The Wheat Water Activity Map Technology, a Tool of Freedom

Transcription

1 EURO FOOD S WATER 2006 The Wheat Water Activity Map Technology, a Tool of Freedom Luc De Bry Company Founder E.U. Marie Curie Fellow

2 First the Water! Souvenir of Zennegat, Balgium, pre-efw-2006

3 The key to our future lies in our past! (L. Leakey) Souvenir of ISOPOW 9, Mar Del Plata, Argentina, 2004

4 POMPEI : Forum, Grain Exchange, Vesuvius Souvenir of 10 th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, 2003

5 POMPEI : Grain Market Souvenir of 10 th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, 2003

6 A 2000 years old challenge... Pliny the Elder (27-79 A.D.) One Modius of Wheat Flour from Cypria Alexandria Blend (50/50) yields 20 pounds 20 pounds 25 pounds of Bread Y2K realised : this is Water!!! In Book no XVIII about Agricultural Science, Chapter XII, verses 67-69

7 The Multiplication of Profits Jesus at School (-6 to 27 A.D.)

8 2,000 years later 800g 620g 840g

9 Analysing the "-ity" ity" " Practice Challenge = to transform a complaint into benefits!!! MARKETING Variabil-ity = Complaint? Qual-ity = Premium!? Biodivers-ity = Asset! FOOD GRAIN TECHNOLOGY

10 Water in the Wheat Supply Chain MARKETING GRAIN ± WATER ± 14-15% H 2 O SEEDS + WATER FOOD GRAIN TECHNOLOGY

11 Standard Bread Recipes from around the World Flour Water Yeast Salt Fat Sugar Malt Asc.Ac. Lecithin Whey CaSO4 NH4Cl PO4 ICC Australia Canada France USA Argentina China yes Adjusted to an XYZ-graph value F.N g Color code: values in g or ppm N O S T A N D A R D

12 Abusing Water for Flour Adulteration : Control : appears normal : excess of added proteases Electrophoresis, courtesy of INRA

13 Managing Wheat Protein Understanding and Overcoming the Gluten Dogma Wheat Protein Real World BAKERS Osborne Thomas B. [1907] Gluten Dogma (since ± 1940s) Wheat Map Tech (since 1994) Globulin yes p. 37 no yes Albumin yes p. 20 no yes Glutenin yes p. 82 yes yes Gliadin yes p. 53 yes yes Amphiphilic yes * no yes Parietal yes * no yes p. = page * Not known yet in 1907

14 In Wheat Grain too PLANT STORAGE (?) PROTEINS are ANTI-NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL FACTORS (!) ANTI-AMYLASES AMYLASES ALBUMINS ANTI-PROTEASES ANTI-LIPASES GLUTEN? GLIADINS GLUTENINS ALLERGENS DIGESTIVE TRACT BLOCKERS From De Bry L. (1994), (1996) and (2000)

15 How do Wheat Proteins kill Mammals? Picture from Penny R.H.C. et al.., 1993

16 Hysteresis in Gluten Issues a w of Doughs at 25 C Water (g/100 g d.m.) De-sorption Seed / Grain Drying PROTEIN AGGREGATION Water AB-sorption??? Bread (1.00) Cracker ( ) Pastry ( ) Biscuit ( ) Cookie ( ) Ad-sorption GLUTEN OXIDATION Seed Germination a w = 0.58 T.B. Osborne [1907] Water Activity (a w ) 0.65 a w = Storage of Seed, Grain, Flour

17 Principle of Wheat Poison Dosage Methods Applying Toxicology and Dose Effect Water Activity Solubility Wet Chemistry 10 days NIR 10 min Moisture High aw Medium aw Low aw Globulins + Albumins Glutenins Gliadins GLA GLU GLI R 2 > 0.9 Very low aw Zero aw Amphiphilics Parietals ANFs Water Activity

18 The WATER ACTIVITY MAP of WHEAT WHEAT ORIGINS Mediterranean Continental Maritime Oceanic Resistance to Salt Stress GLU + Resistance to Water vs. Drought Stress Wheat Map Tech all R 2 > 0.90 Adapted from Verel A. & De Bry L. (2000) GLA++ GLI Resistance to High Temperature Stress Gluten Dogma GLI/GLU R 2 < 0.70 most often R 2 < 0.20

19 Kinetics of WHEAT, BARLEY and HUMAN MIGRATIONS GLU GLA Oldest remains found at each site (in years B.C.) From Verel A. & De Bry L. (2000) 8000 GLI Fertile Crescent

20 Imperial Germplasm : Wheat Migration Primary imperial Flows Non-imperial Flows Secondary imperial Flows Adapted from www. cgiar.org (1996)

21 When WHEAT goes EAST

22 The WHEAT a w MAP for ASIA GLU GLU GLU GLI GLA GLI GLA GLA

23 When WHEAT goes SOUTH The WHEAT a w MAP for major EXPORTERS Argentinean Wheat GLA GLA GLA

24 When WHEAT goes Far-West

25 ENVIRONMENT ISOMER of North-American Wheat Quality GLU GLA GLA GLI

26 Practical Applications of the Wheat Map??? Profit MARKETING Millers Breeders Traders Bakers Producers FOODS GRAINS TECHNOLOGY

27 Wheat Map Tech Calibrated NIR

28 Applications in Wheat Breeding and Producing Resistance to: * Cold and Lodging (ARMINDA, ) * Fusarium and Lodging (SCIPION, SOISSONS, CROUSTY,...) * Mildew and/or to Fusarium (APPOLO, BEAVER, GALAHAD, ) + GLU Climates: Continental Maritime Oceanic Mediterranean Features/TransitionEconomies/ GLA + + GLI From Verel A. & De Bry L. (2000)

29 Applications in Wheat Quality GLU 1999 Physiology and Genetic Effects GLU Variety A 2000 Variety B GLA Shift in Harvest Average Phenotype$ Genotyp GLI

30 Applications in (Genetically( Genetically) «Modified» Wheat GLU GM Wheat, 1990s Work and Patents of Dr. A. Blechl et al. / USDA Dr. P. Payne et al. / PBI-UK GLA Flour improvers GLI Galahad -7 a Market Flop

31 Applications in Grain Trading for Consistency GLU Example for US Wheat Classes Hard Red Spring Hard Red Winter Hard White Soft White Soft Red Winter Unclassed Mixed GLA GLI

32 Application in Purchasing = Interchangeability + GLU Cheapest Grains ==> High Quality Blend ==> GLA + + GLI Consistency Productivity Gross Margins Flour Sales

33 Applications in Milling for Flour Consistency GLU Wheat Origins Europe Africa America Asia Oceania BL nd$ For Bread GLA For Biscuit & Cake GLI

34 Applications in Baking and Automation R 2 = 0.93 Wheat Origins Product Length max min Better Consistency Europe Africa America Asia Oceania BL nd$ GLU Content at constant Dough Water Activity

35 Wheat-Consumer Consumer-specific specific Parameters : R 2 > 0.90 AUTOMATED BAKERY Wheat BREAD EMERGING FLOUR PRODUCT Wheat Water G. C. T. T. A. A. RECIPE DOUGH Activity Map Technology

36 First European Bakery applying the early Wheat Map Tech

37 First Wheat Purchasers applying the early Wheat Map Tech Montana, USA, 2004

38 First Export of the early Wheat Map Tech to North-America Black Eagle Falls on the Missouri River at Great Falls, Montana, USA, 2004

39 Mill and Bakery of Pompei, 79 A.D. Souvenir of 10 th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, 2003

40 2000 years later at Great Falls, Montana, USA Lab of Mill at Great Falls, Montana, USA, 2003

41 2,000 year later, Pliny may at last rest in peace Souvenir of 10 th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, 2003

42 Wheat a w Map Results in 2006 WHEAT $CIENCE CONOMY Toxicity Baking Better Food Law, Performance (Lobbyism), E.U. Water Activity Predictive NIR Data Base Parameters World Calibration Variability Asset 6M metric Tons/year

43 First BENEFITS for CONSUMERS

44 Perspectives for the Wheat Supply Chain Consumers recipe flour MARKETING Consistency FoodTech AgBioTech Diversity nitrogen bread grains Food $afety Food $ecurity seeds TECHNOLOGY Products

45 World Perspective, From the GREEN to the BLUE Revolution??? Adapted from

46 Water Activity controls Gene Activity against Abiotic Stress Water Activity µ= µ 0 + RT ln a w Temperature : Clausius-Clapeyron ln a 2 [Q S ][ a =- T 2 -T 1 1 R T 2 T 1] Medium a w Temperature Stress Next Steps: Cereals Oilseeds Pulses FOODS Polymers Fibers Bio-Fuels Solubility : Raoult s Law a w = γ n H2 O n H2 O + n solute Water Stress Salt Stress High a w Heat Low a w

47 The WATER ACTIVITY MAP of WHEAT GLU GLA Developed from VEREL A. & DE BRY L. (2000) GLI Thank you EFW-06 for your attention!