NSave Nature to Survive

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1 ISSN: NSave Nature to Survive : Special issue, Vol. VI: : 2014 AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES COMPARATIVE BIO EFFICACY OF BIO PESTICIDES AND NEW MOLECULES OF ACARICIDES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) IN OKRA Sanjeet Kumar Singh et al., Keywords Okra crop Two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Proceedings of National Conference on Harmony with Nature in Context of Environmental Issues and Challenges of the 21 st Century (HARMONY ) November 28-30, 2014, Udaipur, Rajasthan organized by Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences, M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur (Rajasthan) in association with National Environmentalists Association, India 279

2 NSave Nature to Survive QUARTERLY SANJEET KUMAR SINGH*, AJIT PRATAP SINGH AND R N SINGH Department of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi , INDIA sanjeetagri@gmail.com Abstract A field trial was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi using okra variety Kashi lila to test the Comparative bioefficacy of clofentezine 50(SC) along with standard acaricides cyflumetofen, 20(SC), fenpyroximate 5(EC), propargite 57(EC), dicofol 18.5(EC), including bio pesticides azadirachtin, 0.03(EC), NSKE (5%), neem oil, and mycopathogen Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc (1x10 6 ) is used as a form of foliar spray and dust was evaluated against Tetranychus urticae on okra. Clofentezine 50(SC) (89.94 %) was most effective in controlling T. urticae in okra during two consecutive seasons (Feb- June 2013 and Feb-June 2014) and also cyflumetofen, 20(SC), fenpyroximate 5(EC), propargite 57(EC) suppressed the mites (82.27, and %) respectively. The responses of these bio-pesticides to be relatively safe to the natural enemies. *Corresponding author INTRODUCTION Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) or lady s finger is considered as an impor tant vegetable crop because of its nutritional composition with respect to vitamin A, folic acid, carbohydrates, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. This crop is suitable for cultivation as a garden crop as well as on large commercial farms. India ranks first in the world with a production of 5.784mt (72% of the total world production) of okra from over m ha land. Spider mites problem increased when natural enemies are destroyed by applications of broad spectrum insecticides, applied against other pests (Haque et al., 2010). Spider mites have been rapidly developing resistance to a series of acaricides (Croft and Van de Baan, 1988) and have recently assumed a new aspect of multiple resistances (Leeuwen et al., 2004 and Kim et al., 2006). Mite populations are normally held in check by predators, an early season reduction in predator abundance, due to application of broad spectrum insecticides, allows increased mite survival and earlier development of economically significant outbreaks (Wilson et al., 1997, Barma and Jha, 2013 and Kumar et al., 2014). Spider mites (Order Acarina) are a major problem in most Indian okra production areas. Mite infestations which develop quickly can cause substantial reductions in yield, if not controlled. Mites are a true secondary pest Though, many non chemical control strategies are advocated under the IPM umbrella, still the farmers in developing countries like India mainly rely on chemical pesticides for the management of the pest due to unsatisfactory control from cultural and bio control methods (Jeyachandaran, 2003). This two spotted spider mite is considered as a serious pest of okra. Long term sustainable management of mite pest and preservation of natural enemies requires the identification of safer pesticides and selective control methods. It is very difficult to manage this mite pest after heavy infestation by using chemicals because this mite pest develop webbing and later on produce ballooning on leaves and okra fruits. It may reduce more than 90% yield production of okra and some time the crop total ruins. Severely damage fruits are not marketable in the fresh vegetable market and people avoid consuming. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the percent reduction in mite population with pesticides clofentazine, 50 (SC), cyflumetofen, 20(SC), fenpyroximate 5 (EC), propargite 57 (EC), dicofol 18.5(EC), azadirachtin, 0.03 (EC), NSKE (5%), neem oil, (44.54%), Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc (1x10 6 ) is used as a form of foliar spray and dust. Pesticides and acaricides are used at their recommended dose on okra crop in the field condition. Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc 3gm (1x106) were used as a dust and rests of the pesticides were used as foliar spray at fortnightly day s interval. The mean per cent reduction data of Tetranychus urticae was recorded at 1, 3, 7, and 14th days after spray of safer pesticides. The wide spread acaricide resistance has been a major obstacle in the cost effective integrated mite management programme (Cho et al., 1995). In order to have alternative acaricide in pipeline to manage this pest effectively. Reddy et al., 2014 reported that newer acaricides viz. abamectine (0.5mL and 1.0mL), fenazaquin and spiromesifen was reported for effective management, longer residual control and to delay resistance development of red spider mite in green house. The present study, a new acaricide viz., clofentezine 50(SC) along 280

3 BIO EFFICACY OF BIO PESTICIDES with cyflumetofen, 20(SC), fenpyroximate 5(EC) fenazaquin was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was laid out at the Vegetable Research Farm, during The field situated at south- eastern end of Varanasi City intersected by 25.2ºN latitude and ºE longitude. February May February May The okra variety Kashi Lila. infested with two spotted spider mite was selected for the study. viz clofentazine, 50 (SC), cyflumetofen, 20(SC), fenpyroximate 5 (EC), propargite 57 (EC), dicofol 18.5(EC), azadirachtin, 0.03 (EC), NSKE (5%), neem oil, (44.54%), Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc (1x10 6 ) and control (untreated) in RBD with four replications treatment details are presented in Table 1. Two sprays of the chemicals were given in each season, using spray volume of 750l/ha. Counts of all stages of mites (eggs, immature stages and adult mites) were recorded before the observation was taken with the help of stereoscopic binocular microscope under laboratory the population comprised with alive adults and nymphal stages of mites, at Varanasi. Conventional statistical methods were used to calculate mean number of T. urticae among treatments was incorporated with a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data were subjected to transformation before statistical analysis fallowing Gomez and Gomez (1984) to test the significance of treatment RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The efficacies of various treatments on reducing mite population after first and second year are furnished in Table 1. After the treatment of the pesticides mite population was less throughout the experimental period. The data indicated nonsignificant difference in mite population (16.21 to mites/ 30 leaves) a day before imposing the treatments. The result of experiment (Table 1) reveals that after first day of treatment clofentazine showed maximum reduction (62.58) per cent, followed by fenproximate (64.97) per cent, Table 1: Comparative bio efficacy of bio pesticides and new molecules of acaricides in the management of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in okra 2013 & 14 (Pooled) Pesticides Dose Pre-spraying mean population per leaf Mean percent reduction in mite population day after spraying Clofentazine 50SC 0.4 ml (62.58) (72.54) (76.31) (77.48) (71.47) Cyflumetofen 20SC 0.5 ml (58.12) (67.05) (67.7) (68.36) (64.97) Fenpyroximate 5EC 0.5 ml (59.6) (64.16) (61.96) (60.4) (61.48) Propasrgite 57 EC 2 ml (60) (62.44) (59.93) (50.18) (57.99) Dicofol 18.5 EC 2.0 ml (60.2) (60.4) (62.58) (37.88) (54.88) NSKE 5% 50 gm/l 16.49* (43.11)** (47.93) (48.62) (41.5) (45.29) Azadirachtin 0.03 % 2.0 ml (46.03) (42.94) (43.05) (46.26) (44.54) Neem oil 0.03 % 2.0 ml (35) (38.17) (44.26) (51.3) (42.25) Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc 1x gm/l (12.79) (17.36) (35.55) (39.58) (28.04) Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc 1x gm/kg (17.36) (23.76) (40.74) (33.71) Control (Water Spray) (7. 71) (17.36) (23.73) (26.13) (19.91) SEM ± CD (.05%) Significance at 5 % level S S S S * Mean of three replication each replication consist of 30 leaves drawn randomly from five plants; ** Figures in parenthesis are ArcSin percentage transformation Mean 281

4 SANJEET KUMAR SINGH et al., cyflumetofen (61.48) percent, the propargite (57.99) percent. dicofol (54.88) percent and NSKE (45.29) per cent showed moderate mean per cent reduction in mite population azadirachtin (42.25) per cent, neem oil base formulation (30.14) per cent and Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc (1x10 6 ), poorly performed and showed less affect on mite population. At 3 days of spraying, NSKE, azadirachtin, and neem oil were found to be at par with each other by mean percent reduction in mite population less mite population (47.93), (38.17) and (42.94) mites/ 30 leaves, respectively. At the third day of spraying, clofentazine showed maximum reduction (72.54) per cent, cyflumetofen (67.05) per cent, fenproximate (64.16) per cent and propargite (62.44) per cent, performed very good and showed maximum reduction in mite population. dicofol (60.40) per cent, NSKE 5% (47.93) per cent and azadirachtin (47.35) per cent, showed moderate performance on mite population. Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc (23.76) per cent poorly performed and showed less affect on mite population. The clofentazine 76.31per cent, cyflumetofen per cent, and dicofol per cent, were given maximum mean per cent reduction in mite population on the seventh day of spraying. Moderate performance showed in fenproximate per cent, propargite per cent, NSKE per cent, azadirachtin per cent, neem oil base formulation per cent and Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc per cent. The Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc per cent, showed very less affect on mite population. The clofentazine per cent, cyflumetofen per cent, and fenproximate per cent, propargite per cent were given maximum mean per cent reduction in mite population on the fourteenth day of spraying. Moderate performance showed in NSKE per cent, neem oil base formulation per cent, azadirachtin and per cent. The Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc per cent Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc per cent and dicofol per cent, showed poor affect on mite population. Maximum mean per cent reduction in mite population on the fourteenth day of spraying clofentazine showed maximum reduction per cent, followed by cyflumetofen per cent, fenproximate percent, the propargite percent, dicofol percent, and azadirachtin per cent, showed moderate mean per cent reduction in mite population NSKE per cent, neem oil base formulation per cent, poorly performed and showed less affect on mite population. All the treatments in the present study proved to be safe to natural enemies viz., coccinellids and chrysoperla. These findings are in agreement with Singh and Singh, (1999) who observed the safeness of plant products and oils against natural enemies. The incidence of the predators was less during the study period. However, Clofentezine was found to be relatively safe to indigenous predatory mite, Amblyseius sp. Phytotoxicity was not observed in any of the Clofentezine treated plants up to a dose of 250 g a.i/ha. Pang et al. (1991) reported that Apollo effectively kills summer eggs and young mites and was effective on fruit crops and Similar results were also observed by Bhardwaj et al. (2007) The pesticides were ranked in the following order based on their overall performance: clofentazine showed maximum reduction (71.47) per cent, followed by cyflumetofen (64.97) per cent, fenproximate (61.48) per cent, the propargite (57.99) per cent. dicofol (54.88) per cent, and azadirachtin per cent showed moderate mean per cent reduction in mite population NSKE per cent, neem oil base formulation per cent, That the decrease of two spotted mite population is statistically significant at 5 per cent probability level in comparison to control. The present finding are in confirmatory with Bagde et al. (2014) who found that neem pesticides observed effective in controlling mite population. Paeciomyces fumosoroseuc 1x10 6, neem oil 0.03 %, azadirachtin 0.03 %, NSKE 5%, dicofol 18.5 EC, propargite 57 EC, dicofol 18.5 EC, fenpyroximate 5 EC, cyflumetofen 20 SC, clofentazine 50 SC, Accordingly, this package of management practices could be a safe and eco-friendly alternative for controlling okra mite management, It is concluded that application of clofentazine followed by cyflumetofen and fenproximate bio-agents with diverse mode of action has great potential as an effective, environmentally friendly component of management of okra. Further research is needed to establish practical methods for effective application. It can be inferred that botanicals viz did not excel the synthetic acaricide, propargite because they have tendency to degrade much faster than chemicals when exposed to sunlight rain fall and other parameters.even though effectiveness of botanicals is not superior to chemicals. They are moderate in their efficacy in reducing the mite population due to myriad mode of action. Considering their ecofriendly and nontoxic nature. The finding of the present study is in conformity with Similar results were observed during following season indicating selectiveness and safety of fenazaquin to predatory phytoseiid mites at all doses evaluated. Mallik et al. (2003) reported the efficacy of predatory phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius longispinosus on T. urticae. The safety of fenazaquin to predatory mite results in increased cumulative effect of chemical on T. urticae. The present study was supported the experiment from Khajuria and Sharma, (2010) who reported the moderate toxicity of clofentezine (0.035 %) and propargite (0.057 %) against to the two spotted spider mite and it to be safer to the predatory mites. These findings are in accordance with those of Sridhar et al. (2011) from the study it can be concluded that above mentioned new acaricides spread with 15 days interval gives best control of okra mite Tetranychus urticae Koch on okra CONCLUSION We may conclude that the three acaricides, clofentazine, fenproximate and cyflumetofen were very toxic to immature stages of T. urticae after from 1-14 days of treatment, clofentazine and cyflumetofen, fenproximate can be used successfully in controlling the spider mite (T. urticae) in the presence of the predators (insects, mites and spiders) because of their lower and negligible side effect on these natural enemies. So it can be used to check the mite population and recommended to use these products in the Integrated Mite Management Program of spider mites on okra fields. REFERENCES Bagde, A. S., Patil, P. D. and Pashte, V. V Studies on efficacy of neem bio-pesticides against eriophyid mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer). 282

5 BIO EFFICACY OF BIO PESTICIDES The Bioscan. 9(1): Barma, P. and Jha S Insect and non-insect pests infesting pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) In West Bengal. The Bioscan. 8(2): Bhardwaj, S., Bhardwaj, S. P. and Sharma, S Efficacy of new miticides against European red mite (Pananychus ulmi) on apple (Malus domestica). Indian J. Agricultural Sciences. 77(3): Cho, Z. R., Kim,Y. J., Ahn,Y. J., Yoo, J. K. and Lee, J. O Monitoring of acaricide resistance in field collected populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Korea. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology. 31: Croft, B. A. and Van de baan, H. E Ecological and genetic factors influencing evolution of pesticide resistance in tetranychid and phytoseiid mites. Exp Appl Acarol. 4: Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A. A Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2 nd Edn, A Wiley Inter-science Publication, John Wiley and Sons, Singapore. pp Haque Mainul, M., Asgar, Ali and Mursalin, P Voracity of three predators on two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their developmental stages. Research J. Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 6(1): Jeyachandran, M Evaluation of new acaricides against rose mites. Pestology. 27: Khajuria, D. R. and Sharma, J. P Bio-efficacy of various acaricides against the Phytophagous mites on apple and their sensitivity to the phytoseiid mites. Pest Management and Economic Zoology. 180(1/2): Kim, Y., Park, H., Cho, J. and Ahn, Y Multiple resistance and biochemical mechanisms of pyridaben resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 99: Kumar, D., Raghuraman, M. and Singh, J Impact of abiotic factors on population dynamics of Phytophagous mite (Tetranychus ludeni Zacher) on cowpea in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The Ecoscan. 8(1&2): Leeuwen Van, T., Stillatus, V. and Tirry, L Genetic analysis and cross resistance spectrum of a laboratory selected chlorfenapyr resistant strain of two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol. 32: Mallik, B., Sugeetha, G. and Shankar, M Biological control of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae infesting marigold using phytoseiid, Amblyseius longispinosus. In: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Frontier Areas of Entomological Research, Pang, S. C., Zhang, P. and Jiang, Y. Z Experiment on the control of red spider mites by the new acaricide, Apollo. China Fruits. 3: Reddy, D., Srinivasa, Nagaraj, R., Pushpa Latha, M. and Chowdary, R Comparative evaluation of novel acaricides against two spotted spider mite. Tetranychus urticae Koch. infesting cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under laboratory and green house conditions. The Bioscan. 9(3): Singh, R. N. and Singh, J Evaluation of azadirachtin and some conventional acaricides against two spotted mite. Tetranychus urticae. Indian J. Entomol. 61(2): Sridhar, V. and Jhansi Rani, B Bio-efficacy of Clofentezine 50SC against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on rose cv. First Red in poly-house. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems. 17(2): Wilson Lewis, David Larsen and Victor Sadras, CRC Newsletter for the Research Extension Education Program, 3(4) 283

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