gm / lt & T. 5 gm/lt at 30 DAP and second spray after the incidence of disease (iii).spraying of nimbecidine ml/l after the incidence of thrips & second spray 15 days after first spray (i). Rhizome treatment with 3gm/lt for 30 minutes and drenching of beds with 0.3% Mancozeb whenever the disease incidence noticed in the field (ii). Spraying of 3gm/lt for the management of leaf spot (iii). Spraying of 2 ml / lt for the management of thrips M4 : Farmer management practices - (i). Rhizome treatment with 4gm/lt for 10 minutes (ii). Application of either imidacloprid ml / lt or thiomethaxam gm / lt or Dimethoate 2 ml/lt for the management of thrips application and propiconozole ml/lt or SAAF (carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP) for leaf spot management on need basis (iii). Spraying of either Sectin (fenamidone 10% + mancozeb 2gm/lt or alliete 2gm/lt or SAAF (carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% 4gm/lt or propiconozole 25 2 ml/lt for the management of rhizome rot M5 : Control The above treatments were replicated four times in all the locations. The mean of the each location was considered as one replication value for the final analysis. The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University formulation of P. fluorescens and T. viride, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research formulation of T. harzianum and commercial formulation of chemicals were used in the present study. In each replication ten plants were randomly selected for observations. The germination percentage, percentage of leaf spot incidence, percentage of rhizome rot incidence and percentage of thrips incidence were recorded at fortnight interval from the 15 h day onwards and continued till the end of the crop. The disease incidence was recorded based on Palarpawar and Ghurde, The plants showing visible rhizome rot symptoms were uprooted and observation on rhizome rot incidence was recorded. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS 16.0 statistical package. The least square difference (LSD) test was used to determine the significance between treatments (Gomez & Gomez, 1984). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Efficacy against Rhizome rot The combination of P. fluorescens and T. harzianum (M 2) was found to be most effective in controlling the rhizome rot in BSR 2 and CO 2 varieties with the per cent disease incidence of and respectively (Table 1). The P. fluorescens and T. viride (M1) and the farmer s practice of using combination of chemicals (M4) stood next in the order with the 20 per cent disease incidence in managing the rhizome rot. These three modules were able to manage the disease incidence up to 70 per cent. Sharma et al. (1991) reported that T. viride in combination with Ridomil MZ gave a greater protection against rhizome rot and also gave higher yield when given as rhizome treatment. Shadap et al. (2014) recorded more germination percentage (98.81), plant height (3.41 cm) and fresh rhizome yield (22.35 t/ha) when the seed rhizomes were treated with T. 5 gm/lt and stored in zero energy cool chamber. Sagar (2006) found that significant inhibition of P. 19

4 aphanidermatum and F. solani growth by the application of systemic fungicides viz., carbendazim, carboxin, iprodione + carbendazim (Quintal), mancozeb + carbendazim (SAAF) and metalaxyl MZ. In the present study the biocontrol agent combination P. fluorescens and T. harzianum (M2) effectively reduced the rhizome rot incidence. Efficacy against leaf spot The results presented in the Table 2 showed that the farmers practice of applying fungicides (M4) viz., either propiconozole ml/lt or SAAF (carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP) was found to be most effective management strategy for leaf spot management. The biocontrol combinations P. fluorescens + T. viride (M1) and P. fluorescens + T. harzianum (M2) reduced the disease incidence up to per cent in both the varieties. The application of 3 gm/lt found to be least effective. The spraying of 1 ml /lt and tebuconozole + 1 ml/lt against leaf spot recorded lowest disease incidence per cent and more rhizome yield t/ha (Adhipathi et al., 2014). Efficacy against thrips The results presented in Table 3 reveals that the application of either imidacloprid ml/lt or thiomethaxam gm /lt (M4) found to be superior in managing the thrips incidence effectively. The two sprays of nimbecidine ml/l on the incidence of thrips reduced the infestation up to per cent in both the varieties. The spraying of 2 ml / lt recorded 30 per cent incidence of thrips in both the varieties. Arutselvi et al., 2012 found that the combination of neem seed kernel and Vitex negundo leaf extracts significantly reduced incidence of leaf thrips in turmeric and recorded increased rhizome yield. Pachundkar et al., 2013 found that thiamethoxam 25 WG and imidacloprid 70 WG were effective in managing the sucking pest complex in cluster bean. 0.5ml / lt and 0.3gm / lt were effective in controlling the thrips in cardamom (Prasath et al., 2013). The farmer s practice of using newer insecticides was found to be superior to the other methods in the study. These results combat with the previous research findings. Effect on the yield and economics Mishra and Pandey (2015) found that the foliar application of propiconazole (0.1%) at 45 and 90 DAP was significantly superior in minimizing per cent disease intensity (27.61) with increased fresh rhizome yield of t / ha. In pot culture experiments and per cent incidence of leaf spot was recorded in the T. harzianum and T. viride treated pots respectively. In the present study also the biocontrol agents reduced the disease incidence up to 65per cent. The time of application is to be optimized for getting good control of leaf spot using biocontrol agents. The rhizome treatment with P. fluorescens and T. harzianum (M2) and the farmers practice of using chemicals for the treatment and subsequent application (M4) recorded almost equal yield of 46 q / ha and 44 q / ha for BSR 2 and CO 2 varieties in the present study. The P. fluroscens and T. viride (M1) recorded 44 q / ha and 42 q / ha yield for BSR 2 and CO 2 varieties respectively. The farmers practice involved more plant protection cost compare to the biocontrol combinations. The indiscriminate and multiple applications of chemicals increases the plant protection cost in the farmers practice. The cost benefit analysis revealed 20

5 that the combination of P. fluorescens + T. harzianum (M2) and P. fluorescens + T. viride (M1) stood first and second in the order with the CB ratio of 5.59 & 5.20 and 5.35 & 5.08 for BSR 2 and CO 2 respectively. The farmers practice (M4) and mancozeb application (M3) was in the third and fourth position with the CB ratio of 5.16 & 4.93 and 4.73 & 4.49 respectively. The increased plant protection and management cost reflects in the cost benefit analysis. Even though the farmer s practice (M4) stood first in managing rhizome rot, leaf spot and thrips in turmeric the cost of chemicals and application results in lowest CB ratio. CONCLUSION The organic cultivation methods are gaining popular among the farmers and in Dharmapuri district more than 50 per cent turmeric area is under precision farming. The liquid formulations of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride are becoming popular among the farmers. The use of these formulations in the drip system and applying them in the root zone periodically may reduce the incidence of rhizome rot. This method will also reduce the labour cost. Hence the combination of P. fluorescens + T. harzianum (M2) or P. fluorescens + T. viride (M1) and nimbecidine 1500 ppm can be effectively used for the management of disease and thrips incidence in turmeric. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are duly thankful to the farmers for providing facilities and labour to conduct the above experiments in their fields. Table 1: Effect of different management modules on the incidence of rhizome rot in turmeric * * BSR 2 CO 2 Module PDI - reduction PDI - reduction PDI PDI M b b (26.80) (25.96) M a a (23.37) (23.84) M c c (34.67) (34.80) M b b (26.79) (26.55) M d d (60.23) (63.04) SEM CD P=0.05% * Values are the mean of ten locations; Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values; Figures followed by the same letter did not differ significantly; PDI Percentage Disease Incidence 21

6 Table 2: Effect of different management modules on the incidence of leaf spot in turmeric * * BSR 2 CO 2 Module PDI - reduction PDI - reduction PDI PDI M b (31.80) (31.14) M b (31.40) (30.84) M c (35.83) (35.47) M a (24.77) (25.52) M d (59.78) (61.94) SEM CD P=0.05% * Values are the mean of ten locations; Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values; Figures followed by the same letter did not differ significantly Table 3: Effect of different management modules on the incidence of thrips in turmeric Module Percentage of infestation * * BSR 2 CO 2 Per cent Percentage of reduction over infestation control M b b (30.75) (30.09) M b b (29.85) (29.58) M c c (33.53) (33.26) M a a (22.92) (23.96) M d d (60.71) (63.21) SEM CD P=0.05% Per cent reduction over control * Values are the mean of ten locations; Figures in parentheses are arc sine transformed values; Figures followed by the same letter did not differ significantly 22

7 Table 4: Effect of different management modules on the yield and economics of turmeric cultivation Module Yield (q/ha) Percentage increase Variety : BSR 2 Plant Protection cost (Rs) Net Return (Rs)* BCR Yield (q/ha) Percentage increase over control Variety : CO 2 Plant Protection cost (Rs) Net Return (Rs)* M1 44 b b M2 46 a ab M3 40 c c M4 46 a a M5 36 d d SEM CD (P=0.05%) *The average market cost is Rs.6500/q BCR 23

8 REFERENCES Anonymous, 1994, Annual Report 1993, National Research Centre for Spices. Kasaragod, Kerala, India. pp.43. Anoop, K. and Suseela Bhai R, Evaluation of antagonistic potential of indigenous Trichoderma isolates against Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) fitz. causing rhizome rot in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Journal of Science, 4(2) Arutselvi R., Ponmurugan, P, Bala Saravanan, T and Suresh, R Formulation of natural insecticides against Panchaetothrips indicus Bagnall in Curcuma longa L. leaves of PTS and Erode varieties. Journal of Biopesticides, 5: Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John wiley and sons. New York. pp Jagtap G. P., Mali, A. K. and Utpal Dey Bioefficacy of fungicides, biocontrol agents and botanicals against leaf spot of turmeric incited by Colletortricum capsici. African Journal of Microbiological Research, 7(18) Mishra, R.S. and Pandey, V.P Management of leaf spot of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) caused by Colletotrichum capsici through fungicides. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 24 (1) Nirmal Babu, K., Samsuddin, K. and Ratnambal, M.J. (1992).. In vitro plant regeneration from leaf derived callus in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Plant, Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 29: Pachundkar N. N., Borad P. K. and Patil P. A Evaluation of various synthetic insecticides against sucking insect pests of Cluster Bean. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 3(8) Palarpawar, M.Y. and Ghurde, V.R., Fungicidal control of leaf spot of turmeric incited by Colletotrichum curcumae. Indian Phytopathology, Prasath, D, Dinesh, R., Srinivasan, V., Senthil Kumar, C.M. and Anandaraj. M Research Highlights of Indian Institute of Spices Research. IISR. pp.20. Ram, D., Mathur, K., Lodha, B.C. and Webster, J Evaluation of resident biocontrol agents as seed treatment against ginger rhizome rot. Indian Phytopathology, 53: Sadanandan, A.K. and Iyer, R Effect of organic amendments on rhizome rot of ginger. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal, 9: Sagar, D.S Investigations on the etiology, epidemiology and integrated management of rhizome rot complex of Ginger and Turmeric. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Agricultural Sciences. Dharwad. pp.173. Sarathi, I., Senthil kumar, V., Senthil kumar, R. and Panneerselvam, A Studies on rhizome rot pathogen in Curcuma longa. International Journal Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 3(8) Shadap, A., Hegde, N.K., Lyngdoh, Y.A. and Rymbai, H Effect of storage methods and seed rhizome treatment on field performance of Ginger var. Humnabad. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 27(1): Sharma, Y.R., Nageshwar Rao, T.G., Anandaraj, M. and Ramana, K.V Rhizome rot of ginger and turmeric. Annual Report, National Research Centre for Spices, Calicut, Kerala, India, pp. 13. [MS received 24 April 2015; MS accepted 12 June 2015] Disclaimer: Statements, information, scientific names, spellings, inferences, products, style, etc. mentioned in Current Biotica are attributed to the authors and do in no way imply endorsement/concurrence by Current Biotica. Queries related to articles should be directed to authors and not to editorial board. 24