Sulfate of Potash (SOP)

Transcription

1 Sulfate of Potash (SOP) The building block of high quality potatoes Sylvite Agronomy Mee0ng March 2011

2 SOP Overview What is Sulfate of Potash (SOP)? n SOP is a vital fer0lizer for high- value crops such as: Vegetables Fruits and nuts Turfgrass Hor<culture Tobacco n SOP easily blends with other fer0lizers to balance soil nutrient deficiencies Chemical Analysis of SOP - K 2 SO 4 Component Symbol Typical (%) Guarantee (%) Potassium Oxide Equivalent (Soluble Potash) K 2 O min. Sulfur S min. Sulfate SO Chloride Cl max. Magnesium Mg 0.4 Moisture (105 C) ph (5% Solu<on) H 2 O 0.15 ph 8.0 Product analyses are typical. Handling and transporta<on may affect the analysis of the delivered product.

3 SOP Overview Why is SOP Important? n High rate of Potassium = valuable fer0lizer n Potassium second only to Nitrogen in plants needs n Lower salt less burn risk to Chloride- sensi0ve crops n SOP Enhances: Quality Yield Nutrient value Taste Color Texture n SOP Promotes: Plant growth Uptake of water Disease resistance Overall health of the plant

4 The SOP Triple Advantage " High Potassium 50% " Low Chloride <1% " Readily Available Sulfur 17%

5 The Triple Advantage The First Advantage: High Potassium n An essen0al nutrient, Potassium: Promotes plant health and growth Enhances use of Nitrogen Assists in plants water uptake Helps plants resist disease and drought/temperature stresses n In fruit and vegetable crops, Potassium can also improve: Nutrient value Taste Color Texture

6 The Triple Advantage Potassium Func<on in Plants n Enzyme ac0va0on: Most important func<on Required for ac<va<on of more than 80 enzymes n Water rela0ons: Role in osmo<c regula<on Pull water into plant Maintains target pressure for control of stomata Improves water use through regula<ons of photosynthesis and transpira<on

7 The Triple Advantage Potassium Func<on in Plants n Energy rela0ons: Required for synthesis of ATP, energy exchange molecule produced during photosynthesis and transpira<on Increases assimila<on of CO 2 into sugars n Transloca0on of assimilates: ATP provides energy for movement of sugars to plant organs

8 The Triple Advantage Potassium Deficiency Symptoms n Usually appear in lower leaves first Mobile K moves to area of new growth n Discolora0on of leaf margins Yellow to brown to reddish as severity increases Moves in from edges as severity increases Weakening of grain stalks and corn stalks (lodging) n Low K fosters disease Thin cell walls Breakdown of cells Accumula<on of unused nitrates, phosphates and sugars

9 The Triple Advantage The Second Advantage: Readily Available Sulfur in Sulfate Form n Sulfur is necessary for plants : Nutrient uptake Chlorophyll produc<on Seed development Protein synthesis Stress and pest resistance

10 The Triple Advantage Increased Need for Sulfur n Use of high analysis fer0lizers with li]le S n Higher crop yields/higher crop demand, higher S removal n Decreased Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere n Decreased use of Sulfur containing fungicides and insec0cides n Increased awareness of soils deficient in Sulfur n Declining organic ma]er levels

11 The Sulfur Cycle Atmospheric deposition Atmospheric sulfur SO 2 gas Crop harvest Component Input to soil Volatilization Loss from soil Mineral fertilizers Animal manures and biosolids Plant residues Elemental sulfur Runoff and erosion Absorbed or mineral sulfur Plant uptake Organic sulfur Immobilization Mineralization Sulfate Sulfur - (SO 4 ) Bacterial oxidation Bacterial reduction Leaching Reduced sulfur

12 The Triple Advantage The Third Advantage: Low Chloride n Many crops (e.g., almonds and potatoes) are chloride- sensi0ve n SOP has lowest chloride among potassium fer0lizers n Our SOP is less than 1% chloride, guaranteed n Minimized crop damage due to soil salt buildup Potassium Source Nutrient Comparison K2O K2O 40 % Cl K2O <1% S 3% S SOP K- Mag MOP

13 The Triple Advantage High Chloride Risks n High salt/chloride levels can harm crops: Poor germina<on Nutri<onal imbalances Seedling injury Tip burn Stunted root and shoot growth

14 Potassium Fer<lizers Salt Index n Gives an indica0on of the rela0ve effect of a fer0lizer on the soil solu0on n Fer0lizers are compared to Sodium Nitrate used as a standard Salt Index Potassium Fer<lizers Salt Index Salt Index/unit of K 2 O MOP (Potassium (K 2 O) Chloride- 60%) Sodium Nitrate (N) Potassium Nitrate (K 2 O) n Sodium Nitrate s salt index is 100 n Compa0ble with late K applica0ons just before plan0ng KTS (Potassium Thiosulfate) SOP (Potassium Sulfate) K- MAG (Sulfate of Potash Magnesia) (K 2 O) (K 2 O) (K 2 O)

15 Salt Tolerance of Established Crops n Fundamentally, the potato is a chlorophobe; n Nega<ve effect of Cl more evident on light soils than on heavier soils. n Potassium Sulfate has the advantage on low P soils since it improves P availability. n When the P supply is high, Cl reduces P uptake. Low Moderate High Alfalfa Apples Apricots Berries Canola Celery Cherries Corn Lekuce Oats Onions Peaches Potatoes Radish Tobacco Tomatoes Barley Cabbage Carrots Cucumbers Grapes Melons Peppers Pumpkins Wheat Asparagus Bermudagrass Cokon Spinach Date Palm

16 The Harm from High Chloride on Chloride Sensi<ve Crops n Excess Chloride Displaces Nutrients Interferes with nutrient uptake & plant development Reduces protein content

17 Know More to Grow More Salt Index & Plant Salt Tolerance Crop & Trial Data " Potato " Onion " Tomato " Tobacco " Turfgrass

18 Potato Trials n Tindall and Westerman (1991- Idaho) three- year study Greater yields vs. MOP A Chloride- nitrate antagonism n McDole (1978) SOP resulted in higher specific gravi<es Trend similar for four varie<es The chloride form of potassium can actually reduce tuber growth and specific gravity. The sulfate form may be a better choice while at the same time decreasing blackspot bruise. PGI March Bill Dean of WSU

19 Decreased Chloride n Improves skin set Effect of K source on Specific Gravity Russet Potatoes n Reduces bruising n Prevents shrink loss n Reduces diseases incidence Specific Gravity (g/cm 3 ) SOP MOP lbs K 2 O applied/acre University of Wisconsin--Spooner 1994

20 Increased Specific Gravity in Idaho Effect of K source on Specific Gravity Russet Potatoes AVG Potassium (K 2 O Rate) MOP SOP Specific Gravity g/cm 3 McDole et al., Idaho

21 Chloride Removal by Crops Crop Plant Part Cl Content Alfalfa Shoot 7.6lb/ton Barley Grain lb/bu Potatoes Tubers 0.06 lb/cwt Wheat Grain lb/bu

22 Soil Chloride Levels 7 Months Aper Applica<on n Willame]e Valley - Western Oregon n Fer0lizer applied October 2003 n Samples taken April 2004 Depth (Inches) UTC SOP 488# meq / liter KCl 475# SOP 1468# KCl 1486# Aler 50 inches of rain there is s0ll enough chloride in the top 14 inches of soil to hurt produc0on.

23 Pasco Potash Trial n Results SOP MOP Average specific gravi0es for the potassium sulfate was Specific gravity incen0ve paid over $300 per acre Average Specific gravi0es for KCl (MOP) was Pasco Potash Trial Yield (tons) Tons Out Shrink Final Yield (tons) SOP MOP

24 2005 Chipping Potato Trial n 63 acres 7.7 ph 3.6 % O.M N 160 units P 170 units K 155 units Zn 6 units n 258 lbs KCl = 103 lbs Cl E ½ - KCl 32 Acres W ½ - SOP 31 Acres Loca0on: Klamath Falls, OR Variety: FL 1867 Vine Kill: West ½ September 14, 2005 Yield <1 oz 1-2oz 2-4oz 4-10oz >10oz Sugars & S.G. 461 cwt/a 6 tubers 11 tubers oz 535 cwt/a 6 tubers 10 tubers 14.2 oz 48 tubers oz 43 tubers oz 52 tubers oz 70 tubers oz 3 tubers 31.5 oz 3 tubers 36 oz Sucrose 301 S.G Sucrose 260 S.G n Elimina0ng 103 lbs of Chloride posi0vely affected yield n SOP consistently raises specific gravity, even on chipping potato varie0es

25 Colorado State University % Tuber Weight Loss Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Month of Data Collection in Storage Control KCl SOP Effect of potassium source on tuber weight loss of potato in storage

26 Colorado State University n As tubers stayed longer in storage, the rate of sprout development significantly increased in tubers harvested from the muriate of potash and control plots. n The rate of sprout development had decreased by 50% in tubers harvested from the SOP plots. Rate of Tuber Sprouting/Week /3-3/17 3/17-3/26 Sample Dates Effect of potassium source on rate of tuber sprou0ng Control KCl SOP

27 Colorado State University Treatment Total >4 oz 4-16 oz 4-10 oz > 6 oz 6-16 oz Yield (cwt/acre) Control 542 b 455 b 444 a 354 a 306 b 294 a K 2 SO 4 (liq) 480 d 368 d 359 b 304 b 244 c 234 c K 2 SO 4 (dry) 576 a 489 a 456 a 358 a 354 a 321 a KCl (liq) 510 c 412 c 382 b 275 b 295 bc 264 b KCl (dry) 517 c 400 c 388 b 298 b 273 c 261 bc

28 Colorado State University Yield of tubers > 2 inches in diameter and > 10 oz Effect of source and form of potassium fer0lizer applica0on on tuber specific gravity of Rio Grande Russet

29 Summary and Conclusion n Source and form of K fer0lizer applied can influence potato tuber yield and quality. n Dry formulate of potassium sulfate increased tuber yield and produced more bulky tubers compared to KCl. n Tuber specific gravity was significantly improved by incorpora0ng dry formula0on of potassium sulfate in the soil before plan0ng. n The use of liquid KCl can result in more culls as a result of increased produc0on of tuber external defects. n In soils with high soil test K levels, dry formula0ons of potassium sulfate can be used to increase potato tuber yield and quality.

30 Colorado State University n In general, no significant difference was observed in marketable tuber (> 4, > 6, > 10 oz) yield among the treatments in n the use of SOP significantly increased the yield of large marketable size (14-16 oz) tubers when compared to all other treatments Treatment Total > 4 oz > 6 oz > 10 oz oz Yield (cwt/acre) Control 563 ab 453 a 270 b 65 b 4 c SOP (Dry) 540 b 435 a 284 ab 96 a 22 a SOP (Liq) 585 a 438 a 294 ab 91 a 26 a KCl (Dry) 581 a 444 a 290 ab 103 a 12 b KCl (Liq) 552 b 435 a 304 a 91 a 13 b Response of potato to source and form of potassium applica0on, 2010

31 Know More To Grow More Colorado State University CONTROL KCl DRY SOP DRY KCl LIQUID SOP LIQUID

32 Pasco Potash Trial and 2005 Chipping Trial n Higher specific gravity n More US #1 s n More payables n High processor bonus n Improved russe<ng n Less shrinkage in storage

33 Onions n High sulfur requirement Sulfur increased Yield n Salt sensi0ve S containing oils which improve flavor - Chang (1988) n Chloride increases bulb water content Adversely affects storability

34 Tomatoes & Potassium Sulfate n Benefits of Potassium Sulfate in Tomato Plants Maximize yield Increases uniformity and ripening Increased firmness of fruit Storability & Handling N:K ra<o 1:2 In the case of a potassium deficiency, yield and quality decline long before visual symptoms appear on the plants. - SOPIB

35 Tomatoes & Sulfur n 41 lbs /acre of Sulfur required to grow tomatoes Aids in synthesis of essen<al amino acids Chlorophyll synthesis Plays role in aroma and taste n An Evaluation of Yield and Grade in Potatoes, Carrots, Snap Beans, and Tomatoes treated with SOP compared to MOP- 09-GSL SOP + Normal Fertility MOP + Normal Fertility The preference for SOP in [tomatoes and vegetables] is often based on the generally observed improvement in appearance and taste, the increased nutritional value, the improved resistance to stress, the better transport characteristics and extended shelf life due to the higher dry matter content. SOPIB studies

36 Flue Cured Tobacco & Potassium n Good crop will remove lbs K 2 O from the soil lbs of Potassium Sulfate per acre Up to 20 lbs chloride from the soil Sufficient chloride present in soil (90/.60=150*40=60 lbs Cl) Use of MOP results in excess of 40 lbs Cl Remember! Excess chloride interferes with nutrient uptake and plant development

37 Effects of Excess Chloride on Tobacco n Fat stems n High levels of chloride in the leaves resul0ng in: Mold and rot during curing and storage Highly hygroscopic, causing discolora<on during storage Reduced burn rate and unpleasant flavors Ul<mately greatly reduced quality and usability of the cured leaf

38 Flue Cured Tobacco & Sulfur n Deficiencies most likely on deep sandy soils with low organic ma]er Sulfur will leach over fall and winter with heavy rains Sulfur not as available in wet soils in spring lbs S/acre recommended lbs K 2 O from Potassium Sulfate will deliver lbs of n Symptoms of Sulfur deficiency Begin with yellowing in the buds Leaves gradually pale from top to bokom Lower leaves do not burn up unless there is an N deficiency n Results Decreased yield poten<al

39 Tobacco Trial IPNI Effect of Potassium on the Production and Quality of Tobacco Leaves, Marchand, M e-ifc No. 24 Sept. 2010

40 Tobacco Dry Maker IPNI Effect of Potassium on the Production and Quality of Tobacco Leaves, Marchand, M e-ifc No. 24 Sept. 2010

41 Tobacco Leaf N Concentra<on IPNI Effect of Potassium on the Production and Quality of Tobacco Leaves, Marchand, M e-ifc No. 24 Sept. 2010

42 Tobacco Leaf Chloride Concentra<ons IPNI Effect of Potassium on the Production and Quality of Tobacco Leaves, Marchand, M e-ifc No. 24 Sept. 2010

43 Why is SOP Important for Turf? SOP Enhances Turf: Quality Rooting Hardiness SOP Promotes Turf: Growth Uptake of water Disease resistance Wear Tolerance

44 Potassium Deficiency Symptoms Low K on Bentgrass & Bluegrass appear as Leaves ini0ally appear as drooping Moderate yellowing on intervienal areas especially 0ps of older leaves Rolling and withering of leave 0ps Low K fosters disease Thin cell walls Breakdown of cells Accumula0on of unused nitrates, phosphates and sugars

45 Increased Need for Sulfur on Turf Decreased Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere Reduce use of SCU Increased amount of clipping removal Decreased use of Sulfur containing fungicides and insec0cides Increased awareness of soils deficient in Sulfur Declining organic ma]er levels

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50 High Chloride Risks High salt/chloride levels can harm turf: Leaf and Tip burn Poor seed germina0on Nutri0onal imbalances Stunted root and shoot growth Salt Index Potassium Fer0lizers MOP (Potassium Chloride- 60%) Salt Index Salt Index/unit of K 2 O (K 2 O) Sodium Nitrate (N) Potassium Nitrate (K 2 O) SOP (Potassium Sulfate) Remember! The Salt Index gives an indication of relative effect of a fertilizer on soil solution. K- MAG (Sulfate of Potash Magnesia) (K 2 O) (K 2 O)

51 Great Salt Lake Minerals SOP Why GSL SOP? Quality Par0cle Sizes SOP - Product Particle Size (SGN) Use Turf Gran 220 Roughs & Fairways Mini Gran 140 Fairways & Tees Greensgrade 90 Greens Soluble Fines 10 Fairways, Tees & Greens

52 Organic Purity and Quality with OMRI- listed SOP All- natural SOP from Great Salt Lake Minerals is safe and approved for organic farming An organic version of our SOP is approved for use by the Organic Materials Review Ins0tute (OMRI) GSL does not use animal manure or animal byproducts in the produc0on of any of our products

53 With Great Salt Lake Minerals Robin Parry Manager of Regional Sales Pacific Northwest, West, Midwest & W. Canada