Honey bee diseases, pests, and disorders
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1 Honey bee diseases, pests, and disorders David R. Tarpy CES Agent Training Assistant Professor and Extension Apiculturist Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7613 North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC TEL: April 7th, 2006
2 Disease Infective agents of honey bees; grow within (pathogen) or feed upon (parasite) honey bees as hosts
3 Economically important diseases: Brood pathogens 1. American foulbrood (AFB) 2. European foulbrood (EFB) 3. Chalkbrood 4. Sacbrood
4 American foulbrood (AFB) Agent: spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae larvae Symptoms: brown larvae, foul odor, ropiness, scale Treatments: oxytetracycline, burn
5 The dried remains for a scale on the bottom of the cell, containing billions of AFB spores Pupal tongue --a characteristic symptom of AFB
6 Ropy test Pull cell contents out with a matchstick; if it is elastic, it is probably AFB
7 Treatments
8 Economically important diseases: Brood pathogens 1. American foulbrood (AFB) 2. European foulbrood (EFB) 3. Chalkbrood 4. Sacbrood
9 European foulbrood (EFB) Agent: bacterium Melissococcus pluton and associated flora Symptoms: brown larvae, foul odor, no ropiness, no scale Treatments: oxytetracycline, strong colony
10 Treatments
11 Economically important diseases: Brood pathogens 1. American foulbrood (AFB) 2. European foulbrood (EFB) 3. Chalkbrood 4. Sacbrood
12 Chalkbrood Agent: fungus Ascophaera apis Symptoms: white or black hardened pupal remains Treatments: no chemotherapies, requeen colony?
13 Economically important diseases: Brood pathogens 1. American foulbrood (AFB) 2. European foulbrood (EFB) 3. Chalkbrood 4. Sacbrood
14 Sacbrood Agent: virus Symptoms: brown larvae, canoe-shaped position in cell Treatments: no chemotherapies, strong colony
15 Economically important diseases: Adult parasites 1. Varroa mites 2. Tracheal mites 3. Nosema
16 Varroa mite Agent: ecto-parasite Varroa destructor Symptoms: presence of mites, deformed wings Treatments: numerous chemical treatments and prevention measures
17 Life cycle of Varroa destructor
18 Treatments Pesticides Apistan Checkmite + Genetically Resistant Stocks Russian strain SMR Mechanical Bottom Screens Drone Brood Traps Colony dusts Biological Fungi Oil Treatments Mineral Oil/Fogger Apilife VAR and other Essential Oils Sugar Esters Organic Acids Formic Oxalic
19 Economically important diseases: Adult parasites 1. Varroa mites 2. Tracheal mites 3. Nosema
20 QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Tracheal mites Agent: endo-parasite Acarapis woodi Symptoms: diminishing worker population, morbidity, colony death with ample food stores Treatments: menthol, grease patty
21 Economically important diseases: Adult parasites 1. Varroa mites 2. Tracheal mites 3. Nosema
22 Nosema disease Agent: protozoan Nosema apis Symptoms: distended abdomens, defecation inside hive Treatments: Fumidil- B, strong colony
23 Pests Animals that attack bee hives for food or other resources
24 Economically important pests 1. Wax moths 2. Small hive beetle (SHB) 3. Mammals 4. Other insects Picture by Zachary Huang
25 Picture by Zachary Huang Wax moths Agent: moth Galaria Symptoms: silk cocoons, large larvae Treatments: PDB crystals, light, freezing combs
26 Economically important pests 1. Wax moths 2. Small hive beetle (SHB) 3. Mammals 4. Other insects
27 Small Hive Beetle (SHB) Agent: beetle Aethinda tumida Symptoms: presence of beetles, putrifying combs Treatments: GuardStar soil drench, coumaphos
28
29 Treatments
30 Economically important pests 1. Wax moths 2. Small hive beetle (SHB) 3. Mammals 4. Other insects
31
32 Economically important pests 1. Wax moths 2. Small hive beetle (SHB) 3. Mammals 4. Other insects
33 Disorders Factors that are not due to parasites, pathogens, or pests of honey bee colonies but are still problematic for the beekeeper
34 Non-disease Disorders 1. Chilled brood 2. Poisoning 3. Laying workers 4. Drone layer 5. Shotbrood 6. Supersedure
35 Non-disease Disorders 1. Chilled brood 2. Poisoning 3. Laying workers 4. Drone layer 5. Shotbrood 6. Supersedure
36
37
38 Non-disease Disorders 1. Chilled brood 2. Poisoning 3. Laying workers 4. Drone layer 5. Shotbrood 6. Supersedure
39 Non-disease Disorders 1. Chilled brood 2. Poisoning 3. Laying workers 4. Drone layer 5. Shotbrood 6. Supersedure
40 Non-disease Disorders 1. Chilled brood 2. Poisoning 3. Laying workers 4. Drone layer 5. Shotbrood 6. Supersedure
41 Non-disease Disorders 1. Chilled brood 2. Poisoning 3. Laying workers 4. Drone layer 5. Shotbrood 6. Supersedure
42 QuickTime and a Animation decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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