World Rural Observations 2015;7(1)

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1 Behaviour of Superior Grapevines to Foliar Application of Some Vitamins and Amino Acids Faissal F. Ahmed 1 ; Farouk H. Abdelaziz, 1 Ali. A. Gobara 1, Emad A.H. El- Mamlouk 2 and Moustafa H.A. Hashem 2 1 Hort. Dept. Fac. of Agric. Minia Univ. Egypt. 2 Central Lab. of Organi Agric. ARC, Giza, Egypt. Faissalfadel@yahoo.com Abstract: During 2012, 2013 and 2014 seasons, Superior grapevines were treated four times with some vitamins namely C at 500 ppm, B, K, E, D and A each at 100 ppm and/ or amino acids (tryptophane, methionene and cysteine) at 100 ppm as an attempt for improving yield and quality of the berries. Spraying all vitamins and/ or amino acids was very effective in enhancing growth characters, plant pigments, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu, berry setting yield and quality of the berries comparing with the control. Percentage of shoot berries was greatly controlled due to using all vitamins and amino acids. Using amino acids was superior than using vitamins in this respect. The best vitamin was C, B, K, E, D and A, in descending order. Four sprays at growth start, just before blooming, just after berry setting and at one month later with vitamins C at 500 ppm, B, K, E, D and A each at 100 ppm besides amino acids at 100 ppm was responsible for enhancing yield and quality of Superior grapevines. [Faissal F. Ahmed; Farouk H. Abdelaziz, Ali. A. Gobara, Emad A.H. El- Mamlouk and Moustafa H.A. Hashem. Behaviour of Superior Grapevines to Foliar Application of Some Vitamins and Amino Acids. World Rural Observ 2015;7(1): ]. ISSN: (Print); ISSN: (Online) Keywords: Vitamins, amino acids, growth, yield, quality, Superior grapes. 1. Introduction Recently, many attempts were conducted to improve yield and fruit quality by using vitamins and amino acids instead of using various chemicals for avoiding environment pollution and producing organic grapes. Vitamins with their antioxidant properties play an important role in plant defence against oxidative stresses induced by unfavourable conditions. Application of vitamins is accompanied with enhancing alpha keto glutaric acid biosynthesis which is united with ammonia to form amino acids and proteins, controlling the incidence of disorders. and stimulating the biosynthesis of natural hormones like IAA, cytokinins and GA 3, cell division, plant pigments, enzymes, organic foods and plant metabolism (Samiullah et al., 1988). Amino acids are responsible for enhancing proteins, cell division, plant pigments and natural hormones such as IAA, GA 3 and ethylene (Davies, 1982). The benefits of vitamins on growth and fruiting of grapevine cvs were emphasized by the findings of Madian and Refaai (2011); Mekawy (2012), Mohamed Entesam (2012); Ibrahim- Rehab (2012); Abdelaal (2012); Ahmed et al., (2012a) and (2012b); Abdelaal and Aly (2013); Abada (2014); Abd El- Latief (2014); Abdelaal et al., (2014) and Al- Wasfy (2014). The results of Khattab Magda and Shaban (2012); Abdelaal et al., (2013); Gad El- Kareem and Abada (2014; Mohamed (2014); and El- Khawaga (2014) supported the beneficial effects of using amino acids on growth and fruiting of grapevines. The target of this study was elucidating the great benefits of using some vitamins C, B, K, E, D and A and amino acids (tryptophane, methionene and cysteine) on growth and fruiting of Superior grapevines. 2. Material And Methods This study was carried out during 2012, 2013 and 2014 seasons on 96 uniform in vigour 7- years old Superior grapevines grown in a private vineyard located at Talha village, Benha district, Qlyubia Governorate where the texture of the soil is clay, well drained and water table not less than two meters deep. All the selected vines are planted at 2.0 x 3.0 m apart. The chosen vines (96 vines) were pruned during the first week of January in both seasons using cane pruning method with the assistance of Y supporting system. Vine load was 66 eyes for all the selected vines on the basis of six fruiting canes X nine eyes plus six renewal spurs X two eyes. Surface irrigation system was followed using Nile water. Except those dealing with the present treatments (application of vitamins and amino acids via foliage), all the selected vines (96 vines) received the usual horticultural practices which are commonly used in the vineyard. Mechanical, physical and chemical analysis of the tested soil were carried out at the start of the experiment according to the procedures of Wilde et al., (1985) and the data are shown in Table (1). 100

2 Constituents Table (1) : Analysis of the tested soil: Values Particle size distribution: Sand % 10.0 Silt % 21.5 Clay % 68.5 Texture Clay ph(1:2.5 extract) 8.05 EC (1 :2.5 extract) (dsm -1 ) 1 cm / 25 o C O.M. % 1.88 CaCO 3 % 2.55 Total N % 0.10 Available P (Olsen, ppm) 2.22 Available K (ammonium acetate, ppm) 400 This study included the following sixteen treatments from application of single and combined sprays of vitamins K, E, D, A & B (B 1 +B 2 +B 6 +B 12 ) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as well as amino acids in addition to the control treatment: 1- Control (untreated vines) 2- Spraying vitamin C at 500 ppm (0.5 g/ l) 3- Spraying vitamin B complex (B 1 +B 2 +B 6 +B 12 ) at 100 ppm (0.1 g/ l) 4- Spraying vitamin K at 100ppm 5- Spraying vitamin E at 100 ppm. 6- Spraying vitamin D at 100 ppm. 7- Spraying vitamin A at 100 ppm. 8- Spraying all vitamins. 9- Spraying amino acids at 100 ppm. 10- Spraying vitamin C + Amino acids. 11- Spraying vitamin B + Amino acid. 12- Spraying vitamin K + Amino acid. 13- Spraying vitamin E + Amino acid. 14- Spraying vitamin D + Amino acid. 15- Spraying vitamin A + Amino acid. 16- Spraying all vitamins namely K, E, D, A, B and ascorbic acid and amino acids at the previous concentrations. Each treatment was replicated three times, two vines per each. Vitamins B (B 1 +B 2 +B 6 +B 12 ) & ascorbic acid were dissolved in water. While vitamin K, E, D and A were dissolved in few drops of Ethyl alcohol before application. The selected vines received four sprays of these vitamins and amino acids (tryptophane, methionene and cysteine) at growth start (1 st week of March), just before bloom (1 st week of April); just after berry setting (1 st week of May) and at one month later (1 st week of June). Triton B as a wetting agent was used with all vitamins at 0.05 % (0.5 ml/ I). Spraying was done till run off (2 litres/ vine). The investigated vitamins and amino acids were applied at fixed concentrations according to the previous studies carried out by Madian and Refaai (2011). Randomized complete block design was followed where the experiment consisted of sixteen treatments, each treatment replicated three times, two vines per each. During the three seasons of the study, following parameters were measured, main shoot length (cm.); number of leaves/ shoot, leaf area (cm 2 ) (Ahmed and Morsy, 1999); chlorophylls a & b, total chlorophylls, total carotenoids (mg/ 100 g F.W.) (Von- Wettstein, 1957), percentages of N, P, K, Mg and Ca as well as Zn, F e, Zn and Cu (as ppm) (Wilde et al., 1986), berry setting %, number of clusters/ vine, yield expressed in weight (kg.) and number of clusters / vine, cluster weight (g.) and dimensions (length and width in cm.), shot berries %, berry weight (g.) and dimensions (longitudinal and equatorial in cm.), T.S.S.%, total acidity %, (as g tartaric acid/ 100 ml juice), T.S.S./ acid, reducing sugars % (A.O.A.C., 2000), as well as nitrate and nitrite in the juice (as ppm) (Ridnour Lisa, et al., 2000). Statistical analysis was performed (according to Mead et al., (1993). Treatment means were compared during new L.S.D. at 5%. 3. Results 1- Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acid on growth and vine nutritional status Data in Tables (2 & 3 & 4 & 5) clearly show that single and combined applications of vitamins C at 500 ppm, B, K, E, D and A each at 100 ppm and amino acids (tryptophane, methionene an dcysteine) at 100 ppm significantly was accompanied with enhancing main shoot length, number of leaves/ shoot, leaf area, chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls, total carotenoids, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in the leaves rather than non- application. Using vitamins C, B, K, E, D and A, in descending order was significantly very effective in enhancing growth characters, plant pigments and nutrient status in the leaves. Using amino acids was significantly superior than using amino acids in this respect. Combined applications of vitamins and amino acids significantly surpassed the application of each alone in this respect. The maximum values were recorded on the vines that received four sprays of a mixture of all vitamins and amino acid. The lowest values were recorded on the untreated vines. These results were true during 2012, 2013 and 2014 seasons. 2- Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acid on berry setting %, yield as well as cluster weight and dimensions. Data in Tables (6 & 7) obviously reveal that percentage of berry setting, yield expressed in weight (kg.) and number of clusters/ vine as well as cluster 101

3 weight and dimensions were significantly improve din response to spraying vitamins C, B, K, E, D and A and/ or amino acids comparing with the check treatment. The promotion on these parameters was significantly associated with using vitamins C, B, K, E, D and A in descending order. Using amino acids was significantly preferable than using amino acids. Combined applications of vitamins and amino acids was significantly favourable than using each alone in this respect. The best results with regard to berry setting, yield and cluster characters was obtained due to using all vitamins plus amino acids. The untreated vines produced the lowest values. These results were true during the three seasons. 3- Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acid on the percentage of shot berries Data in Table (7) clearly show that the percentage of shot berries was significantly declined as a result of spraying vitamins and amino acids either singly or in combinations over the check treatment. The best vitamins in this respect were vitamins C, B, K, E, D and A, in descending order. Using amino acids was significantly superior than using vitamins. Using all vitamins together was significantly preferable than using each vitamin alone in controlling shot berries in the clusters. Using all vitamins with amino acids resulted in the lowest values. The highest values were recorded on the untreated vines. These results were true during the three seasons. 4- Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acid on the quality of the berries Tables (7 & 8 & 9) clearly show that using vitamins C, B, K, E, D and A and/ or the three amino acids significantly improved berries quality in terms of increasing berry weight and dimensions (longitudinal and equatorial), T.S.S. %, reducing sugars % and T.S.S. /acid and decreasing total acidity % and both nitrate and nitrite in the juice rather than nonapplication. Using vitamins C, B, K, E, D and A, in descending order was significantly preferable in enhancing quality of the berries. Using amino acids was significantly favourable than using vitamins in this connection. The best results with regard to quality of the berries were obtained due to using all vitamins and amino acids together. These results were true during the three seasons. Unfavourable effects were observed in the untreated vines. Table (2) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on some vegetative growth characters and chlorophyll a in the leaves of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. Main shoot length (cm.) No. of leaves / shoot Leaf area (cm) 2 Chlorophyll a (mg/ 100 g F.W.) Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5%

4 Table (3) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on some plant pigments and percentage of N in the leaves of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. Chlorophyll b (mg/100 g. F.W) Total (mg/100g.f.w) chlorophylls Total (mg/100gf.w) carotenoids Leaf N% Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5% Table (4) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on the percentages of P, K, Mg and Ca in the leaves of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. Leaf P% Leaf K% Leaf Mg% Leaf Ca% Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5%

5 Table (5) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on the leaf content of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu (ppm) of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. Leaf Zn(ppm) Leaf Fe(ppm) Leaf Mn(ppm) Leaf Cu (ppm) Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids ` All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5% Table (6) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on the percentage of berry setting, yield and cluster weight of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. Berry setting% No of clusters /vine Yield/vine (kg.) Cluster weight(g.) Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5% NS

6 Table (7) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on the length and width of cluster, shot berries % and berry weight of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. cluster length (cm.) Cluster width(cm) Shot berries% Berry weight (g.) Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5% Table (8) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on the berry longitudinal and equatorial of berry and percentages of total soluble solids and total acidity % in the of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. Berry longitudinal(cm) Berry equatorial(cm) T.S.S % Total acidity% Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5%

7 Table (9) : Effect of single and combined applications of some vitamins and amino acids on some chemical of the berries of Superior grapevines during 2012 & 2013& 2014 seasons. T.S,S/acid Reducing sugars% Nitrate in the juice(ppm) Nitrite in the juice(ppm) Control Vit. C at 500 ppm Vit. B complex at 100 ppm Vit. K at 100 ppm Vit. E at 100 ppm Vit. D at 100 ppm Vit. A at 100 ppm All vitamins Amino acids at 100 ppm Vit. C + Amino acid Vit. B complex + Amino acids Vit. K + Amino acids Vit. E + Amino acids Vit. D + Amino acids Vit. A + amino acids All vitamins + amino acids New L.S.D. at 5% Discussion The positive action of vitamins on fruiting of Superior grapevine might be attributed to their essential role on protecting the plant cells from senescence and various disorders as well as enhancing cell division, the biosynthesis of natural hormones such as IAA and ethylene, nutrient and water uptake, photosynthesis, building of plant pigments and proteins, amino acids and plant metabolism. These important functions of vitamins surely reflected on enhancing growth and vine nutritional status in favour of enhancing yield and fruit quality. (Samiulla et al., 1988). These results are in harmony with those obtained by Madian and Refaai (2011); Mekawy (2012), Mohamed Entesam (2012); Ibrahim- Rehab(2012); Abdelaal (2012); Ahmed et al., (2012a) and (2012b); Abdelaal and Aly (2013); Abada (2014); Abd El- Latief (2014); Abdelaal et al., (2014) and Al- Wasfy (2014). The promoting effect of amino acids on fruiting of Superior grapevines might be attributed to the favourable effects of these organic substances on enhancing the biosynthesis of proteins through polymerization of amino acids, ethylene, GA 3, plant pigments, and organic foods (Davies, 1982). These results are in concordance with those obtained by Khattab Magda and Shaban (2012); Abdelaal et al., (2013); Gad El- Kareem and Abada (2014; Mohamed (2014); and El- Khawaga (2014). References 1. Abada,M.A.M. (2014): A comparative study for the effect of green tea extract and some antioxidants on Thompson seedless grapevines. Inter. J. of Plant & Soil Sci. 3(10): Abdelaal, A.H.M. and Aly, M.M. (2013): The synergistic effects of using turmeric with some antioxidants on growth, vine nutritional status and productivity of Ruby seedless grapevine Hort. Science J. of Suez Canal Univ. 1 : Abdelaal, E.E.H.A. (2012): The synergistic effects of using some nutrients as well as antioxidant substances on growth, nutritional status and productivity of Thompson seedless grapevines grown under Sohag region. Ph. D. Thesis Fac. of Agric. Sohag Univ. Egypt. 4. Abdelaal, A.H.M., El- Morsy, S.E.M.A.; Abd El- Wahab, M.A. and Abd El- Latief, M.M.H. (2014): Relation of yield and berries quality of Thompson seedless grapevines to foliar application of some vitamins. World Rural Observation. 6: (2): Abdelaal, A.M.K.; Ahmed, F.F. and Abdelaal, E.E.H. (2013): The stimulative effects of using some nutrients and antioxidants on growth, nutritional status and yield of Thompson seedless grapes. Hort. Science J. of Suez Canal Univ. 1:

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