Bee diseases and pest control measures: Development of plantbased biopesticides

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1 Bee diseases and pest control measures: Development of plantbased biopesticides Title Body text Wilber Lwande and Rose Marubu Bioprospecting Programme Area icipe

2 Plants Since time immemorial Plants have been a source of many useful products Medicines, agricultural products, industrial products, food supplements, cosmetics, etc.

Plants extensively exploited Medicinal drugs In medicine 63% of conventional drugs are based on plant natural product models 25% of modern medicines used in hospitals

3 Plants extensively exploited Medicinal drugs In medicine 63% of conventional drugs are based on plant natural product models 25% of modern medicines used in hospitals and sold in pharmacies today Made from plants that were used in traditional medicine Over 80% of the population in Africa use herbal medicines for primary health care

4 Examples? Products from traditional medicinal plants

5 Cinchona pubescens Native to the tropical Andes forests of South America Cinchona pubescens

6 Cinchona bark Around 1500s Traditional use of bark Muscle reluxant to halt shivering concoction of ground bark in sweetened water tonic water

7 Cinchona bark The most effective extract of quinine found

8 Quinine 1820 Malaria treatment 1850 s s

9 Cinchona tree plantations

10 Harvesting of Cinchona bark

11 Used by Chinese herbalists for more than 2,000 years Treatment of many illnesses - skin diseases, malaria etc. Artemisia annua

12 Artemisia annua - Artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and derivatives - Coartem - Cotecxin, Duo-Cotecxin, etc - For malaria treatment Artemisia annua

15 Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) Origin - Asia Opium (poppy tears) The dried latex from the opium poppy Traditional use Recreation, pain relief, sedative, treating asthma, stomach illnesses, bad eyesight etc.

16 Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) Contains mophine Processed to heroin and codeine Codeine - for pain relief Annual sales Over US$ 100 million per year

17 Australia, Turkey and India Codeine The major producers of poppy for medicinal purposes and poppy-based drugs (morphine, codeine, etc.)

18 Datura stramonium Devil s apple, devil s trumpet, devil s weed, stinkwee d, devil's cucumber, Hell's Bells, mad seeds Poisonous

Poisonous Traditional use Relieving asthma, cough,

19 Datura stramonium Devil s apple, devil s trumpet, devil s weed, stinkweed, devil's cucumber, Hell's Bells, mad seeds Poisonous Traditional use Relieving asthma, cough, tuberculosis and bronchitis Smoking the dried leaves, roots or flowers.

20 Buscopan Antispasmotic Relief of abdominal discomfort, pain, and acute colic

21 Isopto Hyoscine For dilating (widening) pupil During an inflammatory condition or in diagnostic or post surgery

22 Transdermal scopolamine (TDS) Motion sickness Scuba diving Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).

23 Datura stramonium Major producers - China, India and Australia.

24 Catharanthus roseus Madagascar Vinblastin and vincristine Cancer treatment childhood leukemia Revenue US $ 100 million annually Eli Lily Co.

25 Catharanthus roseus Cultivation in Madagascar

26 The Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia) Taxol (Paclitaxel) - For treatment of cancer

27 Herbal or botanical medicines Based on standardised semi-purified extracts of medicinal plants Global market Over K.Sh. 6.5 trillion per year China and India major players

28 Prunus Africana African Cherry or Red Stinkwood) Traditional use Treatment of fevers, malaria, wound dressing, arrow poison, stomach pain, purgative, kidney disease, appetite stimulant, gonorrhoea, insanity. Malaria, stomachache, fever, asthma, (urinary problems?)

29 Prunus Africana Products on international market Extracts in tablets or capsules Sold under different names Tadenan - by Laboratoire Debat in France; Pugenil - by Indena Spa in Italy Prosca - Merck and Dohme in Germany Pugeum in a range of health food outlets

30 Prunus Africana 3,200-4,900 tons of dried bark or extract exploited annually Cameroon, Madagascar, DRC, Kenya, Uganda, Equatorial Guinea Extract and bark Largest volume of any African medicinal plant in international trade Exported to France, Italy, Spain and Belgium.

31 Pest control - Botanical, Herbal-based, Plant-based or Plant-derived pesticides - Market increasing - Mainly in the developed countries - A vast wealth of untapped rich biodiversity and associated traditional knowledge and practices in Africa

32 Plant-derived pesticides Offer attractive alternative option to synthetic pesticides For management of pests and diseases vectors of bees Potential not fully exploited

33 Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) Essential oils Very effective on varroa mites Also tracheal mites, chalkbrood, nosema mites A low growing herbaceous plant 15 and 20 cm tall Native to southern Europe

34 Traditional medicinal plant in Europe Prevention of nightmares, source of courage Stimulant, antispasmodic, Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) Treating depression, epilepsy Antiseptic for fungal infections A German pharmacist Essential oil (volatile oil) contains a powerful disinfectant called thymol effective against bacteria and fungi

35 Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) Attactive to bees A source of a very good honey

36 Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) Currently Widely cultivated in Europe for its strong flavor, Widely used in cooking flavouring meats, soups and stews, sauces, stews, stuffings, poultry Ingredient in some cigarretes Sold both fresh and dried

37 Active ingredient Thymol Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) Very effective against varroa mites Also tracheal mites, chalkbrood, nosema

38 Thymol The major constituent in commercial plant-derived pesticides for bee pests and diseases Ingrediant in vicks and Listerine

39 Plant-derived pesticides for bee pests & diseases In the market place - commercial Examples products for varroa mites Mainly with thymol Api Life VAR Thymovar Apiguard

40 ApiLife VAR Developed in Italy The first herbal-based product to be registered for varroa control Registered in 1995 in Italy Registered in 1996 in Switzerland

41 Ingredients Plant volatile constituents: Thymol (76%), eucalyptol (16.4%), camphor (3.8), menthol (3.8) ApiLife VAR Thymol Eucalyptol Camphor Menthol

42 Application (Varroa treatment) 1 Tablet laid on upper part of the brood comb Replace tablet after 3-6 weeks over 6-8 weeks ApiLife VAR

43 A swiss formulation For varroa mites treatment Registered in 1998 Thymovar A Sponge cloth (5X14.5 cm) treated with thymol (15.0 g)

44 Application (Varroa treatment) Thymovar The Thymovar wafer (dispenser) is placed directly on brood combs replaced after 4 weeks.

45 Apiguard Developed in the VITA (Europe) Ltd. (UK) For Varroa mite control Tracheal mites and chalkbrood 12 gm thymol per dispenser

46 Apiguard One blister distributed to each beehive twice at an interval of 15 days

47 Africa Very rich plant biodiversity Potential source New plant-derived pesticides for bee pests and diseases Not yet exploited

48 icipe and partners

49 Development & application of plant-derived pesticides Bioprospecting Discovery, development and commercialisation of products from nature Discovery process 1. Selection of plant species for evaluation By random selection Based on traditional knowledge More probability of success More likely to be less toxic (non toxic) 2. Collection and extraction of the selected plants

50 Plant-based pesticides - steps Discovery process (cont...) 3. Testing of plant samples for effectiveness against bee pests and disease vectors Laboratory bioassays 4. Testing for safety (toxicity) Bees, humans, environment 5. Identifying active chemical constituents

51 Product development Protecting intellectual property patents etc. Formulation Optimising effectiveness, safety Trials semi-field, field Optimising production systems Registration of the products Commercialisation sales and marketing Plant-based pesticides - steps

Psychoactive Substances

Psychoactive Substances GE1328 BMS CityU 2015 Part 2: Cannabis and Opiates Georges M. Halpern, MD, PhD drgeorges@drgeorges.net 1 Male (left) and female (right) flowers of Cannabis sativa Courtesy Dr. J.