A Global Perspective Phytosanitary Irradiation

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1 Protection 1 A Global Perspective Phytosanitary Irradiation Carl Blackburn c.blackburn@iaea.org Food and Environmental Protection Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Sixth Annual Chapman Phytosanitary Forum Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA March, 2016

2 Protection 2 Presentation outline Overview - irradiation Commercial Trade (Phytosanitary) - Trade in fresh fruits and vegetables - PI facilities Trade Agreements - International context and standards Conclusions Short film (?)

3 Protection 3 Conclusions Lots of things are irradiated Although many radiation processing centres world wide, but few (< 20 facilities) irradiate as a phytosanitary treatment. International framework exists Phytosanitary irradiation and trade is supported by international standards, international agreements, national legislation and regulation. Increasing commercial trade Irradiation treatments for phytosanitary security are being used - fresh fruits and vegetables. Commercial trade volumes increasing but still early days. The time is right Potential for growth

4 Overview of irradiation Food & Environmental Protection 4

5 Protection 5 Non-Food Applications Animal feed / chews Medical devices / equipment / implants Cosmetics Medicines Material modification Packaging Artefacts Gemstones

Protection 6 Food Applications Food irradiation is used for the

destroying pathogenic organisms, to reduce spoilage of foodstuffs by

organisms, to reduce loss of foodstuffs by premature ripening,

6 Protection 6 Food Applications Food irradiation is used for the following to reduce the incidence of food-borne disease by destroying pathogenic organisms, to reduce spoilage of foodstuffs by retarding or arresting decay processes and destroying spoilage organisms, to reduce loss of foodstuffs by premature ripening, germination or sprouting, to rid foodstuffs of organisms harmful to plant or plant products.

7 Protection 7 Special Food Applications USA 42 kgy meat for astronauts / cosmonauts kgy Food medical patients or as emergency rations

8 Protection 8 Dose Range Log 10 Radiation Dose Gy 1000 Gy 100 Gy High Medium Low Sterile (space mission food) (long-life rations) Inactivate microorganisms (Reduce risk of foodborne illness) (Prevent spoilage, extend shelf-life) Phytosanitary hundreds of Gy Inactivate parasites (300 Gy Trichinella spiralis) Prevent sprouting (< 200 Gy) Delay ripening

9 Commercial Trade Phytosanitary Irradiation (PI) Food & Environmental Protection 9

10 Protection 10 PI Commercial Trade Fresh fruits and vegetables irradiated at origin or on arrival International Domestic China 20,000 30,000 tonnes per year

Americas Asia & Pacific Americas Irradiation Facilities (Phytosanitary) X-ray Facility USA -

will say more about this??viet Nam - SonSon Corporation, Ho Chi Minh City?

http://www.sonsonco.com/vietnam/thanhlong.html NCEBR http://ebeam-tamu.

11 Americas Asia & Pacific Americas Irradiation Facilities (Phytosanitary) X-ray Facility USA - Hawaii Pride (Calavo Growers) since 2000 Electron Beam Facilities China Pingxiang, Guangxi will say more about this??viet Nam - SonSon Corporation, Ho Chi Minh City?? USA - National Center for EB Research, College Station, Texas USA Sadex, Sioux City, Iowa NCEBR IAEA Collaborating Centre Hawaii Pride photo - honoluluadvertiser.com. Food & Environmental Protection 11

Protection 12 Asia & Pacific Africa Americas Irradiation Facilities (Phytosanitary) Gamma Irradiation (cobalt-60 source) Australia - Steritech, Queensland multipurpose India - Krushak, Lasalgaon,

12 Protection 12 Asia & Pacific Africa Americas Irradiation Facilities (Phytosanitary) Gamma Irradiation (cobalt-60 source) Australia - Steritech, Queensland multipurpose India - Krushak, Lasalgaon, Maharastra food Thailand - Thai Irradiation Centre, Bangkok multipurpose Viet Nam An Phu, Ho Chi Minh City, - multipurpose South Africa - HEPRO, Cape Town multipurpose Mexico - Benebion, Guadalajara - food Mexico - Sterigenics, Mexico City multipurpose USA - Gateway America, Gulfport, Mississippi - food USA - Pa ina, Hawaii, - food

13 Protection 13 Pingxiang, Guangxi Facility - China Phytosanitary Irradiation E Beam facility, - treat fruit imported from Viet Nam Facility operational in electron beam accelerators (7.5 kw, 10 MeV)

14 Pingxiang, Guangxi Facility - China Electron Beam - Imported fruit Zhang Guoping Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, China Food & Environmental Protection 14

15 Trade Agreements International Context Food & Environmental Protection 15

. rules and obligations are the bedrock that channel the ebb and flow of

16 Protection 16 World Trade International trade agreements bedrock of multilateral trading system.. rules and obligations are the bedrock that channel the ebb and flow of trade Fairness avoid arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination. Prevent technical requirements being unnecessary barriers to trade

17 Protection 17 Food, animal and plant health regulations (Protection not protectionism) WORLD TRADE The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) Animal Health Standards Plant Health Standards Food Safety & Quality Standards

18 Protection 18 International Standards Plant Health IPPC OIE CODEX Animal Health Food Safety & Quality

19 Protection 19 Phytosanitary Irradiation Purpose is to protect plant health IPPC The commodity is often a food Codex IPPC Phytosanitary irradiation Fresh fruits & vegetables Codex Food irradiation Rules, regulations, agreements reflect both IPPC standards and guidelines Codex standards, codes of practice

Protection 20 Phytosanitary Standards IPPC - multilateral treaty: international cooperation in plant protection - Secretariat FAO, Rome, Italy (IPPC = Name of the Organization and the Treaty).

20 Protection 20 Phytosanitary Standards IPPC - multilateral treaty: international cooperation in plant protection - Secretariat FAO, Rome, Italy (IPPC = Name of the Organization and the Treaty). International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) ISPM 18: Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure ISPM 28: Phytosanitary Treatments for Regulated Pests Several languages En, Es, Fr Ru, Ar, Zh (Portuguese Vietnamese)

Sources of ionizing radiation ISPM 18: Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure Gamma rays (radionuclide cobalt-60 or caesium-137), Electron beams

21 Sources of ionizing radiation ISPM 18: Guidelines for the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary measure Gamma rays (radionuclide cobalt-60 or caesium-137), Electron beams (machine sources) x-rays (machine source) Gamma irradiation Electron accelerators X-Ray machines (Same in Codex General Standard for irradiated food) Food & Environmental Protection 21

22 ISPM 28: Phytosanitary Treatments for Regulated Pests Annexes with treatments - 15 out of 19 treatments are irradiation Annex Title Min Dose 1 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Anastrepha ludens [70 Gy] 2 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Anastrepha oblique [70 Gy] 3 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Anastrepha serpentin [100 Gy] 4 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Bactrocera jarvisi [100 Gy] 5 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Bactrocera tryoni [100 Gy] 6 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Cydia pomonella [200 Gy] 7 (2009) Irradiation treatment for fruit flies of the family Tephritidae (generic) [150 Gy] 8 (2009) Irradiation treatment for Rhagoletis pomonella [60 Gy] 9 (2010) Irradiation treatment for Conotrachelus nenuphar [92 Gy] 10 (2010) Irradiation treatment for Grapholita molesta [232 Gy] 11 (2010) Irradiation treatment for Grapholita molesta under hypoxia [232 Gy] 12 (2011) Irradiation treatment for Cylas formicarius elegantulus [165 Gy] 13 (2011) Irradiation treatment for Euscepes postfasciatus [150 Gy] 14 (2011) Irradiation treatment for Ceratitis capitata [100 Gy] 19 (2015) Irradiation treatment for Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Planococcus lilacinus Food & Environmental and Planococcus minor Protection 22 [231 Gy]

Protection 23 Phytosanitary Standards FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) The ISPM 28 irradiation treatments from CRP participants Most recent CRP D62008 Developing Generic Doses for

23 Protection 23 Phytosanitary Standards FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) The ISPM 28 irradiation treatments from CRP participants Most recent CRP D62008 Developing Generic Doses for Quarantine Treatments ( ) Institutes from 15 different countries generated data on 38 different pest species. Over thirty manuscripts have been prepared and submitted for publication in a special issue of Florida Entomologist.

24 Protection 24 Phytosanitary Standards Approval of Irradiation Facilities Regional Standard Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC) Submitted to IPPC Developed from a Regional IAEA Technical Cooperation Project

Protection 25 Support Manual of Good Practice in Food Irradiation http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/trs481web-98290059.pdf elearning course Register and access: http://bit.

25 Protection 25 Support Manual of Good Practice in Food Irradiation elearning course Register and access: Dosimetry for Food Irradiation Training - Hands On Workshop ebeam April 2016 (IAEA Collaborating Centre) National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station.

26 Summary 2 minute film (?) Food & Environmental Protection 26

27 Protection 27 Conclusions Lots of things are irradiated Although many radiation processing centres world wide, but few (< 20 facilities) irradiate as a phytosanitary treatment. International framework exists Phytosanitary irradiation and trade is supported by international standards, international agreements, national legislation and regulation. Increasing commercial trade Irradiation treatments for phytosanitary security are being used - fresh fruits and vegetables. Commercial trade volumes increasing but still early days. The time is right Potential for growth

28 Food Irradiation - Infographic Food & Environmental Protection 28

29 Protection 29 Thank You!! Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria

30 Protection 30 A Global Perspective Phytosanitary Irradiation Carl Blackburn c.blackburn@iaea.org Food and Environmental Protection Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Sixth Annual Chapman Phytosanitary Forum Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA March, 2016

Phytosanitary Irradiation: Technology and Efficacy

Phytosanitary Irradiation: Technology and Efficacy Outline Irradiation Technology Insect Efficacy Phytosanitary Irradiation History Background Global trade of commodities New products for US consumers