Neuropeptide Y-like Immunoreactivity Localizes to Preganglionic Axon Terminals in the Rhesus Monkey Ciliary Ganglion
|
|
- Melina Carroll
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Neuropeptide Y-like Immunoreactivity Localizes to Preganglionic Axon Terminals in the Rhesus Monkey Ciliary Ganglion Patricia A. Grimes, 1 Brigitte Koeberlein, 1 Margarete Tigges, 2 and Richard A. Stone 1 PURPOSE. TO characterize neuropeptide distribution in the ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto). METHODS. Cryostat tissue sections of fixed rhesus monkey ciliary, pterygopalatine, superior cervical, and trigeminal ganglia were incubated with antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and dopamine-/3-hydroxylase (DBH). Antibody binding was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS. NPY-like immunoreactive (LI) nerve terminals surrounded 80% of ciliary ganglion cells, but ciliary ganglion cell somata were unstained. NPY-LI cells were present in the superior cervical ganglion, in which almost all cells were TH- and DBH-LI, and in the pterygopalatine ganglion, in which almost all cells were VIP-LI. Because neither TH, DBH, nor VIP immunoreactivity was detected in nerves contacting ciliary ganglion cells, the NPY-LI input to ciliary neurons does not likely derive from the autonomic ganglia. The trigeminal ganglion, another potential source, had no NPY-LI neurons. CGRP- and SP-LI axons from the nasociliary nerve traversed the ciliary ganglion; a small number of varicose axons were distributed among ganglion cells and rarely surrounded cell somata. Most ciliary ganglion cells were TH-LI, but only a few were DBH-LI. CONCLUSIONS. Based on these patterns of peptide immunoreactivities, the NPY-LI nerve fibers investing ciliary ganglion cells in the rhesus monkey are most likely preganglionic axon terminals of mesencephalic parasympathetic neurons. Although the origin and function of these NPY-LI nerves remains to be established, the present finding adds to the remarkable diversity of neuropeptide immunoreactivity so far identified in preganglionic and postganglionic cells of the ciliary ganglion in different species of birds and mammals, including primates. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39: ) The ciliary ganglion provides parasympathetic innervation to the intrinsic ocular muscles responsible for pupil movement and accommodation. Immunohistochemical studies have localized several neuropeptides to subsets of ciliary neurons in mammals and birds that possibly reflect functional diversity in the neuronal population. In the rat, the ciliary ganglion contains subgroups of cells immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, a seemingly large diversity of neuronal subtypes given the animal's rudimentary accommodative capacity; no peptides have been identified in preganglionic nerves supplying the rat ciliary gangli- From the 'Department of Ophthalmology and Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and the 2 Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Presented in part at the 1994 annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, Florida. Supported by research grants EYO5454 and EY09737 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland and by an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness. RAS is a Research to Prevent Blindness Senior Scientific Investigator. Submitted for publication May 7, 1997; revised September 19, 1997; accepted November 3, Proprietary interest category: N. Reprint requests: Richard A. Stone, D-603 Richards Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA on. 1 In the cat, NPY- and galanin-like immunoreactive (LI) cells comprise approximately 25% each of the ciliary ganglion population, with only 5% of cells immunoreactive to both peptides; the NPY-LI cells are preferentially contacted by somatostatin- and CGRP-LI preganglionic nerve terminals. 5 " 7 The monkey has a much greater accommodative range than either the rat or the cat; most ciliary ganglion cells supply the ciliary muscle, and few target the iris muscles. 8 In the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), NPY, VIP, and substance P (SP) immunoreactivities localize to nerve fibers between and around ciliary ganglion cells; a portion of ganglion cell somata are immunoreactive for VIP but not for the other peptides. 9 In another study of the same monkey species, faint to moderate SP immunoreactivity was detected in 60% of cell somata. 10 Some cholinergic ciliary ganglion neurons of monkeys 1112 show tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, a property also noted in rats, cats, and dogs."" 13 In the only immunohistochemical study of the human ciliary ganglion, both SP and CGRP immunoreactivity localized in varicose axons contacting ciliary neurons, and approximately one fourth of ciliary perikarya showed TH immunoreactivity. 14 The ciliary ganglion of birds contains a distinct population of neurons innervating the choroid in addition to those innervating iris and ciliary muscle, and it is therefore more complex than the mammalian ganglion. In the pigeon, immunoreactivities to SP, enkephalin, and VIP colocalize in preganglionic Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2 Copyright Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology 227
2 228 Grimes et al. IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2 terminals contacting many ciliary ganglion cells of both types. l5 ~ 17 In the chicken ciliary ganglion, however, only SP-LI preganglionic terminals have been identified, and these selectively target a group of somatostatin-li ganglion cells that innervate the choroid.' 8 In the present study, the ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys was examined for immunoreactivity to several neuropeptides and neurotransmitter-related enzymes. The most notable finding is that NPY-LI preganglionic nerve processes surround most ciliary neurons in this primate. NPY immunoreactivity has not been identified previously in preganglionic terminals of either the ciliary ganglion or other parasympathetic ganglia in any species. METHODS Ciliary, pterygopalatine, superior cervical, and trigeminal ganglia were obtained from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) killed for other purposes at the Yerkes Primate Center (Atlanta, GA). Nine monkeys, aged 9 to 11 months, had either unilateral surgical aphakia (five animals) or occlusion of the eye (four animals) from shortly after birth; one mature 18-year-old monkey was not part of any ocular study. This investigation adhered to the tenets of the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. While under deep general anesthesia, all animals were perfused transcardially with 0.9% NaCl solution followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer; the eyes and brains, used by other investigators for unrelated experiments, were unavailable for study. The ganglia, removed approximately 16 to 20 hours after perfusion, were immersed either in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 24 hours or in Zamboni's solution 19 for 24 or 48 hours and then were transferred to 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 30% sucrose for 24 hours. Cryostat tissue sections, 16- to 20-/xm thick, were cut and thaw mounted on gelatincoated slides. Tissue sections were incubated with one of three different rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against porcine NPY (Incstar, Stillwater, MN; Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, CA; Affiniti Research Products, Mamhead, Exeter, UK) and diluted 1:500 in 0.05 M phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.3% Triton X-100. All three NPY antisera showed the same quality and distribution of specific immunofluorescence. The NPY antiserum supplied by Incstar was used for the photomicrographs provided here. Additional rabbit polyclonal antisera against the following antigens were also used at the indicated dilutions: CGRP (Cambridge Research Biochemicals, Wilmington, DE), 1:500; SP (mcstar), 1:500; VIP (Incstar), 1:500; TH (Eugene Tech International, Ramsey, NJ), 1:400; and dopamine-j8-hydroxylase (DBH; Eugene Tech), 1:200. After incubation with primary antisera for 18 hours at room temperature, the tissue sections were incubated for 1 hour with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit Immunoglobulin G (Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA) and then for 1 hour with streptavidin-texas red (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL). The immunostaining specificity was established by omitting the primary antiserum from die incubation procedure and, for NPY, by preadsorbing the diluted primary antiserum with 1 ixm porcine NPY (Peninsula Laboratories). The proportion of ciliary ganglion cells surrounded by NPY-LI cell processes was estimated from counts of all somata receiving labeled and unlabeled inputs in a series of nonoverlapping photographs of a single section from each ganglion. Approximately 250 cells were counted in each section. Except where specifically noted, the observations described are based on examinations of ganglia ipsilateral to the control phakic or nonoccluded eyes. RESULTS The ciliary ganglia in this study showed the same anatomic features and neural connections described previously for rhesus monkeys. 20 Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves enter the ganglion at its attachment to the oculomotor nerve at the origin of the branch to the inferior oblique muscle. The ganglion also is joined by two or three fine branches of the nasociliary nerve carrying both sensory and sympathetic axons that are thought to traverse the ganglion without synapse and to exit with postganglionic parasympathetic axons in the multiple ciliary nerves supplying the eye. Many fine nerves (rami orbitales) originating from the pterygopalatine ganglion lie in proximity to the ciliary ganglion 21 and could join the ganglion. In all ciliary ganglia examined, the majority of cell somata were surrounded by a dense array of NPY-LI nerve processes (Fig. 1). Tangential sections passing through the perisomatic region showed that the NPY-LI processes consisted of fine fibers often terminating in bulbous expansions. Some smooth nerve fibers coursing among the ganglion cells also were positively stained. All ganglion cell somata were NPY negative. The proportion of ciliary neurons surrounded by NPY-LI nerve processes averaged 80% (range, 55%-96%) in ganglia innervating the untreated eyes of the nine young monkeys; counts from three ganglia innervating aphakic eyes gave the same value (average, 80%; range, 66%- 89%). In the two ganglia from one untreated mature monkey, the proportions were 66% and 76%. NPY immunoreactivity was not detected in cross-sections of the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve or in longitudinal sections of the parasympathetic root supplying the ganglion. The localization of NPY immunoreactivity to nerve processes surrounding ciliary ganglion cells contrasts notably with its localization in the other ganglia supplying the rhesus monkey eye. We found NPY immunoreactivity in the postganglionic neurons and not in preganglionic processes of both the sympathetic superior cervical ganglion and the parasympathetic pterygopalatine ganglion. These observations are fully consistent with other reports. 9 ' 22 In the superior cervical ganglion, approximately half of the cell somata were NPY-LI; almost all cells were TH positive (Figs. 2A, 2B) and DBH positive (data not shown). In the pterygopalatine ganglion, approximately half of the cells were NPY-LI and almost all cells were VIP-LI (Figs. 2C, 2D). Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was not detected in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, but CGRP-LI and SP-LI cells were present (data not shown). In the ciliary ganglion, the NPY-LI nerve processes surrounding ganglion cells were not immunoreactive for TH or DBH, the adrenergic marker enzymes that colocalize with NPY in postganglionic sympathetic neurons (Fig. 3). However, almost all the cholinergic ciliary ganglion cells (>90%) displayed TH immunoreactivity (Fig. 3A), and rare ciliary ganglion cells (<1%) were immunoreactive for DBH (Figs. 3B, 3Q. Small bundles of NPY-, TH-, or DBH-LI nerve fibers, presumably postganglionic sympathetic axons, were present in nasociliary nerve branches entering the ganglion.
3 IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2 Neuropeptide Y-Like Immunoreactivity in Monkey Ciliary Ganglion 229 FIGURE 1. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglion. (A) Most ganglion cell somata are surrounded by NPY-like Lmmunoreactive (LI) nerve processes. Where the perisomatic region is sectioned tangentiaily, a complex array of stainedfibersand bulbous profiles is visible {arrow). Small granules in the ganglion cell nuclei are nonspecifically stained. (B) A small proportion of ciliary neurons scattered throughout the ganglion is not invested with NPY-LI nerve processes (arrows). Some thick immunoreactive nerve fibers (arrowheads) course within die ganglion. (C) In sections incubated with preabsorbed antiserum, staining of nerve processes is absent, but nonspecific staining of granular structures in the cell nuclei persists (arrows). Magnification bar, 50 /nm. VIP immunoreactivity, which coexists with NPY immunoreactivity in pterygopalatine ganglion cells, was not detected in any neurons of the ciliary ganglia (data not shown). VIP-LI varicose nerve fibers, always seen around adjacent blood vessels, provided evidence of effective immunohistochernical staining. CGRP and SP immunoreactivity, identified in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, localized to axons of nasociliary nerve branches joining the ciliary ganglion and in bundles of axons traversing the ganglion (Fig % 4). In addition, a small number of isolated varicose nerve fibers immunoreactive to either peptide were diffusely distributed throughout the ganglion; rarely, these varicose fibers partially or completely surrounded a ciliary ganglion cell (Fig. 4). No ciliary ganglion cell somata stained positively for either CGRP or SP. DISCUSSION The present results demonstrate dense networks of NPY-LI nerve fibers surrounding approximately 80% of rhesus monkey ciliary ganglion cells. Unilateral aphakia or occlusion of the eye in the young monkeys studied did not cause a difference in the distribution of NPY immunoreactivity between ipsilateral and contralateral ciliary ganglia. Demonstration of the same immunohistochemical staining pattern in the ciliary ganglia of an untreated monkey indicates that the unilateral ocular procedures in the experimental monkeys did not induce expression of NPY-like immunoreactivity in both ganglia. The distribution of NPY-LI nerve fibers, clustered densely around most ciliary ganglion cell somata, suggests they are terminals of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons located in the mesencephalon. NPY-LI axons were not detected in the oculomotor nerve supplying the ganglion, but it is possible that the amount of peptide in preterminal axons is below the level detectable with immunohistochemical analysis. In support of a mesencephalic origin, the NPY-positive nerves investing ciliary ganglion cells clearly differ from NPY-positive nerves that join or potentially join the ganglion through connections from the superior cervical, pterygopalatine, or trigeminal ganglia. Superior cervical ganglion cells immunoreactive for NPY are also immunoreactive for TH and DBH, enzymes present in all postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Although bundles of sympathetic axons joining the ciliary ganglion are NPY-, TH-, and DBH-LI and many ciliary ganglion cell somata are TH-positive, the NPY-LI nerves surrounding ciliary ganglion cells are TH and DBH negative. Many pterygopalatine neurons also are NPY-LI, but almost all are immunoreactive for VIP, indicating extensive, if not complete, coexistence of the two inimunoreactivities in these pterygopalatine neurons. Because we found no VIP immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia, a major projection of NPY-positive nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglion to ciliary ganglion cells seems unlikely. No NPY immunoreactivity
4 230 Grimes et al. IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2 FIGURE 2. Immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY) and other markers in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG). (A) In the SCG, NPY-like immunoreactive (LI) granules are present in the perikaryal cytoplasm of approximately 50% of the sympathetic ganglion cells, and (B) almost all cells are tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive. (C) NPY-LI granules are present in approximately half of the parasympathetic ganglion cells of the PPG, whereas (D) approximately 90% of the cells demonstrate varying levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. Magnification bar, 50 /xm. FIGURE 3. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-js-hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglion, (A) Nearly all ciliary ganglion cells are TH positive with staining varying from bright to dim. Rare, dim cells were considered negative. No staining is evident in the perisomatic nerve processes, although many TH-positive smooth nerve fibers course between the cell somata, (B, C) DBH immunoreactivity is detected only in a few scattered ganglion cells. Magnification bar, 50 fun.
5 IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2 Neuropeptide Y-Like Immunoreactivity in Monkey Ciliary Ganglion 231 FIGURE 4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglion. (A) CGRP-like immunoreactive (LI) nervefibersare prominent in a nasociliary nerve branch entering the ganglion (arrowheads). A few bright varicose fibers course between ganglion cells. Some immunoreactive processes cluster around one small ganglion cell (arrow). (B) SP-LI varicose nerve fibers cluster irregularly around two adjacent cell somata (arrows). Some axons of moderate staining intensity are visible in a small nasociliary nerve branch entering the ganglion (arrowheads). Magnification bar, 50 ;nm. was identified in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion in these rhesus monkeys, a rinding consistent with observations of others in cynomolgus monkeys 9 and in the Japanese macaque 22 and excluding a sensory origin for the NPY-positive terminals in the ciliary ganglion. A major NPY-LI preganglionic input has not been identified in previous inimunohistochemical studies of the ciliary ganglion of any species, including that of cynomolgus monkey 9 and humans. 14 In cynomolgus monkeys, however, van der Werf 9 observed NPY-LI nerve fibers surrounding some ciliary ganglion cells and assumed that they originated from the pterygopalatine ganglion; an alternative origin from preganglionic mesencephalic neurons seems equally possible based on the present results in rhesus monkey. NPY-LI nerve fibers in the human ciliary ganglion are extremely rare and are not in contact with ciliary neurons. 14 Besides NPY immunoreactivity, other differences are evident between primates in the immunohistochemistry of the ciliary ganglion with respect to both neural somata and nerve fiber staining. Although one study 10 reported SP immunoreactivity in approximately 60% and 40% of ciliary neurons of the cynomolgus monkey and the cat, respectively, this localization had not been detected in either animal by other investigators. 6 ' 9 Approximately 30% of ciliary ganglion cell somata have been reported to be V1P-LI in the cynomolgus monkey. 9 In comparison, cell somata in the ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys and humans 14 are negative for all neuropeptides examined, including SP, VIP, CGRP, and NPY. One consistent characteristic of primates is the presence of many TH-positive-DBH-negative ciliary ganglion cells. In rhesus, cynomolgus,' 2 and Japanese macaque 1 ' monkeys, these cells comprise 70% to 90% of the ganglion cell population; in the human ciliary ganglion, 25% of cell somata are TH positive and DBH negative. 14 The function of TH in cholinergic ciliary neurons of primates and of other mammals remains unknown. Differences also occur in the nerve fiber localization of neuropeptides within the ciliary ganglion. Although bundles of sensory CGRP- and SP-LI nerves from the nasociliary nerve enter and traverse the rhesus monkey ganglion, we rarely found CGRP- or SP-positive varicose axons surrounding ciliary neurons, hi cynomolgus monkeys, SP- but not CGRP-LI varicose nerve fibers invest a small proportion of ciliary ganglion cells. 910 In the human ciliary ganglion, 18% of cells are contacted by SP-LI varicose axons and 12% by CGRP-LI axons, almost all of which were also SP positive. 14 Some of die sensory axons passing through the ciliary ganglion could give rise to the fine varicose nerves that contact the ganglion cells in these species; alternatively, the CGRP- and SP-LI perisomatic nerve fibers may originate from another source. Inimunohistochemical studies of neuropeptide distribution in the primate ciliary ganglion are still limited in number, and the discrepancies in results may be attributed in part to technical problems. The neuropeptides identified in neuronal elements of the ciliary ganglion in lower mammals, however, vary so markedly from one species to another that the observed diversity among primates may be valid. Although the distribution of specific neuropeptides in the preganglionic input to the ciliary ganglion of birds has been well demonstrated in both the ganglion and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 23 neuropeptides in the mesencephalic neurons projecting to the ciliary ganglion of primates or other mammals have not been described. Localization of candidate neuropeptides, including NPY, in these neurons may clarify the functional organization of the autonomic pathway regulating pupillary movement and accommodation. References 1. Kuwayama Y, Grimes PA, Ponte B, Stone RA. Autonomic neurons supplying the rat eye and the intraorbital distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP>like immunoreactivity. Exp Eye ties. 1987;44:
6 232 Grimes et al. IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No Leblanc GG, Trimmer BA, Landis SC. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in rat cranial parasympathetic neurons: coexistence with vasoactive intestinal peptide and choline acetyltransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84: Stone RA, McGlinn AM, Kuwayama Y, Grimes PA. Peptide immunoreactivity of the ciliary ganglion and its accessory cells in the rat. Brain Res. 1988;475: Elsas T, Uddman R, Mulder H, Sundler F. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and nitric oxide synthase are expressed in the rat ciliary ganglion. BrJ Ophthalmol. 1997;81: Grimes PA, McGlinn AM, Koeberlein B, Stone RA. Galanin immunoreactivity in autonomic innervation of the cat eye. / Comp Neurol. 1994;348: Grimes PA, McGlinn AM, Stone RA. An immunohistochemically distinct population of cat ciliary ganglion cells. Brain Res. 1990; 535: Kondo H, Katayama Y, Yui R. On the occurrence and physiological effect of somatostatin in the ciliary ganglion of cats. Brain Res. 1982;247: Warwick R. The ocular parasympathetic nerve supply and its mesencephalic sources. J Anat. 1954;88: van der Werf F. Autonomic and sensor)' innervation of some orbital structures in the primate. Universiteit van Amsterdam Thesis. 10. Zhang YL, Tan CK, Wong WC. Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and cat: a light- and electron-microscopic study. Cell Tissue Res. 1994;276:l Uemura Y, Sugimoto T, Nomura S, Nagatsu I, Mizuno N. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and catecholamine fluorescence in ciliary ganglion neurons. Brain Res. 1987;4l6: Tan CK, Zhang YL, Wong WC. A light- and electron microscopic study of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia of monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and cat. Histol Histopathol. 1995;10: Landis SC, Jackson PC, Fredieu JR, Thibault J. Catecholaminergic properties of cholinergic neurons and synapses in adult rat ciliary ganglion. / Neurosci. 1987;7: Kirch W, Neuhuber W, Tamm ET. Immunohistochemical localization of neuropeptides in the human ciliary ganglion. Brain Res. 1995;681: Erichsen JT, Reiner A, Karten H. Co-occurrence of substance P-like and leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in neurones and fibers of avian nervous system. Nature. 1982;295: Erichsen JT, Karten H, Eldred W, Brecha N. Localization of substance P-like and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion: light and electron microscopy. / Neurosci. 1982;2: Reiner A. A VIP-like peptide co-occurs with substance P and enkephalin in cholinergic preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion. Neurosci Lett. 1987;78: Epstein M, Davis J, Gellman L, Lamb J, Dahl J. Cholinergic neurons of the chicken ciliary ganglion contain somatostatin. Neurosdence. 1988;25: Zamboni L, De Martino C. Buffered picric-acid formaldehyde; a new, rapid fixative for electron microscopy. / Cell Biol. 1967;35: 148A. 20. Grimes PA, von Sallmann L. Comparative anatomy of the ciliary nerves. Arch Ophthalmol. 1960;64: Ruskell GL. An ocular parasympathetic nerve pathway of facial nerve origin and its influence on intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res. 197O;1O:319-33O. 22. Matsumoto Y, Tanabe T, Ueda S, Kawata M. Immunohistochemical and enzymehistochemical studies of peptidergic, aminergic and cholinergic innervation of the lacrimal gland of the monkey (Macaca fuscatd). J Auton Nerv Syst. 1992;37:207-2l Reiner A, Erichsen JT, Cabot JB, Evinger C, Fitzgerald M, Karten HJ. Neurotransmitter organization of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal and its projection to the avian ciliary ganglion. Vis Neurosci. 1991;6:
I. Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors. Chapter 9. Autonomic Motor Nerves. Autonomic Neurons. Autonomic Ganglia. Autonomic Neurons 9/19/11
Chapter 9 I. Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors The Autonomic Nervous System Lecture PowerPoint Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Autonomic
More informationD."espite numerous anatomic and physiologic
Trigeminal pathway for afferent fibers from the oculomotor nerves William S. Joffe, Andrew J. Gay, and C. Courtney Antrim Stimulation studies in the cat have shown that the afferent fibers for the oculorespiratory
More informationI. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) A. Dual Innervation B. Autonomic Motor Pathway 1. Preganglionic Neuron a. Preganglionic Fibers (Axons) (1)
I. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) A. Dual Innervation B. Autonomic Motor Pathway 1. Preganglionic Neuron a. Preganglionic Fibers (Axons) (1) Acetylcholine - ACh 2. Ganglion (Ganglia) 3. Ganglionic Neuron
More informationDistinct Substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Immunoreactive Nerves in the Guinea Pig Eye
Distinct Substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Immunoreactive Nerves in the Guinea Pig Eye Yasuaki Kuwayama* ond Richard A. Srone Using a double labeling indirect immunofluorescent technique,
More informationLOCALIZATION OF SUBSTANCE P-IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE DEVELOPING HUMAN URINARY BLADDER
ACTA HISTOCHEM. CYTOCHEM. Vol. 21, No. 2, 1988 LOCALIZATION OF SUBSTANCE P-IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE DEVELOPING HUMAN URINARY BLADDER SHASHI WADHWA AND VEENA BIJLANI Department of Anatomy, All-India Institute
More informationLocalization of immunoreactivities for neuropeptides and neurotransmi er-synthesizing enzymes in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the pig
Localization of immunoreactivities for neuropeptides and neurotransmi er-synthesizing enzymes in the pterygopalatine ganglion of the pig P. P, K. W, J. K, M. Ł, R. B Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty
More informationHuman Anatomy. Autonomic Nervous System
Human Anatomy Autonomic Nervous System 1 Autonomic Nervous System ANS complex system of nerves controls involuntary actions. Works with the somatic nervous system (SNS) regulates body organs maintains
More informationPeptidergic Innervation of the Primate Meibomian Gland
Peptidergic Innervation of the Primate Meibomian Gland Christine W. Chung,* Margarete Tigges,f and Richard A. Stone* Purpose. To localize and characterize nerves in primate meibomian glands using immunohistochemical
More informationAutonomic Nervous System. Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry
Autonomic Nervous System Lanny Shulman, O.D., Ph.D. University of Houston College of Optometry Peripheral Nervous System A. Sensory Somatic Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous System 1. Sympathetic Nervous
More informationAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART I: SPINAL CORD
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PART I: SPINAL CORD How is the organization of the autonomic nervous system different from that of the somatic nervous system? Peripheral Nervous System Divisions Somatic Nervous
More informationCalcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Immunoreactive Nerves in Human and Rhesus Monkey Eyes
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 29, No. 2, February 1988 Copyright Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Immunoreactive Nerves in Human
More informationAutonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion
Autonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion Implications for health and disease Billy & Bree Paper 1: Autonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion : Implications for health and disease By Team BBB
More informationInvited Revie W. Hirschsprung's disease - immunohistochemical findings. Histology and H istopathology
Histol Histopath (1 994) 9: 615-629 Histology and H istopathology Invited Revie W Hirschsprung's disease - immunohistochemical findings L.T. Larsson Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Lund,
More informationChapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways Preganglionic neuron
More informationBiology 218 Human Anatomy
Chapter 20 Adapted form Tortora 10 th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Introduction (p. 632) 1. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands. 2.
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
!! www.clutchprep.com ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - CLUTCH CONCEPT: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: DIVISIONS AND STRUCTURE The Autonomic Nervous System and its Divisions: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls
More informationAutonomic Nervous System DR JAMILA EL MEDANY
Autonomic Nervous System DR JAMILA EL MEDANY OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define the autonomic nervous system. Describe the structure of autonomic nervous system Trace
More informationChapter 16. APR Enhanced Lecture Slides
Chapter 16 APR Enhanced Lecture Slides See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
More informationCHAPTER 15 LECTURE OUTLINE
CHAPTER 15 LECTURE OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION A. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands. B. Operation of the ANS to maintain homeostasis,
More informationCranial Nerves. Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Cranial Nerves Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Change in Lab Sequence Week of Oct 2 Lab 5 Week of Oct 9 Lab 4 2 Sensory and Motor Systems Sensory Systems:
More informationChp. 16: AUTONOMIC N.S. (In Review: Peripheral N. S.)
Chp. 16: AUTONOMIC N.S. (In Review: Peripheral N. S.) Peripheral nerves contain both motor and sensory neurons Among the motor neurons, some of these are somatic and innervate skeletal muscles while some
More informationSystems Neuroscience November 21, 2017 The autonomic nervous system
Systems Neuroscience November 21, 2017 The autonomic nervous system Daniel C. Kiper kiper@ini.phys.ethz.ch http: www.ini.unizh.ch/~kiper/system_neurosci.html How is the organization of the autonomic nervous
More informationThe Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System Pearson Education, Inc.
17 The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System Introduction The autonomic nervous system: Functions outside of our conscious awareness Makes routine adjustments in our body s systems The autonomic nervous
More informationDerived copy of Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System *
OpenStax-CNX module: m56161 1 Derived copy of Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System * Stephanie Fretham Based on Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System by OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX
More informationHST-583 Cerebrovascular anatomy and neural regulation of CNS blood flow
HST.583: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data Acquisition and Analysis Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Dr. Randy Gollub HST-583 Cerebrovascular anatomy and neural regulation
More informationIntroduction to Head and Neck Anatomy
Introduction to Head and Neck Anatomy Nervous Tissue Controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life Three basic functions 1. sensing changes with sensory receptors 2. interpreting
More informationT. Laitinen Departments of Physiology and Clinical Physiology, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
AUTONOMOUS NEURAL REGULATION T. Laitinen Departments of Physiology and Clinical Physiology, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland Keywords: Autonomic nervous system, sympathetic
More informationProf. Dr. Szabolcs Kéri University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology 2018
Autonomic (vegetative) nervous system Prof. Dr. Szabolcs Kéri University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology 2018 VEGETATIVE or AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) Visceral motor innervation
More informationChapter 14 The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter Outline
Chapter 14 The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter Outline Module 14.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System (Figures 14.1 14.3) A. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the involuntary arm of the peripheral
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Barbara Heard, Atlantic Cape Community College Ninth Edition Human Anatomy & Physiology C H A P T E R 14 Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images 2013 Pearson Education,
More informationThe Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System
17 The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska Introduction The autonomic nervous system functions
More informationDepartment of Neurology/Division of Anatomical Sciences
Spinal Cord I Lecture Outline and Objectives CNS/Head and Neck Sequence TOPIC: FACULTY: THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES, Part I Department of Neurology/Division of Anatomical Sciences LECTURE: Monday,
More informationAutonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system Key notes Autonomic: an independent system that runs on its own The ANS is a visceral and involuntary sensory and motor system The visceral motor fibers in the autonomic nerves
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 15 The Autonomic Nervous System Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems The somatic nervous system includes both sensory and motor
More informationHuman Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 15: The Autonomic Nervous System
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Question No. 1 of 10 Which of the following statements is correct about the component of the autonomic nervous system identified
More informationParasymPathetic Nervous system. Done by : Zaid Al-Ghnaneem
ParasymPathetic Nervous system Done by : Zaid Al-Ghnaneem In this lecture we are going to discuss Parasympathetic, in the last lecture we took sympathetic and one of the objectives of last lecture was
More informationDrugs Affecting The Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)
Drugs Affecting The Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) ANS Pharmacology Lecture 1 Dr. Hiwa K. Saaed College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani 2018-2019 AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) The ANS is the major
More information2.4 Autonomic Nervous System
2.4 Autonomic Nervous System The ANS regulates visceral activities normally outside the realm of consciousness and voluntary control: Circulation. Digestion. Sweating. Pupillary size. The ANS consists
More informationIntegrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology Third Edition
Integrated Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology Third Edition Chapter 3 Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System Multimedia Directory Slide 19 Slide 37 Slide 38 Slide 39 Slide 40 Slide 41 Slide 42 Slide 43
More informationBony orbit Roof The orbital plate of the frontal bone Lateral wall: the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid
Bony orbit Roof: Formed by: The orbital plate of the frontal bone, which separates the orbital cavity from the anterior cranial fossa and the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere Lateral wall: Formed
More informationAutonomic Nervous System. Autonomic (Visceral) Nervous System. Visual Anatomy & Physiology First Edition. Martini & Ober
Visual Anatomy & Physiology First Edition Martini & Ober Chapter 14 Autonomic Nervous System Lecture 21 1 Autonomic (Visceral) Nervous System CNS PNS 2 Autonomic Nervous System functions without conscious
More informationOrganisation of the nervous system
Chapter1 Organisation of the nervous system 1. Subdivisions of the nervous system The nervous system is divided: i) Structurally The central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord.
More informationInsulin and the brain. Mary ET Boyle, Ph. D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD
Insulin and the brain Mary ET Boyle, Ph. D. Department of Cognitive Science UCSD 1921 Banting & Macleod Nobel Prize 1923 White, M. F. (2003) Science Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. (2007) Biochemistry
More informationPTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA Outline Anatomical Structure and Boundaries Foramina and Communications with other spaces and cavities Contents Pterygopalatine Ganglion Especial emphasis on certain arteries and
More informationCh 9. The Autonomic Nervous System
Ch 9 The Autonomic Nervous System SLOs Review the organization of the ANS Describe how neural regulation of smooth and cardiac muscles differs from that of skeletal muscles Describe the structure and innervation
More informationNeural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions
16 Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College North Harris Figure 16-1 An Overview of Neural
More informationAutonomic Nervous System (the visceral motor system) Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota
Autonomic Nervous System (the visceral motor system) Steven McLoon Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota 1 Course News Coffee Hour Monday, Nov 6, 9:00-10:00am Surdyk s Café in Northrop Auditorium
More informationComposed by Natalia Leonidovna Svintsitskaya, Associate professor of the Chair of Human Anatomy, Candidate of Medicine
Theoretical background to the study of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Features of the structure, function Composed by Natalia Leonidovna
More informationLab 16: PNS: Nerves and Autonomic NS Hamilton Answers to Pre- Lab Assignments
Lab 16: PNS: Nerves and Autonomic NS Hamilton Answers to Pre- Lab Assignments Pre-Lab Activity 1: 1. a. olfactory nerve b. optic nerve c. oculomotor nerve d. abducens nerve e. trochlear nerve f. trigeminal
More informationBlood vessels of the ciliary ganglion
Brit. J. Ophthal. (I973) 57, 766 Blood vessels of the ciliary ganglion in man M. ELIJKOVA Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia Many authors, including Egorov
More informationTHE ACTION OF NICOTINE ON THE CILIARY GANGLION
Brit. J. Pharmnacol. (1952), 7, 665. THE ACTION OF NICOTINE ON THE CILIARY GANGLION BY BRENDA M. SCHOFIELD From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford (Received June 7, 1952) The existing
More informationEfferent innervation of the retina
Efferent innervation of the retina II. Morphologic study of the monkey retina' Francisco M. Honrubia and James H. Elliott Silver impregnation of the monkey's retina has been employed to study the presence
More informationChemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9
Chemical Control of Behavior and Brain 1 of 9 I) INTRO A) Nervous system discussed so far 1) Specific 2) Fast B) Other systems extended in space and time 1) Nonspecific 2) Slow C) Three components that
More informationSympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System Lecture Objectives Review the subdivisions of the nervous system. Review the general arrangement and compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. Describe the following
More informationThe Nervous System. Autonomic Division. C h a p t e r. PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas
C h a p t e r 17 The Nervous System Autonomic Division PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson
More informationInnervation of the Superior Tarsal (Miiller's) Muscle in the Cynomolgous Monkey: A Retrograde Tracing Study
Innervation of the Superior Tarsal (Miiller's) Muscle in the Cynomolgous Monkey: A Retrograde Tracing Study Frans van der Werf* Bob Baljet,-f Maarlen Prins,* Arie Timmerman,X and Jan A. Otto* Purpose.
More informationIntroduction to Autonomic
Part 2 Autonomic Pharmacology 3 Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology FUNCTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM The autonomic nervous system (Figure 3 1) is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
More informationAdrenergic fibres in the human intestine
Gut, 1968, 9, 678-682 Adrenergic fibres in the human intestine L. CAPURSO,1 C. A. FRIEDMANN, AND A. G. PARKS From the Research Department, St Mark's Hospital, London, and the London Hospital, Whitechapel,
More informationAutonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Nervous System Divisions of the nervous system The human nervous system consists of the central nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
More informationThe sebaceous glands (glands of Zeis) open directly into the eyelash follicles, ciliary glands (glands of Moll) are modified sweat glands that open
The Orbital Region The orbits are a pair of bony cavities that contain the eyeballs; their associated muscles, nerves, vessels, and fat; and most of the lacrimal apparatus upper eyelid is larger and more
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 13 Done by Tamara Wahbeh Corrected by Doctor Omar Shaheen In this sheet the following concepts will be covered: 1. Divisions of the nervous system 2. Anatomy of the ANS. 3. ANS innervations. 4.
More informationChapter 15 Lecture Outline
Chapter 15 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or
More informationCatecholamine, Serotonin, and Substance P-like Peptide Containing Intrinsic Neurons in the Mudpuppy Parasympathetic Cardiac Ganglion
The Journal of Neuroscience July 1986, 6(7): 1970-1975 Catecholamine, Serotonin, and Substance P-like Peptide Containing Intrinsic Neurons in the Mudpuppy Parasympathetic Cardiac Ganglion D. S. Neel and
More informationImmunohistochemical localization of calcium binding proteins and some neurotransmitters in myenteric plexus of goat stomach
J. Vet. Sci. (2006),G7(4), 315 319 J O U R N A L O F Veterinar y Science Immunohistochemical localization of calcium binding proteins and some neurotransmitters in myenteric plexus of goat stomach Heungshik
More informationChapter 17 Nervous System
Chapter 17 Nervous System 1 The Nervous System Two Anatomical Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Two Types of Cells Neurons Transmit nerve impulses
More informationChanges of neuropeptide immunoreactivity in cerebrovascular nerve fibers after experimentally produced SAH
J Neurosurg 66:741-747, 1987 Changes of neuropeptide immunoreactivity in cerebrovascular nerve fibers after experimentally produced SAH Immunohistochemical study in the dog YOSHIHIKO UEMURA, M.D., TETSUO
More informationDivisions of ANS. Divisions of ANS 2 Divisions dualing innervate most organs. Autonomic Nervous System (Chapter 9)
Autonomic Nervous System (Chapter 9) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) general properties anatomy Autonomic Effects on Target Organs Subs of Nervous System Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY
INTRODUCTION to NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY M1 - Gross and Developmental Anatomy Dr. Milton M. Sholley Professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Dr. Michael H. Peters Professor of Chemical and Life Science
More informationBiology 218 Human Anatomy
Chapter 17 Adapted form Tortora 10 th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Overview of the Nervous System (p. 537) 1. The nervous system and the endocrine system are the body s major control and integrating centers.
More informationENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION
ENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION TAKASHI IWAYAMA and J. B. FURNESS. From the Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Dr.
More informationFig Glossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to medulla oblongata. Integrating center. Receptor. Baroreceptors sense increased blood pressure
Fig. 5. Integrating center Glossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to medulla oblongata Receptor 3 Vagus nerve transmits inhibitory signals to cardiac pacemaker Baroreceptors sense increased blood pressure
More informationPeripheral Nervous System Dr. Gary Mumaugh
Peripheral Nervous System Dr. Gary Mumaugh Spinal Nerves Overview Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord No special names; numbered by level of vertebral column at which they
More informationBrain and spinal nerve. By: shirin Kashfi
Brain and spinal nerve By: shirin Kashfi Nervous system: central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS) Brain (cranial) nerves Spinal nerves Ganglions (dorsal root ganglions, sympathetic
More informationChapter 14: Nervous System Guided Notes (A-day)
Chapter 14: Nervous System Guided Notes (A-day) Nervous System Overview Major Function: Control the body's and. Divided into the Nervous System (CNS=Brain and Spinal Cord) and the Nervous System (PNS=Cranial
More informationAutonomic Nervous System, Visceral Sensation and Visceral Reflexes Jeff Dupree, Ph.D.
Autonomic Nervous System, Visceral Sensation and Visceral Reflexes Jeff Dupree, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES After studying the material of this lecture, the student should know the: 1. basic divisions of the autonomic
More informationFine Structure of the Normal Trigeminal Ganglion in the Cat and Monkey*
Fine Structure of the Normal Trigeminal Ganglion in the Cat and Monkey* DAVID S. MAXWELL, PH.D. Principal Contributor and Leader of Discussion HE inclusion of animal material m a y be justified as a means
More informationAutonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system organization Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
More informationChapter 16. Autonomic nervous system. AP2 Chapter 16: ANS
Chapter 16 Autonomic nervous system AP2 Chapter 16: ANS 1 Quick Review Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Division Motor Division Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous
More informationThe Autonomic Nervous
Autonomic Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous Assess Prof. Fawzia Al-Rouq System Department of Physiology College of Medicine King Saud University LECTUR (1) Functional Anatomy & Physiology of Autonomic
More informationTymaa Al-zaben & Amin Al-ajalouni
Done by: Tymaa Al-zaben & Amin Al-ajalouni ** Hello SERTONIN! SLIDE 3 note:: the slide included within the sheet but make sure back to slide for pictures The Autonomic Nervous System Function : Regulate
More informationIntroduction to The Autonomic Nervous System. Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic Divisions. Adrenergic and Cholinergic Fibers. ANS Neurotransmitters
Chapter 15 Introduction to The Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic VS Parasympathetic Divisions Adrenergic and Cholinergic Fibers ANS Neurotransmitters Autonomic Nervous System Portion of the nervous
More informationBIOL241 - Lecture 12a
Cranial Nerves, source: training.seer.cancer.gov Nervous System Overview BIOL241 - Lecture 12a 1 Topics Divisions of the NS: CNS and PNS Structure and types of neurons Synapses Structure and function of
More informationNERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY
NTRODUCTON to NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY M1 - Gross and Developmental Anatomy Dr. Milton M. Sholley Professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Dr. Michael H. Peters Professor of Chemical and Life Science Engineering
More informationDTIC. AD-A ATION I"U PAGE UnW. I 24 Jan 91I F NAL 01 no[ n t n wn., & TITLE AND SUD S. FUNDI NUMBE. APeoVe io PubCc T9le04=0I
AD-A23-3 2 6 ATION I"U PAGE UnW --_ ii~li ~ tr#gm I@ wu.,u,,m.4,,,m, m -- ' ~,Co d"' at Mamaqemet SMl Ufdgu. Psowwn R~dv~U We" 74U. Uigi. C~I3 1. AGENCY USE ONLV (1*.. blnk 2. REPORT DATE1 IMMRER Type
More informationPart 1. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Stimulatory
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham C H A P T E R 15 Part 1 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons The ANS and Visceral Sensory Neurons
More informationTrigeminal Nerve (V)
Trigeminal Nerve (V) Lecture Objectives Discuss briefly how the face is developed. Follow up the course of trigeminal nerve from its point of central connections, exit and down to its target areas. Describe
More informationChapter 15 Lecture Outline
Chapter 15 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or
More informationTyrosinase Activity in the Pigmented Cells of the Nucleus Substantiae Nigrae. I. Monophenolase and Diphenolase Activity. By C. D.
4 7 Tyrosinase Activity in the Pigmented Cells of the Nucleus Substantiae Nigrae. I. Monophenolase and Diphenolase Activity By C. D. MARSDEN (From the Department of Anatomy, St. Thomas's Hospital Medical
More informationMaxilla, ORBIT and infratemporal fossa. Neophytos C Demetriades MD, DDS, MSc Associate professor European University of Cyprus School of Medicine
Maxilla, ORBIT and infratemporal fossa Neophytos C Demetriades MD, DDS, MSc Associate professor European University of Cyprus School of Medicine MAXILLA Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Frontal sinus
More informationThe Autonomic Nervous System Outline of class lecture for Physiology
The Autonomic Nervous System Outline of class lecture for Physiology 1 After studying the endocrine system you should be able to: 1. Describe the organization of the nervous system. 2. Compare and contrast
More informationAutonomic Nervous System. Ms. DS Pillay Room 2P24
Autonomic Nervous System Ms. DS Pillay Room 2P24 OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS PNS BRAIN SPINAL CORD SOMATIC ANS SYMPATHEIC PARASYMPATHEIC LOCATION OF GANGLIA IN THE ANS Short post-ganglionic
More informationNervous Systems: Diversity & Functional Organization
Nervous Systems: Diversity & Functional Organization Diversity of Neural Signaling The diversity of neuron structure and function allows neurons to play many roles. 3 basic function of all neurons: Receive
More information1/10/2013. What do neurons look like? Topic 14: Spinal Cord & Peripheral Nerves. How do neurons work? The nervous impulse. Specialized Neurons
Topic 4: Spinal Cord & Peripheral Nerves What do neurons look like? Neurons What do they look like? How do they work? Neuronal and spinal organization What is the difference between neuron & nerve? How
More informationImmunohistochemical Study on the C-cells in the Internal Parathyroid Gland of the Goat
Immunohistochemical Study on the C-cells in the Internal Parathyroid Gland of the Goat Takeshi TSUCHIYA Department of Animal Morphology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai-Shi 980 (Received
More informationA New Era of Migraine Management: The Challenging Landscape in Prevention
Provided by MediCom Worldwide, Inc. Supported by an educational grant from Teva Pharmaceuticals What is a Neuropeptide? Small chains of amino acids released by neural cells (neurons or glial cells) to
More informationThe Nervous System PART D. PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Nervous System 7 PART D PNS: Spinal Nerves There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each
More informationThe orbit-1. Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Histology
The orbit-1 Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Histology Orbital plate of frontal bone Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid Greater wing of sphenoid Lacrimal bone Orbital
More informationAnatomy & Physiology (Part 2)
Overview Endocrine System Skeletal System Muscle System Nervous System Endocrine System A system of glands & organs which produce hormones that biologically alter the function of the body Endocrine System
More informationNEURONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO NERVOUS SYSTEMS 34.5
NEURONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO NERVOUS SYSTEMS 34.5 INTRODUCTION The cnidarians have nerve nets, the most simple type of nervous system. The sea anemone has a nerve net that serves simple behaviours such as
More informationUnit VIII Problem 8 Anatomy: Orbit and Eyeball
Unit VIII Problem 8 Anatomy: Orbit and Eyeball - The bony orbit: it is protecting our eyeball and resembling a pyramid: With a base directed: anterolaterally. And an apex directed: posteromedially. Notes:
More information