Tritrichomonas foetus. Dr. S. Parker, Dr. J. Campbell, Dr. A. Gajadhar, Dr. J. Allen, Dr. Z. Lun, Dr. L. Bryan, K.McIntosh

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1 Tritrichomonas foetus Dr. S. Parker, Dr. J. Campbell, Dr. A. Gajadhar, Dr. J. Allen, Dr. Z. Lun, Dr. L. Bryan, K.McIntosh

2 Acknowledgements Dr. Gail Cunningham Marnie Cooper Patrick Fletcher Amy Hunstead Shawna Pedersen Dr. Colleen Pollock Dr. Rosemary Postey Lori Renneberg Dr. Brad Scandrett CFAP staff

3 Bovine Trichomoniasis Tritrichomonas foetus flagellated protozoan family Trichomonadidae worldwide distribution related organisms Trichomonas gallinae Trichomonas vaginalis anterior flagella recurrent flagellum with undulating membrane free posterior flagellum

4 Trichomoniasis - disease reproductive disease of cattle (venereally transmitted) bulls - asymptomatic - persistently infected cows - mild vaginitis (sometimes) - pyometra (sometimes) - usually clear infection 2-4 months early embryonic death and abortion

5 Main reservoir : Mature bulls Main reservoir : Mature bulls asymptomatic carriers infected for life (?) T. foetus organisms found in mucosal crypts of prepuce and penis

6 Epidemiology of Tritrichomonas foetus Infected bulls < 4 yr. more likely to clear infection older bulls have deeper crypts in preputial mucosa Infected (most) Infected Carrier - Primary Reservoir Abort (20-40%), return to estrus Fetal loss ~60 d (35- term) Infected 2-4 months Immunity - infection(?), fetal loss carrier cow - infected, maintains pregnancy

7 Trichomoniasis - Diagnosis Clinical signs Abortion usually not observed fetus - organisms in abomasal contents pyometra - may occur herd with record of infertility increased number of open cows increased number of late cows

8 Trichomoniasis - Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Campylobacter fetus cow body condition / nutrition bull fertility

9 Trichomoniasis - Diagnosis Identify organisms in collected samples preputial scraping or washing wait 3 weeks fetal abomasal contents pyometra fluid vaginal scraping or washing

10 Trichomoniasis - diagnosis Sample collection pipette, wash bulls - attempt to scrape length of prepuce cows - concentrate scraping at cervix Sample handling use appropriate media (NOT EXPIRED) during transport keep at room temperature (> 4 C and < 40 C) keep sample in the dark

11 Trichomoniasis - diagnosis Culture incubate at 37 C; multiply numbers commercial culture media available InPouch make your own (avoid) Diamond s keep culture for at least 7 days read at least 3 times in 7 day period maintain cultures in the dark

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13 Trichomoniasis - diagnosis microscopic exam see characteristic rolling motion um long 3-15 um wide confirm diagnosis phase stain some contaminants look very similar

14 Trichomoniasis - diagnosis How well does the InPouch TM TF test work? Diagnostic Sensitivity ~ 93% - bulls ~ 80 % - cows Diagnostic Specificity likely % (no confirmation) ~100 % (with confirmation)

15 Trichomoniasis - diagnosis Future trends - PCR (DNA based tests) higher analytical sensitivity equivalent or slightly increased diagnostic sensitivity specificity (?) - good, NOT PERFECT works with dead organisms

16 Trichomoniasis Disease control treat vaccinate T test and cull Hey! I got one! I got one!

17 Trichomoniasis - management Cull bulls infected mature bulls all bulls Cull open cows Restrict length of breeding season Test bulls added to herd Avoid mixing with other herds or bulls

18 Management Don ts Don t Put replacement bulls with cow herd in the fall Don t Leave bulls with open cows through fall/winter Don t pen infected and uninfected bulls together one recorded case where bull to bull transmission likely occurred

19 Trichomoniasis Is it? current excitement is diagnosing T. foetus in cats associated with diarrhea looks like it microscopically doesn t grow in culture very well positive with current PCR tests (remember, they only look at a small portion of DNA)