FACTORS such as nature of diet, feeding
|
|
- Loraine Parrish
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 esistance Potential of Certain s of Domestic Fowl xposed to aillietina tetragona Infections 6. FFCTS OF STAVATION OF TH HOST CHICKN ON TH TAPWOM AILLITINA TTAGONA* A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. 0. JOHN AND K\ MUALDHAAN Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum, KeralaIndia (eceived for publication October 13, 171) ABSTACT ffects of short periods of starvation on the fowl cestode, aillietina tetragona, developed in four breeds of chickens,, White ock, and (X) are reported. The data based on 40 birds revealed significant reduction in segment discharge, depletion of glycogen reserve of the worms, elimination of entire worms and reduction in worm weight, almost correlated with the duration of starvation. INTODUCTION FACTOS such as nature of diet, feeding time, feeding habits, sickness and starvation of the host are known to exert profound influence on the physiology of intestinal helminths. Chandler (143), Chandler et al. (150), ead (15), oberts and Platzer (167) among others, have shown the sensitivity of cestodes to carbohydrate deficiency of the host diet and that suboptimal carbohydrate, in quantity or quality, deleteriously affects their development. udies made by Levine (138) and eid (140, 142a, b, 144, 145) revealed that host starvation caused decreased segment production and glycogen depletion of the worms, Davainea proglottina and aillietina cesticillus, respectively. eid (142 a, b) also reported that the scolex was unaffected by starvation and was able to regenerate new strobila upon resumption of normal feeding of the host bird. However, little is known in this connection about. tetragona, one of the most important of the fowl cestodes. An attempt was, therefore, made to study the effects of short periods of starvation * This research has been financed by a grant, FG-In-387 by the United ates Department of Agriculture under PL POULTY SCINC 51: , 172 on this tapeworm developed in four breeds of domestic fowl. MATIALS AND MTHODS Day-old chickens of the four breeds,, White ock, and (X) were procured and maintained in brooders on adequate diet. When 21-days old, 10 birds of each breed were selected and each of them received 10 cysticercoids recovered from three species of ants, Tetramorium simillimum, Tetramorium sp.2 and Pheidole sp. The cysticercoids were administered to the birds following the method of Nadakal et al. (170a). Infected chickens were kept individually in wire-mesh cages. Thirty five days post-infection, two birds of each breed were subjected to 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours of starvation and an equal number, properly fed, kept as controls. Birds which shed larger number of segments were selected for longer periods of starvation. The starvation schedule and time of autopsy of birds are shown below: Duration of starvation Ohrs. arvationtime -3 P.M. P.M.- 3 P.M.- - Time of autopsy 3 P.M.
2 1028 A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. O. JOHN AND K. MUALDHAAN TABL 1.Data on the discharge of segments Duration of starvation White ock U U U U Number of segments discharged during starvation period. U. Number of segments discharged during corresponding pre-starvation period. egular fecal examination was carried out during the patent period to ensure destrobilization and/or elimination of entire worms, if any. The number of segments discharged was noted during pre-starvation and starvation periods. arved birds were given water as needed. At the end of each starvation period, the experimental birds were sacrificed and the number of recovered worms recorded. After taking weight of worms, they were immediately processed for glycogen determination following the method of Seifter et al. (150) using Spectronic-20 at 620 xa/x. A simple analysis of variance method was carried out taking variety and period as two treatments and the treatment effects and the effect due to the interaction of variety and period were tested. SULTS AND DISCUSSION The data on segment discharge, weight and glycogen content of the worms recovered from birds starved for different periods as well as those from control birds and worm expulsion and recovery of worms at autopsy are presented in Tables 1 to 4. Our data indicate that longer periods of starvation adversely affect the cestode,. tetragona. One of the effects was reduction in the production of segments by worms in all breeds of chickens (Table 1). Similar observations were also made in the case of worms, Davainea proglottina in chickens (Levine, 138), Hymenolepis diminuta in rats (Chandler, 143; oberts and Platzer, 167) and Cotugnia digonopora in chickens (Nadakal et al., 170b). Of all the nutritional requirements of cestodes, the vital importance of carbohydrate has been well established (ead, 15; von Brand, 166). The deficiency or lack of carbohydrates in the host diet adversely affects the segment production and the weight gain of worms (Chandler, 143; ead, 15; and oberts and Platzer, 167). In starved birds the worms are literally deprived of their nutritional requirements, especially carbohydrates, needed for normal metabolism. oberts (166) reported that there is a threshold concentration of carbohydrates, below which formation of segments is inhibited. It is also possible that host starvation brings about certain changes in the intestinal milieu which are not compatible with the worms. For instance, we noticed an increased production of mucosal exudate and bile secretion in the gut of host birds starved for longer periods. The average weight of worms obtained in different starvation periods as well as from different breeds showed significant differences. eduction in weight of worms was not very consistent; however it was well-marked during 18 and 24 hours of starvation. It is difficult to explain the increase in the weight of worms recovered
3 STAVATION AND TAPWOM SISTANC 102 from one of the s and another of the White ocks starved for 24 hours (Table 2). In each case there were only two worms. One might argue, therefore, that there was no competition and hence the weight of worms was not much affected due to starvation. It seems that this situation is partly due to inherent metabolic variations of both the host and the parasite. Our results on the weight and segment production of worms are in agreement with the observations made by ead and othman (157) and oberts (161) that shedding of segments is not a direct function of growth rate using weight as a criterion. We noted progressive reduction in the rate of segment discharge during starvation periods despite the fluctuations in the worm weight. The general tendency for the weight loss of worms in birds starved for longer periods might also be due to water loss as reported by Overturf and Dryer (168). It is known that host starvation causes drastic depletion of polysaccharide reserve of worms (von Brand, 166). In the present investigation we have observed significant differences between periods in the rate of depletion of worm glycogen (Table 3). There were, however, minor fluctuations, which might be due to metabolic variations of individual worms. About 62% and 55% of glycogen contents were depleted in worms obtained from s and White ocks, respectively, starved for 24 hours. In, by 18 hours of starvation, about 67% of the worm glycogen disappeared. eid (140, 142 a, b) and eid and Ackert (141) reported that after 24 hours of starvation, the glycogen content of. cesticilliis was reduced by 2%. Similar observations have also been made by Overturf and Dryer (168) in the case of H. diminuta in rats. The rapid depletion of worm glycogen in starved hosts suggests TABL 2.Average worm weight in grams per bird at different periods of starvation (Two birds of each breed as controls and experimentals) White ock Control xperimental The value of the variance ratio obtained for the treatment namely, variety, period and interaction effect are 15.4,.2 and 1.2 respectively. From tables the value of variance ratio for F(»,3)=3.10, F( 2 o,4)=2.87 and F(io.i2) =2.28 at 5% level of significance. There is no interaction between variety and period. its importance in cestode metabolism. Another consequence of host starvation was the elimination of the entire worms, especially during 24 hours of starvation (Table 4). In s and White ocks, however, a few worms could survive 24 hours of starvation, but from and birds all the worms were eliminated by this time. The discharge of plentiful yellowish-white mucosal exudate was characteristically noticed in birds starved for longer periods. Unlike. echinobothrida and. cesticillus,. tetragona is only superficially attached to the intestinal wall and so it was easy for the worms to get expelled along with the mucosal exudate. Levine (138) and eid (140, 142 a, b) never observed the elimination of entire worms in their starvation studies with D. proglottina and. cesticillus respectively. eid noted regeneration of scolices which remained attached to the intestinal wall when the host birds were brought back to normal feeding. Free from intestinal food contents, we have been able to make a thorough examination of the gut epithelia of starved hosts at autopsy but failed to recover any scolex. eid (144, 145) attributed elimination of the worm, As-
4 1030 A. M. NADAKAL, A. MOHANDAS, K. O. JOHN AND K. MUALDHAAN TABL 3.Average glycogen content, in gram percent, per worm (Two birds of each breed as controls and experimentals) Control xperimental White ock The value of the variance ratio obtained for the treatment namely, variety, period and interaction effect are 3.0, 24.5 and 1.5 respectively. From tables the value of F(2o,s)=3.10, F (20,4) = 2.87 and F(2o,i2) = 2.28, at 5% level of significance. It is seen that there is significant difference between periods at 5% level of significance. Between varieties there is no significant difference and there is no interaction. caridia galli during starvation to carbohydrate deficiency leading to enfeeblement of worms to cope up with the peristaltic contraction of the intestine. It is likely that in the starved host, the worms themselves are starved almost to moribund state and become easily expelled along with the intestinal mucus. We have also noticed elimination of entire worms in the apparently normal host. This may be due to voluntary partial starvation of the host resulting from factors including change of diet and fear as suggested by eid (142a, b). From a few birds starved for 24 hours, no worm could be recovered despite regular segment discharge even a few hours before autopsy. There was no elimination of the entire worms either. It is likely that the worms might have been digested by the host birds. eid (145) also suggested the phenomenon of worm digestion in starved hosts in his studies with A. galli. It is generally held that living helminths escape from being digested by the host because of the presence of anti-enzymes or enzyme inhibitors (Watson, 160). The expelled worms as well as those recovered from birds starved for 24 hours, were fragmented, degenerate and knotted with TABL 4.Data on the recovery of worms at autopsy and elimination of worms during the starvation periods Unstarved normal control Duration of starvation 6 hours 12 hours 18 hours 24 hours White ock Worms recovered. Worms eliminated.
5 STAVATION AND TAPWOM SISTANC 1031 mucosal exudate. ructural changes in the cuticle of worms caused by starvation stress, particularly those associated with molecular organization of glycoproteins, might have made them amenable to the attack of digestive enzymes of the host. In conclusion, our observations indicate that host starvation is definitely deleterious to these worms since it tends to retard growth and expel them from the host. As the attachment of these worms to the intestinal epithelium is only superficial, they may readily be discharged by the birds along with mucosal exudate during longer periods of starvation. Hence periodic starvation of the birds may be helpful in controlling this tapeworm infection, particularly in and s. ACKNOWLDGMNT Grateful acknowledgement is made to Mr. S. amalinga Iyer of the Bureau of conomics and atistics, Kerala for the statistical analysis of the data. The authors are thankful to Dr. Poulose John B.V.Sc. for technical assistance and to the authorities of Mar Ivanios College for providing space and facilities. FNCS Chandler, A. C, 143. udies on the nutrition of tapeworms. Amer. J. Hyg. 37: Chandler, A. C, C. P. ead and H. O. Nicholas., 150. Observations on certain phases of nutrition and host-parasite relations of Hymenolepis diminuta in white rats. J. Parasit. 36: Levine, P. P., 138. Observations on the biology of the poultry cestode Davainea proglottina in the intestine of the host. J. Parasit. 24: Nadakal, A. M., K. O. John, K. Muraleedharan and A. Mohandas, 170a. esistance potential of certain breeds of domestic fowl exposed to aillietina tetragona infections. IContributions to the biology of aillielina tetragona (Molin, 1858). Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash. 37: Nadakal, A. M., K. Muraleedharan, A. Mohandas and K. O. John, 170b. Observations on certain aspects of the biology of the tapeworm Cotugnia digonopora (Pasquale, 180) Diamare, 183. Jap. J. Parasit. 1: Overturf, M., and. L. Dryer, 168. Lipid metabolism in the adult cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 27: ead, C. P., 15. The role of carbohydrates in the biology of cestodes. VIIISome conclusions and hypothesis. xptl. Parasitol. 8: ead, C. P., and A. H. othman, 157. The role of carbohydrates in the biology of cestodes. IV Some effects of the host dietary carbohydrate on growth and reproduction of Hymenolepis. xptl. Parasitol. 6: eid, W. M., 140. Some effects of short starvation periods upon the fowl cestode aillielina cesticillus (Molin). J. Parasit. 26 (suppl): 16. eid, W. M., 142a. emoval of the tapeworm aillietina cesticillus by short periods of starvation. Poultry Sci. 21: eid, W. M., 142b. Certain nutritional requirements of the fowl cestode aillielina cesticillus (Molin) as demonstrated by short periods of starvation of the host. J. Parasit. 28: eid, W. M., 144. The effects of host starvation on worm elimination and glycogen depletion with nematode Ascaridia galli. J. Parasit. 30 (Suppl): 12. eid, W. M., 145. The relationship between glycogen depletion in the nematode Ascaridia galli (Schrank) and elimination of the parasite by the host. Amer. J. Hyg. 41: eid, W. M., and J.. Ackert, 141. The removal of chicken tapeworms by forced starvation and some effects of such treatment on tapeworm metabolism. J. Parasit. 27 (suppl): 35. oberts, L. S., 161. The influence of population density on patterns and physiology of growth in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) in the definitive host. xptl. Parasitol. 11: oberts, L. S., 166. Developmental physiology of cestodes. IHost dietary carbohydrate and the 'crowding effect' in Hymenolepis diminuta. xptl. Parasitol. 18: oberts, L. S., and. G. Platzer, 167. Developmental physiology of cestodes. IIffects of changes in host dietary carbohydrate and roughage on previously established Hymenolepis diminuta. J. Parasit. 53: Seifter, S., S. Dayton, B. Novic and. Muntwyler, 150. The estimation of glycogen with anthrone reagent. Arch. Biochem. 25: Von Brand T., 166. Biochemistry of Parasites. Academic Press, New York and London. Watson, J. M., 160. Medical Helminthology. Balliere, Tindall and Cox. 7 & 8 Henrietta street, London (First edition) p. 42.
K VIJAYAKUMARAN NAIR and A M NADAKAL Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Trivandrum , India
Proc. ndian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), Vol. 9, Number, November 90, pp. -9. Printed in ndia. Metabofic disturbances caused by Raillietina tetragona (Cestoda) infection in domestic fowl: Effect of infection
More informationA STUDY ON THE ACTIVITY LEVELS OF SOME ENZYMES OF RAILLIETINA TETRAGONA (MOLIN, 1858), INFECTING DOMESTIC CHICK, GALLUS GALLUS
A STUDY ON THE ACTIVITY LEVELS OF SOME ENZYMES OF RAILLIETINA TETRAGONA (MOLIN, 1858), INFECTING DOMESTIC CHICK, GALLUS GALLUS Achaiah.N 1 *, Vijaya Kumar 2. N 1 Dept of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal,
More informationThe development of Hymenolepis diminuta
HELMINTHOLOGIA, 41, 1: 9 14, 2004 The development of Hymenolepis diminuta tapeworms of inbred line WMS il1 in rats of the WAG alb. race in primary and secondary infections of varying intensity M. STRADOWSKI
More informationThe Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection among Backyard Fowl Population of Selected areas of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal
Biological Forum An International Journal 8(2): 181-18(216) ISSN (Print): 97-11 ISSN (Online): 2249-29 The Gastrointestinal Helminth Infection among Backyard Fowl Population Selected areas North 24 Parganas,
More informationIncreased Coprophagic Activity of the Beetle, Tenebrio molitor, on Feces Containing Eggs of the Tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta
International Journal for Parasitology, 1995, v.25, n.10, pp.1179-1184. ISSN: 0020-7519 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(95)00051-3 http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/353/description#description
More information50 SoMMr, Parasites of the European Starling
50 SoMMr, Parasites of the European Starling [Jaa. PARASITES OF THE EUROPEAN STARLING IN ILLINOIS BY JOSEPH B. SOMMER S CE the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) has established itself on the North American
More informationQualitative and quantitative changes in lipids along the length of female reproductive system of the poultry 'nematode Ascaridia gajli (Schrank 1788)
Proc, Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), Vol. 96, No.6. November 1987, pp. 683-687. CD Printed in India. Qualitative and quantitative changes in lipids along the length of female reproductive system of the
More informationA survey on the incidence and magnitude of intestinal helminthiasis in broiler breeders originating from the southeastern United States 1
2013 Poultry Science Association, Inc. A survey on the incidence and magnitude of intestinal helminthiasis in broiler breeders originating from the southeastern United States 1 T. Yazwinski,* 2 C. Tucker,*
More informationGastrointestinal helminths in the local chicken Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in traditional breeding of North- Western Algeria
Biodiversity Journal, 2013, 4 (1): 229-234 Gastrointestinal helminths in the local chicken Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in traditional breeding of North- Western Algeria Fouzia Yousfi, Kheira
More informationTitle. Author(s)SAKAMOTO, Tsukasa; TAKAHASHI, Hisamichi; NAKAMATA, M. CitationJapanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 12(3): Issue Date
Title STUDIES ON STRONGYLOIDIASIS OF THE PEACOCK : I. THE PHENOTHIAZINE, KAMALA AND DITHIAZANINE IODIDE AGAINS Author(s)SAKAMOTO, Tsukasa; TAKAHASHI, Hisamichi; NAKAMATA, M CitationJapanese Journal of
More informationAvailable online at Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), , 2009
BCSIR Available online at www.banglajol.info Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 207-210, 2009 Nematode and Cestode Prevalence, Organal Distribution and Histological Effects Due to Parasitic Infection
More informationUSED IN TREATING CESTODE INFESTATIONS
Brit. J. Pharmacol. (1947), 2, 100. THE BIOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF SUBSTANCES USED IN TREATING CESTODE INFESTATIONS BY PAMELA HOLTON From the Department of Pharmacology, Oxford (Received December 12, 1946)
More informationGASTRO-INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS: AN UNSEEN THREAT TO THE BACKYARD POULTRY PRODUCTION OF KASHMIR VALLEY
I.J.S.N., VOL.6 (1) 2015: 63-69 ISSN 2229 6441 GASTRO-INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS: AN UNSEEN THREAT TO THE BACKYARD POULTRY PRODUCTION OF KASHMIR VALLEY S.T. Salam Department of Zoology, Govt. A.S. College,
More informationAn electron microscope study of the tegument and associated structures of Dipylidium Caninum. By L. T. THREADGOLD
An electron microscope study of the tegument and associated structures of Dipylidium Caninum By L. T. THREADGOLD (From the Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Present
More informationINTESTINAL MICROBIOTA EXAMPLES OF INDIVIDUAL ANALYSES
EXAMPLES OF INDIVIDUAL ANALYSES INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA Microbiota in the animal or human intestine has evolved together with the host. Consequently, the gastrointestinal tract could be considered a metacommunity,
More informationA Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminthes among Chickens in Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia
European Journal of Applied Sciences 7 (): 64-71, 015 ISSN 079-077 IDOSI Publications, 015 DOI: 10.589/idosi.ejas.015.7..94103 A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminthes among Chickens in Bahir Dar Town,
More informationJournal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN (Paper) ISSN (Online) Vol.4, No.19, 2014
ISSN 4-3186 (Paper) ISSN 5-091 (Online) Vol.4, No.19, 014 Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of the Domestic fowl (Gallus-gallus domesticus) slaughtered in Giwa Market, Giwa Local Government,
More informationIntroduction to Parasitic Helminths
Introduction to Parasitic Helminths Lecture 4 Medical Parasitology Course (MLAB 362) Dr. Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy 1 Parasitic Helminths Eukaryotic, multicellular animals that usually have digestive, circulatory,
More informationPrevalence of Chicken Cestodiasis in Egypt
Prevalence of Chicken Cestodiasis in Egypt Shahin, A.M.; 1 Lebdah, M.A. 1 ; Abu-Elkheir,S. A. 2 and Elmeligy, M.M. 2 1 Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department; Faculty of Vet. Med.; Zagazig University 2 Department
More informationAchaiah.N 1 *, Vijaya Kumar. N 2. Keywords: Acanthocephala, ANOVA, amino acids Channa punctatus, glycogen, Pallisentis.
A STUDY ON SOME METABOLIC ASPECTS PALLISENTIS OPHIOCEPHALI (THAPAR, 1930; BAYLIS, 1933) AN ACANTHOCEPHALAN PARASITE, INFECTING FRESH WATER FISH CHANNA PUNCTATUS Achaiah.N 1 *, Vijaya Kumar. N 2 1 Dept
More informationIntroduction to the internal parasites. BVM&S Parasitology Tudor.W.Jones
Introduction to the internal parasites BVM&S Parasitology Tudor.W.Jones Learning Outcomes Describe what is meant by internal parasites, where they can be found and why they are important to veterinarians.
More informationIntroduction to the internal parasites
Learning Outcomes Introduction to the internal parasites BVM&S Parasitology Tudor.W.Jones Describe what is meant by internal parasites, where they can be found and why they are important to veterinarians.
More informationStudies on prevalence, abundance and intensity of Fish parasites in Monopterus cuchia
Indian J. Applied & Pure Bio. Vol. 29(1), 25-32 (2014). Studies on prevalence, abundance and intensity of Fish parasites in Monopterus cuchia Biplab Kumar Das 1*, Sulata Kar 1 and Devashish Kar 2 1 Research
More informationIn Vitro Effects of Albendazole on Raillietina echinobothrida, the Cestode of Chicken, Gallus domesticus
Pharmacology In Vitro Effects of Albendazole on Raillietina echinobothrida, the Cestode of Chicken, Gallus domesticus Lalchhandama K Department of Zoology, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University,
More informationKøbenhavns Universitet
university of copenhagen Københavns Universitet Effect of fox, pig, sheep, and poultry bile on the establishment of domestic and sylvatic species of Trichinella in rats Theodoropoulos, G.; Styliara, M.;
More informationOrganisms of Concern. Roundworms (nematodes) Anisakis spp., Pseudoterranova spp., Eustrongylides spp. and Gnathostoma spp.
Parasites in Fish Parasites are a natural occurrence The parasites do not make the fish sick Thorough cooking of fish will make parasites harmless to humans Organisms of Concern Roundworms (nematodes)
More informationby C. A. Hopkins and Helen E. Stallard
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE SURVIVAL OF HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA IN MICE by C. A. Hopkins and Helen E. Stallard ABSTRACT Cortisone acetate, 1 mg thrice weekly, permitted Hynzenolepis diminuta in single
More informationSeasonality of parasites and effectiveness of antiparasitic treatments in village chicken in Mbeere District, Kenya
Seasonality of parasites and effectiveness of antiparasitic treatments in village chicken in Mbeere District, Kenya Investigator: Chege, Hannah Wambui (BVM) Supervisors: Prof. L.C. Bebora (BVM, MSc, PhD)
More informationThe Effect of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Intestinal Maturity in Turkey Poults. Honors Research Thesis.
The Effect of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Intestinal Maturity in Turkey Poults Honors Research Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Honors Research
More informationQuestion: What Percentage of Atemia franciscana collected for this lab is infected with avian parasites?
Page 1 of 6 Ecology Lab 3 Dr. Cavitt The Percentage of Brine Shrimp (Artemia franciscana) from the Great Salt Lake infected with Cysticercoids (e.g. Confluaria podicipina, Hymenolepis californicus). Introduction:
More informationTransfer of Immunity Against Hymenolepis diminuta Parasites in Mice
Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1-1-1997 Transfer of Immunity Against Hymenolepis diminuta Parasites in Mice Jerome F. Atta-Fynn Eastern Illinois University
More informationPROTOZOA' 424 ZOOLOGY: L. R. CLEVELAND. without stopping to consider whether or not the protozoa can
424 ZOOLOGY: L. R. CLEVELAND PROC. N. A. S. may be the peak of this continuous spectrum radiation due to the bombardment of the photoelectrons against neighboring atoms in the secondary radiator. This
More informationULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INFECTIVE LARVAE OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN THE SKIN OF IMMUNE MICE
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INFECTIVE LARVAE OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN THE SKIN OF IMMUNE MICE by D. L. Lee ABSTRACT Infective stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis are immobilized within
More informationPARATEST STABILITY STUDY, SYSTEM USED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF INTESTINAL PARASITES
PARATEST STABILITY STUDY, SYSTEM USED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF INTESTINAL PARASITES Rev.00 January 10, 2011 1. Introduction Intestinal parasitic diseases represent a serious public health issue in underdeveloped
More information3 Types: I. Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms. II. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms
Unsegmented Worms 3 Types: I. Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms II. Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Flatworms Flatworms Belong to Phylum Platyhelminthes. (Plat = flat) There are three classes: Turbellaria Trematoda
More informationTOWARDS OPTIMAL USE OF GUT HEALTH SUPPORTING FEED ADDITIVES. Dr. Daniel Ramirez
TOWARDS OPTIMAL USE OF GUT HEALTH SUPPORTING FEED ADDITIVES Dr. Daniel Ramirez Defining gut health Gut health is important for maximizing the health, welfare, and performance of poultry. Gut health could
More informationNotes - Platyhelminthes and Nematodes
Notes - Platyhelminthes and Nematodes - These two phylum are composed of. However, the worms we are going to look at are not common. Both of these phyla are composed of unsegmented worms. That is, these
More informationGCE AS/A level 1072/01 BIOLOGY BY2
Surname Other Names Centre Number 2 Candidate Number GCE AS/A level 1072/01 BIOLOGY BY2 P.M. THURSDAY, 26 May 2011 1 1 2 hours For s use Question Maximum Mark 1 6 2 8 3 8 4 10 5 7 6 11 7 10 8 10 Total
More informationBiacid: A EU approved natural growth promoter for Broilers
Biacid is a blend of calcium salts of organic acids and essential oils. Through the optimal combination of calcium salts of organic acids and essential oils, it enhances broiler microflora within the gut
More informationSCIENCE VISION ISSN
The Mizo Post-Graduate Science Society was founded in 1995 and is chartered in Aizawl, India, as a non-profit, voluntary, scientific and educational organization to promote and make further development
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF FEED WITHDRAWAL AND TRANSPORTATION ON WEIGHT LOSS, MORTALITY RATE AND CARCASS QUALITY IN BROILER CHICKENS AT SLAUGHTER
THE INFLUENCE OF FEED WITHDRAWAL AND TRANSPORTATION ON WEIGHT LOSS, MORTALITY RATE AND CARCASS QUALITY IN BROILER CHICKENS AT SLAUGHTER D. ORLIC, M. KAPETANOV, DUBRAVKA POTKONJAK, DRAGICA STOJANOVIĆ Scientific
More informationA.C. Uhuo 1*, F.C. Okafor 2, O.O. Odikamnoro 1, C.S. Onwe 1, M.C. Abarike 1, J.N. Elom 1. Abstract
International Journal of Development and Sustainability Online ISSN: 2168-8662 www.isdsnet.com/ijds Volume 2 Number 2 (2013): Pages 1416-1422 ISDS Article ID: IJDS13051506 Special Issue: Development and
More informationEffects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Powder on Tribolium castaneum, the Intermediate Host of Some Poultry Cestodes
Human Journals Research Article February 2019 Vol.:14, Issue:3 All rights are reserved by Mona Abdelrahman Mohamed Khaier et al. Effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Powder on Tribolium castaneum,
More informationAli M. Ali 1 Hanem F. Khater 2 Shaker A. Seddiek 3 Mai O. Nada 1 Kadarkarai Murugan 4
Hanem F. Khater Ali M. Ali 1 Hanem F. Khater 2 Shaker A. Seddiek 3 Mai O. Nada 1 Kadarkarai Murugan 4 1 Biochemistry, Toxicology and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Department 2 Department of Parasitology,
More information(Linnaeus, 1758) infree-range System atupper Egypt
World Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Microbiology and Toxicology World J. Clin. Pharmacol. Micrbiol. Toxicol Vol 2 [2] March 2016: 13-18 Online ISSN 2454-1729 Journal s URL: http://wjcpmt.com Impact
More informationParasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors
PowerPoint Lecture Slides for MICROBIOLOGY ROBERT W. BAUMAN Chapter 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod Vectors Helminthic Parasites of Humans Helminths are macroscopic, multicellular, eukaryotic
More informationGIZZARD SHAD FROM CAESAR CREEK LAKE, OHIO 1
Copyright 985 Ohio Acad. Sci. TANAORHAMPHUS LONGIROSTRIS (ACANTHOCEPHALA) IN GIZZARD SHAD FROM CAESAR CREEK LAKE, OHIO JERRY H. HUBSCHMAN, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton,
More informationEXSC- STANDARD 14. Nutrients
SPORTS NUTRITION EXSC- STANDARD 14 Nutrients Standard 14 Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources related to the importance of a balanced diet in the achievement
More informationProf. Mahmoud Rushdi. Assiut University Egypt.
By Prof. Mahmoud Rushdi Faculty of Veterinary Mdii Medicine Assiut University Egypt Precautions to be taken during collection and preservation of fecal sample 2 1 Precautions during collection of fecal
More informationGut Health in Poultry - The World Within
August 2013 Gut Health in Poultry - The World Within Dr. Richard A. Bailey, Poultry Health Scientist Summary Introduction A healthy gut is essential for the efficient conversion of feed into its basic
More informationReview on Major Gastrointestinal Parasites that Affect Chickens
Review on Major Gastrointestinal Parasites that Affect Chickens Abebe Belete* School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
More informationMethods for Control of Fowl Pox
Methods for Control of Fowl Pox Item Type text; Book Authors Pistor, William J. Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Download date 06/06/2018 22:45:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312132
More informationCytokine Production in Hymenolepis Nana Infection
ISSN 1735-1383 Iran. J. Immunol. December 2007, 4 (4), 236 240 Aboulghasem Ajami, Alireza Rafiei Cytokine Production in Hymenolepis Nana Infection Article Type: Research The Iranian Journal of Immunology
More informationThe small intestine THE DUODENUM
4. The digestive system 4.2 The stages of digestion 4.2.7 The small intestine THE DUODENUM The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine. It is an important segment because it receives pancreatic
More informationADAPTATION OF THE RAT TO A HIGH LACTOSE DIET. EFFECT OF THE SIZE OF THE CECUM 1
ADAPTATION OF THE RAT TO A HIGH LACTOSE DIET. EFFECT OF THE SIZE OF THE CECUM 1 JAMES V. LAWRENCE, JESSIE E. FISCHER, T. S. SUTTON, AND H. H. WEISER The Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, The
More informationEtiology, Assessment and Treatment
Etiology, Assessment and Treatment Andrew Tinsley MD, MS Associate Director of IBD Center Assistant Professor of Medicine Penn State College of Medicine Abbvie Janssen Nestle 1 To review the prevalence
More informationThe effect of Tarragon extract on performance, Carcass quality, Hematologic parameters and microbial flora of intestinal contents in Japanese Quail
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2015, 6(7):81-86 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC The effect of Tarragon extract on performance, Carcass quality,
More informationTHE EFFECT OF AFLATOXIN APPEARANCE IN THE FEEDSTUFFS UPON THE POULTRY PRODUCTION
ANALELE UNIVERSITATII DIN ORADEA FASCICULA: ECOTOXICOLOGIE, ZOOTEHNIE SI TEHNOLOGII DE INDUSTRIE ALIMENTARA, VOL. VI, ANUL 6, 2008 THE EFFECT OF AFLATOXIN APPEARANCE IN THE FEEDSTUFFS UPON THE POULTRY
More informationGastrointestinal parasites of domestic fowls from Ijebu North, Southwestern Nigeria
Basic Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Review ISSN 2315-6880 Vol. 3(7) pp. 60-64 September 2014 Available online http//www.basicresearchjournals.org Copyright 2014 Basic Research Journal Full
More informationROLE OF BLOOD CELLS IN PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY
ROLE OF BLOOD CELLS IN PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST Hymenolepis diminuta INFECTED MICE Nageshwar Wast* and Gaherwal S. Department of Biotechnology, Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore (INDIA) Received
More informationDigestive System. What happens to the donut you ate for breakfast this morning?
Digestive System What happens to the donut you ate for breakfast this morning? Free Tutoring and Extra Credit!!! Digestive System: Is the basic process of breaking down the food you eat into individual
More informationRecommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this
Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 3: Poultry Health Management Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Demonstrate sanitation
More informationGastrointestinal helminths of local backyard chickens in North Gondar Administrative Zone, Ethiopia
Gastrointestinal helminths of local backyard chickens in North Gondar Administrative Zone, Ethiopia W. MOLLA 1 *, H. HAILE 1, G. ALMAW 2, W. TEMESGEN 3 1 Department of Veterinary paraclinical studies,
More informationTrichinellosis. By Michelle Randall
Trichinellosis By Michelle Randall Disease Name: Trichinellosis Etiological Agent: Trichinella spiralis Transmission: People acquire Trichinellosis by consuming raw or undercooked meat infected with the
More informationThe number of microorganisms residing in our intestines is 10 times the number of our somatic and germ cells.
The number of microorganisms residing in our intestines is 10 times the number of our somatic and germ cells. The number of microorganisms residing in our intestines is 10 times the number of our somatic
More informationChapter 5 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
Chapter 5 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flat worms) One class is free living (Turbellaria) and most are parasitic, some commensals Tribloblastic bilaterally symmetrical dorsoventrally
More informationEfficacy of neem leaf extract against ascariasis in indigenous chicken
International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 1 (2014) 25-30 ISSN: 2313-4461 Efficacy of neem leaf extract against ascariasis in indigenous chicken Jasim Uddin Khokon 1 *, Sharifuzzaman 2, Emran
More informationPARASITOLOGY INTRODUCTION
PARASITOLOGY INTRODUCTION DEFINITION Parasite means : one who eats at the table of another. Differs from bacteria and viruses in their complex life cycles, intermediate hosts and chronicity. Evolved to
More informationGUIDE TO: Diagnosing Coccidiosis & Necrotic Enteritis
GUIDE TO: Diagnosing Coccidiosis & Necrotic Enteritis Site of Infection Species E. acervulina E. brunetti E. maxima E. mivati E. tenella E. necatrix Oocyst Size 2µ{ 18.3 x 14.6 24.6 x 18.8 30.5 x 20.7
More informationStudy of gastro-intestinal helminths of scavenging chickens in four rural districts of Amhara region, Ethiopia
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 2001, 20 (3), 791-796 Study of gastro-intestinal helminths of scavenging chickens in four rural districts of Amhara region, Ethiopia Y. Eshetu (1), E. Mulualem (2), H.
More informationSwine Dysentery A Reemerging Problem? Dr. Eric Burrough & Dr. Rodger Main Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Iowa State University
Swine Dysentery A Reemerging Problem? Dr. Eric Burrough & Dr. Rodger Main Iowa State University Outline I. Role / Background II. -VDL III. Swine Dysentery IV. Question / Answer Serving Iowa Food Animal
More informationMethodology Prevalence:
Context of Research Free ranging domestic fowl are very susceptible to parasitic infections owing to their exposure to parasites during their roaming in the backyards in search of food. Heterakis gallinarum
More informationA. Farhat, L. Normand, E.R. Chavez, S.P. Touchburn, P.C. Laguë
Energy and Digestibility Values of Food Wastes A. Farhat, L. Normand, E.R. Chavez, S.P. Touchburn, P.C. Laguë Introduction There are many important reasons for the determination of the metabolizable energy
More informationPrevalence of helminth parasites in free-range chickens from selected rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa
Article Artikel Prevalence of helminth parasites in free-range chickens from selected rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa S Mukaratirwa a* and M P Khumalo a ABSTRACT A total of
More informationLab 6: Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha
Lab 6: Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha Platyhelminthes 9 March 2016 Experiment: Planarian Regeneration (freshwater only!) As you have learned in class, these flatworms have incredible regeneration abilities.
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system also known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract consists of a series of hollow organs joined in a
More informationEffectiveness of Therapeutic Anticoccidial Drugs Against Recently Isolated Coccidia 1
Effectiveness of Therapeutic Anticoccidial Drugs Against Recently Isolated Coccidia 1 GREG F. MATHIS and LARRY R. McDOUGALD 2 Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
More informationGongylonema neoplasticum, Protospirura muris,
5 9 87 Rattus rattus 95 Entamoeba Entamoeba histolytica Leishmania spp. H. diminuta Trichoris muris 99, 5,, 59 9 Mus musculus 8 Rattus norvegicus 8 Emeria spp. coli Giardia muris, Chilomastix spp. Hymenolepis
More informationEarly chick nutrition An approach for enhanced poultry production
AUGUST 2011 Early chick nutrition An approach for enhanced poultry production The dramatic increase in poultry production and efficiency during the last 50 years is attributable to a number of factors
More informationAccelerating Embryonic Growth During Incubation Following Prolonged Egg Storage 2. Embryonic Growth and Metabolism 1
Accelerating Embryonic Growth During Incubation Following Prolonged Egg Storage 2. Embryonic Growth and Metabolism 1 V. L. Christensen, 2 J. L. Grimes, M. J. Wineland, and G. S. Davis Department of Poultry
More informationPrevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal helminths in free range chickens in Mashhad, northeast of Iran
Prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal helminths in free range chickens in Mashhad, northeast of Iran Mansour Ebrahimi 1, Mohammad Asadpour 2, Majid Khodaverdi 3, Hassan Borji 3 1 Department of
More informationWelcome to Parasitic. Fall 2008
Welcome to Parasitic Diseases Fall 2008 Dickson Despommier, Ph.D. Charles Knirsch, MPH, MD Josh Stillman, MD Parasite Any organism that takes metabolic advantage of another organism Viruses Rickettsiae
More informationStudies on probiotics effects on innate immune functions in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicks (SUMMARY)
Doctoral Thesis Studies on probiotics effects on innate immune functions in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chicks (SUMMARY) ELSAYED SEDDEK IBRAHEM MOHAMMED Department of Bioresource Science Graduate
More informationIssue 05 This article is about: Career Guidance Interesting Science Real Life Application Real Time News about Science. Tapeworms
Issue 05 This article is about: Career Guidance Interesting Science Real Life Application Real Time News about Science Tapeworms Ever heard someone say, "He's so skinny he must have a tapeworm"? Tapeworms
More information(Received 27 November 1953)
51 J. Physiol. (I954) I25, 5I-55 CHANGES IN THE COLLAGEN CONTENT OF THE THYROID IN RATS TREATED WITH THIOURACIL BY MARGARET L. R. HARKNESS, R. D. HARKNESS AND JOYCE E. SANTLER From the Departments of Physiology
More informationCoconut Dietary Fiber A New Dietary Supplement
Coconut Dietary Fiber A New Dietary Supplement Nutritionists recommend that we get 20-35 grams of dietary fiber a day. Most Americans only get about 15 grams. Good sources of dietary fiber are whole grains,
More informationPARASITES OF CATS : AN UNDERESTIMATED DIVERSITY. Jelgava September 2014
PARASITES OF CATS : AN UNDERESTIMATED DIVERSITY Jelgava September 2014 Introduction Parasites are animals that benefit at the expense of another organism (called the host), usually of a different species.
More informationTurkey Corona Virus Enteritis Blue Comb Disease Transmissible enteritis Mud Fever
Turkey Corona Virus Enteritis Blue Comb Disease Transmissible enteritis Mud Fever Bacterial infections of turkeys Salmonellosis (typhoid and paratyphoid). Mycoplasmosis [M.gallisepticum (infectious sinusitis)
More informationGENERAL LIFE CYCLE AND LARVAL FORMS IN CESTODES
GENERAL LIFE CYCLE AND LARVAL FORMS IN CESTODES Generally, cestode life cycles are not as complicated as those of digeneans because they usually do not involve asexually reproductive larval phases. However,
More informationSalmonella typhimurium, as the disease causing organism investigations at
144 GENETICS: GOWEN AND CALHOUN PROC. N. A. S. linear increase in the mutation rate with the dosage of the Mutator gene. 4. The Mutator probably is linked to the second chromosome. 5. A total of approximately
More informationPoultry Housing Tips DOL 53 Ammonia Sensor...A First Look Volume 30 Number
The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension Poultry Housing Tips DOL 53 Ammonia Sensor...A First Look Volume 30 Number 1 2018 Figure 1. DOL 53 ammonia
More informationSTUDIES IN BLOOD DIASTASE. FACTORS WHICH CAUSE. The effects of the following procedures on the blood diastase have
STUDIES IN BLOOD DIASTASE. FACTORS WHICH CAUSE VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNT OF DIASTASE IN THE BLOOD. By CHARLES REID and B. NARAYANA. From the Department of Physiology, Prince of Wales Medical College, Patna.
More informationTITLE: Parasite control to enhance immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination in village chicken to improve productivity
TITLE: Parasite control to enhance immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination in village chicken to improve productivity Investigator: Kemboi, David Chebutia (BVM, UoN) Student No. J56/65131/10 Supervisors:
More informationEFFECTS OF DAILY OR WEEKLY FEEDING OF WHEAT ON WOOL PRODUCTION. M. K. HILL*, M. J. WATSON and G. L. McCLYMONT
EFFECTS OF DAILY OR WEEKLY FEEDING OF WHEAT ON WOOL PRODUCTION M. K. HILL*, M. J. WATSON and G. L. McCLYMONT Summary Non pregnant Merino ewes were fed for survival on isocaloric wheat rations given either
More informationVI. SUMMARY. One hundred and eighty day old commercial Cobb broiler chicks. randomly divided into five groups, each comprising of 36 chicks, were
VI. SUMMARY One hundred and eighty day old commercial Cobb broiler chicks randomly divided into five groups, each comprising of 36 chicks, were used in the present study to evaluate the physiological effects
More informationEffect of infusions of phosphatides upon the atherosclerotic aorta in situ and as an ocular aortic implant*
Volume 1 Number 4 Effect of infusions of phosphatides upon the atherosclerotic aorta in situ and as an ocular aortic implant* SANFORD. BYERS and MEYER FRIEDMAK Harold Brunn Institute, Mount Zion Hospital
More informationQUESTIONS ANSWERED BY
Module 21 QUESTIONS ANSWERED BY GARY TAUBES 2012, 2015 Integrative Nutrition, Inc. 2 Q What, if any, of the traditional lipid profile biomarkers should be considered indicative of heart disease or inflammation?
More informationUNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
UNDERSTANDING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Understanding Digestion The key to solving food and digestive issues starts with an understanding of how the digestive and intestinal system works If you know what is
More informationEFFECT OF TRANSPORT CAGE HEIGHT ON BROILER LIVE SHRINK AND DEFECATION PATTERNS
2001 Poultry Science Association, Inc. EFFECT OF TRANSPORT CAGE HEIGHT ON BROILER LIVE SHRINK AND DEFECATION PATTERNS N. L. TAYLOR, D. L. FLETCHER 1, J. K. NORTHCUTT, and M. P. LACY Department of Poultry
More informationEffect of parasite control on immune response to Newcastle Disease vaccination in village chicken, Mbeere sub county
Livestock Research for Rural Development 26 (2) 2014 Guide for preparation of papers LRRD Newsletter Citation of this paper Effect of parasite control on immune response to Newcastle Disease vaccination
More information